懒笔记
2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A
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2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A

说明文 · 完形填空（选词填空） · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 245 词、3 段，CEFR 难度 C1（C1 级在英语四级文章中占 32%），作者立场为「客观中立」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

3 段英文原文

以下为2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A 的完形填空（选词填空）原文，共 3 段。左侧 P1–P3 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

Since the 1940s, southern California has had a reputation for smog. Things are not as bad as they once were but, according to the American Lung Association, Los Angeles is still the worst city in the United States for levels of pollutants. Gazing down on the city from the Getty Center, an art museum in the Santa Monica Mountains, one would find the view of the Pacific Ocean blurred by the haze(霾). Nor is the state's bad air restricted to its south. Fresno, in the central valley, comes top of the list in America for year-round pollution. Residents' hearts and lungs are affected as a consequence.

All of which, combined with California's reputation as the home of technological innovation, makes the place ideal for developing and testing systems designed to monitor pollution in detail. And that is just what Aclima, a new firm in San Francisco, has been doing over the past few months. It has been trying out monitoring stations that are intended to yield minute-to-minute maps of outdoor air pollution. Such stations will also be able to keep an eye on what is happening inside buildings, including offices.

To this end, Aclima has been collaborating with Google's Street View system. Davida Herzl, Aclima's boss, says they have revealed pollution highs on days when San Francisco's transit workers went on strike and the city's inhabitants were forced to use their cars. Conversely, "cycle to work" days have done their job by creating pollution lows.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

3 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    California's Air Pollution Problem

    California faces persistent and harmful air pollution, especially in Los Angeles and Fresno.

    本段承担全文的 problem introduction 功能：它先说明 California 为什么需要更精细的 pollution monitoring。正因为污染广泛、严重且危及健康，后文引出 Aclima 的监测技术才具有明确的现实必要性。

    抓污染范围与危害
  2. P2

    Aclima's Real-Time Monitoring System

    Aclima is testing a detailed real-time system for monitoring outdoor and indoor air pollution in California.

    本段完成了从 problem 到 solution 的逻辑转折：上段提出 California 的污染困境，本段随即介绍 Aclima 的 monitoring system 作为应对和研究该问题的技术方案。它也是全文文章主旨中“创新监测系统”部分的核心支撑。

    锁定机构与技术功能
  3. P3

    How Travel Choices Affect Pollution

    Aclima's monitoring data show that transportation choices can raise or reduce urban pollution.

    本段以真实 data 和对比案例验证了 Aclima 系统的实际价值：它不只提供抽象的 air quality maps，还能识别城市交通行为与污染变化之间的关系。这样，文章对该技术的介绍从“系统具备什么功能”进一步推进到“系统能够发现什么规律”。

    对照出行与污染高低
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

3 道逐段细节自检题

针对2018年6月英语四级真题第2套这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 air pollution California

    What does the passage indicate about air pollution in California?

    • A It is now limited to Los Angeles and its surrounding areas.
    • B It has completely disappeared since the 1940s.
    • C It remains a serious problem in both southern and central parts of the state.
    • D It affects the Pacific Ocean more than it affects city residents.
    • E It occurs only during particular seasons in the central valley.
    • F It causes visual inconvenience but has no known health effects.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    该项准确整合了两层信息：一是 southern California 的空气状况虽比过去改善，却仍然严重；二是污染并未 restricted to the south，central valley 的 Fresno 同样突出。remain 对应 not as bad as they once were but still，both southern and central 对应地域扩展。障碍在于选项没有复述具体城市，也没有照搬 worst city 或 comes top of the list，而是要求考生把例证提升为州内两个区域均受影响的概括。

    范围标签排错 时间极紧时，先从题干的 California 这个 proper noun 直接扫到 第1段，再以 air pollution 的同义线索快速圈出 smog、pollutants、year-round 和 affected。不要逐句翻译；把选项压缩成“范围+程度”标签，立刻删除带 only、completely、no 的标签。剩下能够同时容纳南部与中部信息的正确项，就是答案项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 Aclima monitoring stations

    What are Aclima's monitoring stations intended to do?

    • A They are meant to replace the American Lung Association's pollution rankings.
    • B They can measure only the air quality inside office buildings.
    • C They have already eliminated year-round pollution in the central valley.
    • D They are designed to produce highly detailed, frequently updated maps of outdoor air pollution and to monitor indoor conditions.
    • E They are used mainly to improve the view from the Getty Center.
    • F They are intended to identify the people responsible for pollution.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    该项对应两层原文功能：minute-to-minute maps of outdoor air pollution 概括为 highly detailed, frequently updated maps，able to keep an eye on what is happening inside buildings 概括为 monitor indoor conditions。designed to 与 intended to 保持“设计目的”而非既成事实。障碍在于选项使用 frequently updated 替换 minute-to-minute，并把 offices 上提为 indoor conditions，要求考生识别同义改写与上位概括。

    功能动词守恒 直接用题干中的 Aclima 扫描到 第2段，并在同一视觉区块只读 monitoring stations 前后的两个句子。将题干 intended to do 对齐原文中的 intended to yield 和 able to，而不读背景句。然后用“功能动词守恒”判定：正确项必须仍表示 map 或 monitor，凡是变成 replace、eliminate、improve、identify 的选项立即排除。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 San Francisco transportation and pollution

    What did Aclima's observations show about transportation and pollution in San Francisco?

    • A A transit workers' strike reduced pollution by keeping more cars off the road.
    • B Cycle-to-work days had no measurable effect on pollution levels.
    • C Pollution was lowest when residents had to use their cars.
    • D The observations proved that indoor office pollution was caused by public transit.
    • E Greater reliance on cars was associated with higher pollution, while cycling to work was associated with lower pollution.
    • F San Francisco's pollution levels stayed unchanged despite changes in travel behavior.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    该项完整保留了两组对照：workers on strike 时 inhabitants were forced to use their cars，对应 pollution highs；cycle to work days 对应 pollution lows。was associated with 比直接断言唯一因果更符合 observations 的表述强度。障碍在于原文先通过罢工这一中间事件呈现汽车使用，选项则抽象为 greater reliance on cars；同时 while 压缩了 Conversely 所引出的反向关系。

    双箭头验项 从题干的 San Francisco 扫描到 第3段 后，跳过人物和合作背景，只在句中圈出 cars、cycle、highs、lows、Conversely 五个信号。把它们用两条极简箭头写成“cars→highs；cycle→lows”，再检查选项是否保留两条箭头及方向。正确项是唯一不逆转箭头、也不将观察升级为绝对因果的选项。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

3 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. P1

    加州空气污染现状描述

    这个意群通过 具体的地理位置 Los Angeles 和 Fresno，以及可观测的 pollution evidence 比如 haze 和 health effects，establish 了 California 的 air quality problem 这个 central issue，为后文的 solution 做 factual foundation。

    说明文通常采用 problem-solution structure，这个意群作为 problem presentation 部分，通过 quantifiable data 和 observable phenomena 建立 credibility，让读者理解为什么需要 monitoring system 这样的 innovative solution。

    问题背景铺陈
  2. P2

    污染监测解决方案引入

    这个意群通过 logical connector "All of which, combined with" 实现 transition，将前面的 pollution problem 和 California's innovation reputation 结合，introduce Aclima 这个 new firm 及其 monitoring stations 作为 technological solution，展现说明文中 problem 到 solution 的 logical progression。

    说明文在 present solution 时需要 establish relevance 和 credibility，这个意群通过 explain 为什么 California 是 ideal location for testing，以及 describe monitoring system 的 key features 比如 minute-to-minute mapping 和 indoor-outdoor capability，让 solution 显得 logical and comprehensive。

    解决方案提出
  3. P3

    监测系统实际效果验证

    这个意群通过 collaboration with Google Street View 这个 concrete example，以及 transit strike 和 cycle-to-work days 的 specific data evidence，demonstrate 前面提到的 monitoring system 的 practical effectiveness，体现说明文中用 empirical evidence 来 validate claims 的 rhetorical strategy。

    说明文需要用 concrete evidence 来 support abstract claims，这个意群通过 real-world application results 证明 monitoring system 不仅 technically feasible，而且能 capture meaningful patterns，让 innovation 从 theoretical concept 变成 validated solution，增强 text 的 persuasiveness。

    效果实证展示
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段问题定位 P1

    说明文的 opening paragraph 通常会 establish the main topic 并 present a problem or situation。这篇文章首段通过 'southern California has had a reputation for smog' 和 'Los Angeles is still the worst city' 这样的 statements 直接点明了 pollution problem 这个核心 issue,为后文的 solution 或 development 做铺垫

  2. 解决方案过渡识别 P2

    说明文在 present a problem 之后,通常会通过 transitional connectors 引出 solution 或 development。第二段开头的 'All of which, combined with' 是典型的 transition phrase,而 'ideal for developing and testing systems' 明确指向了 technological solution。这种从 problem 到 solution 的 logical flow 是说明文主旨的关键 structural element

  3. 实例验证段落确认 P3

    第三段通过 'To this end' 这个 purpose marker 引出了 concrete collaboration 和 specific data examples。这些 practical details (如 'transit workers went on strike' 导致的 pollution highs) 不是新的主旨,而是 supporting evidence 来验证第二段提出的 monitoring system 的 effectiveness。这种 evidence paragraph 的存在确认了主旨是关于 solution/innovation,而非仅仅 problem description

  4. 段落功能整合综述 P1 P2 P3

    说明文主旨通常是 multi-componential,包含 what (pollution problem), where (California locations), 和 how (Aclima's monitoring system)。单独任何一段都不能构成完整主旨。通过识别各段的 functional roles (problem-setting, solution-introducing, evidence-providing) 并整合,才能得出准确的 main idea: ongoing problem + innovative response + practical implementation

主旨信号词 reputation for P1 ideal for P2 designed to P2 new firm P2 has been doing P2 To this end P3

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

这篇说明文描述了加州持续存在的空气污染问题,尤其是洛杉矶和弗雷斯诺,并介绍了Aclima公司在旧金山测试的创新污染监测系统,该系统可为室外和室内环境提供详细的实时空气质量数据。
This expository text describes California's ongoing air pollution problem, particularly in Los Angeles and Fresno, and introduces Aclima's innovative pollution monitoring system being tested in San Francisco, which provides detailed real-time air quality data for both outdoor and indoor environments.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • smog 烟雾（污染）

    让我们把这些 clues 串联起来看：首先，smog 和 pollutants 在同一语境中出现，说明它是一种污染现象；其次，smog 会像 haze（霾）一样模糊视野，说明它是一种可见的空气污染；最后，它会影响 residents 的 hearts and lungs，说明它对健康有害。综合这三条线索，我们可以推断出 smog 是一种可见的、有害的空气污染现象。

    环境现象的三角定位法
  • reputation 名声、声誉

    我们来整合一下：首先，reputation 涉及 long time span（since the 1940s），不是短期印象；其次，语法结构 reputation as/for 表明这是别人对某事物的看法；最后，它可以用于 positive 和 negative 的语境，说明是中性的评价概念。这三点结合起来，reputation 指的就是长期形成的、公众对某事物的普遍看法或评价。

    抽象概念的语境对比法
  • transit 公共交通

    让我们把 clues 综合起来：transit workers 罢工导致人们 use their cars，说明 transit 是 car 的替代方案；transit 和 cycling 都能创造 pollution lows，说明它是环保出行方式；在讨论 urban pollution 的语境中提到 transit system，说明它是城市交通的重要组成部分。结合这三点，transit 指的就是公共交通系统。

    专业术语的功能替代分析
  • collaborate 合作、协作

    现在我们把所有 evidence 整合：首先，代词 they 表明 Aclima 和 Google 是作为一个 unit 在工作；其次，prefix co- 明确指向'共同'的含义；最后，句式结构显示这是一种 partnership 而非单向使用。三条线索都指向同一个结论：collaborate 表示多方共同合作完成某项工作。

    关系动词的三维验证法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 列数字

    P1 P2 P3

    文章开篇用 since the 1940s 这个具体时间点来 establish 加州 smog problem 的历史 background，让读者意识到这不是 recent issue 而是 long-standing problem。这种 temporal precision 为后文介绍 innovative monitoring solution 提供了 contrast 和 urgency，强化了 technological intervention 的必要性。

    信号词 1940s year-round minute-to-minute past few months days when

    仿写： 当你需要 establish 某个现象的 historical context 或 severity 时，可以问自己：这个问题 exist 多久了？用 precise timeline 能否让 problem 显得更 serious？比如写环境问题时，不要只说 'pollution has been serious'，而要说 'since the 1980s' 或 'for over three decades'。仿写模版：Since [specific year/time period], [subject] has [verb describing the situation], indicating that [implication].

  • 引资料

    P1 P3

    作者 cite 了 American Lung Association 这个 authoritative source 来 support 洛杉矶是美国 pollution 最严重城市的 claim。这个 reference 不是随意的，而是借助 reputable organization 的 data 来增强文章的 objectivity 和 reliability。对于说明文主旨而言，它 establish 了 problem 的 severity，为后文介绍 Aclima 的 monitoring system 提供了 solid foundation。

    信号词 according to says research shows studies indicate data reveals reports suggest

    仿写： 当你 make 某个 claim 时问自己：有没有 credible source 能 back this up？选择 well-known institutions、research bodies 或 published studies。不要只说 'experts say'，要 specifically name the source。仿写模版：According to [authoritative source/organization], [specific finding/data], which demonstrates/indicates [significance to your argument].

  • 举例子

    P1 P2 P3

    文章用 Getty Center 这个 specific location 作为 example 来 illustrate 洛杉矶的 smog problem。站在这个 art museum 往下看，Pacific Ocean 的 view 被 haze 模糊了——这个 vivid example 让 abstract pollution data 变得 tangible and visual。同时，文章还举了 Fresno 作为 another example 来 demonstrate pollution 不只限于南加州。这些 concrete instances 让 general statement 更有 impact。

    信号词 for example for instance such as including like take...as an example

    仿写： 当你 make 一个 general statement 后，问自己：能否用 specific case 来 show this？选择 representative 且 relatable 的 examples。注意 example 要 serve your main point，而不是 distract from it。仿写模版：[General statement]. For example/instance, [specific case with vivid details], which illustrates/demonstrates [how it relates back to main point].

  • 作比较

    P3

    第三段通过 compare transit strike days (pollution highs) 和 'cycle to work' days (pollution lows) 来 demonstrate Aclima 系统的 effectiveness。这个 contrast 不仅 shows 系统能 detect variations，更 reveals 了 transportation patterns 和 air quality 之间的 direct correlation。这种 before-and-after comparison 让 monitoring system 的 practical value 变得 obvious and convincing。

    信号词 conversely in contrast however while whereas on the other hand compared to unlike

    仿写： 当你需要 show impact 或 variation 时，寻找 contrasting scenarios。问自己：what happens in situation A versus situation B? 确保你的 comparison 是 meaningful 且 serve your argument。仿写模版：[Situation A] shows/reveals [outcome X], conversely/in contrast, [Situation B] demonstrates [opposite outcome Y], indicating that [what this comparison proves].

  • 下定义

    P1 P2

    文章用 'an art museum in the Santa Monica Mountains' 这个 appositive structure 来 define Getty Center。虽然简短，但这个 definition 很关键，因为它 establishes Getty Center 不仅是个 specific location，更是个 elevated vantage point，让后面描述 view 被 haze blur 的场景更有 visual impact。这种 brief definition 帮助不熟悉的 readers quickly understand context。

    信号词 is means refers to defined as known as called which is

    仿写： 当你 introduce 某个可能 unfamiliar 的 term 或 place 时，问自己：readers 是否需要 quick context？用 appositive (同位语) 或 brief clause 来 provide essential information。Keep it short and relevant。仿写模版：[Term/Name], [brief defining phrase explaining what it is], [continue with main point about it].

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

4 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 污染问题持续存在但有所改善

    P1
    Things are not as bad as they once were but, according to the American Lung Association, Los Angeles is still the worst city in the United States for levels of pollutants.

    转折类 not as bad as they once were but but however yet nevertheless nonetheless though

    这个 implication 是虽然 pollution levels 有所 decline，但 LA 仍然是全美 pollution 最严重的 city，这个 contrast 强调了问题的 persistence 和 severity。对于文章 main idea 的 role 是为后文介绍 Aclima 的 innovative monitoring system 建立 necessity 和 urgency，说明 California 依然 desperately needs 更 advanced 的 pollution tracking solutions，从而 justify 为什么这个 state 是 ideal testing ground for new technology。

  • 污染影响范围超出预期

    P1
    Nor is the state's bad air restricted to its south. Fresno, in the central valley, comes top of the list in America for year-round pollution.

    递进否定类 Nor nor neither not only...but also not just...but beyond further

    这个 implication 揭示 California 的 air pollution 不仅限于 famous 的 LA，而是一个 statewide problem，Fresno 甚至在 year-round pollution 方面 ranks first nationally。这个 revelation 对 main thesis 的 contribution 是 demonstrate California 面临的 environmental challenge 比 commonly perceived 更 pervasive，这 reinforces 为什么这个 state 需要像 Aclima 这样的 comprehensive monitoring systems，也 explains 为什么 California 是 ideal location for testing such technology—因为 problem 足够 severe 和 widespread。

  • 技术创新与环境问题的矛盾反差

    P2
    All of which, combined with California's reputation as the home of technological innovation, makes the place ideal for developing and testing systems designed to monitor pollution in detail.

    对比类 All of which, combined with combined with in contrast to despite in spite of while whereas

    这个 implication 揭示了一个 ironic contrast：California 既是 tech innovation 的 hub，又有 severe pollution problems，这个 combination actually creates a unique opportunity。对 article's main point 的 significance 在于它 establishes the logical foundation for why Aclima 选择 California 作为 testing ground—不仅因为 problem 严重，更因为这里有 technological infrastructure 和 innovative ecosystem 来 support advanced monitoring systems 的 development。这个 implied logic 为后文 introduce Aclima's collaboration with Google 做了 铺垫。

  • 监测系统验证了人类活动与污染的因果关系

    P3
    Davida Herzl, Aclima's boss, says they have revealed pollution highs on days when San Francisco's transit workers went on strike and the city's inhabitants were forced to use their cars. Conversely, 'cycle to work' days have done their job by creating pollution lows.

    对比类 Conversely conversely on the contrary by contrast in contrast oppositely on the flip side

    这个 implication 通过 presenting two opposite scenarios（strike days vs. cycle days）和它们 corresponding opposite pollution levels，implicit message 是 Aclima's system 不仅能 monitor pollution，更能 accurately correlate 污染 levels 和 specific human activities。对 main thesis 的 value 在于它 demonstrates 这个 monitoring technology 的 practical effectiveness 和 precision，proving 这不只是 theoretical concept 而是 working solution that can provide actionable insights about pollution sources。这 validates 为什么 California 需要 such detailed monitoring systems—它们能 reveal 具体的 cause-effect relationships，从而 inform better environmental policies。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：客观中立

结论先行：本文作者态度为客观中立（ Objective and Mildly Approving）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首段情感词扫描 P1

    说明文首段通常起到point out problem的作用，如果作者只列举data和现象，没有用'shocking'或'alarming'这类strongly evaluative词汇，就说明立场偏向neutral而非批判。

  2. 过渡词语义追踪 P2

    说明文常见结构是problem-solution，如果作者在过渡处使用像'ideal'这样偏positive的词，就说明作者对该solution持一种mildly positive但整体仍克制的态度。

  3. 结尾动词隐含义分析 P3

    说明文结尾通常是全文态度的浓缩，如果出现带有success暗示的短语，比如'done their job'，说明作者认为该方案是work的，态度偏mildly positive而非纯粹批判。

  4. 全文态度信号汇总 P1 P2 P3

    说明文的作者态度往往藏在词汇选择的细微差别中，通过首中末三段signal word的加权判断，可避免被单一段落的个别词汇误导。

文中的态度信号词

  • worst P1

    作者用'worst'来描述Los Angeles的污染程度，这是带有superlative色彩的词，但它source于American Lung Association的data，属于factual reporting，而非作者自己的主观judgment。

    同类词 top of the list affected blurred

  • ideal P2

    'ideal'说明作者认为California非常suited于develop和test pollution monitoring systems，带一点positive评价色彩，暗示作者对这项technology innovation持认可态度。

    同类词 suited perfect fit well-positioned

  • revealed P3

    'revealed'是一个neutral的report verb，作者用它陈述Aclima监测系统发现的data，没有加入subjective judgment，说明作者保持客观的reporting立场。

    同类词 showed demonstrated indicated

  • done their job P3

    这个idiom暗示cycle to work活动确实有效降低了污染，说明作者对这一具体举措的effectiveness给予肯定，是全文态度最positive的一处细节。

    同类词 worked well proved effective succeeded in

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文？

  1. 首段陈述现象 P1

    说明文的 opening 会 establish a factual context(比如南加州的 smog problem),而议论文会 present a debatable claim(比如「政府应该限制汽车」),新闻报道则会 lead with the most newsworthy event(比如「昨天发生了严重污染事故」)。说明文的起手式是 descriptive 和 informative,不是 argumentative 或 event-driven。

  2. 因果关系展开 P2

    在第二段中,「All of which, combined with...makes the place ideal for」这种 causal structure 是典型的 expository writing pattern。它在 explain why California 适合 pollution monitoring,而不是 argue whether 应该做 monitoring(议论文),也不是 report that monitoring has started(新闻报道)。说明文会 elaborate on mechanisms 和 reasons。

  3. 实例阐明机制 P3

    第三段用 Google Street View collaboration 和 pollution highs/lows 的 specific examples 来 demonstrate how the monitoring system works in practice。这是 illustrative evidence for explanation,不是 supporting evidence for an argument(议论文会用 examples 来 prove a point),也不是 event details(新闻会 focus on what happened when and to whom)。说明文的 examples serve to clarify,不是 to persuade 或 to inform about news。

  4. 阐释型文本结构 P1 P2 P3

    这篇文章从 California pollution problem(background)到 Aclima monitoring system(solution explanation)到 Street View collaboration(practical illustration)的 flow 是典型的 expository structure。它在 teaching readers about a technology and its application,不是 convincing them to adopt a position(议论文的 goal)或 informing them about a recent incident(新闻的 goal)。整体 tone 是 educational and descriptive。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁？

  • reputation for P1 说明对象定义解释词 is known as is defined as refers to means is characterized by
  • according to P1 事物属性功能描述词 based on data shows research indicates studies reveal statistics demonstrate
  • designed to P2 事物属性功能描述词 intended to used to serves to functions as works by
  • including P2 说明顺序与例证词 such as for example for instance like notably
  • to this end P3 说明顺序与例证词 for this purpose in this regard accordingly consequently as a result
  • has been doing P2 事物属性功能描述词 have been working is developing are testing has developed continues to
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

4 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A 的常见问题

2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章的主旨是什么？
2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章说明文描述了加州持续存在的空气污染问题,尤其是洛杉矶和弗雷斯诺,并介绍了Aclima公司在旧金山测试的创新污染监测系统,该系统可为室外和室内环境提供详细的实时空气质量数据。（英文表述：This expository text describes California's ongoing air pollution problem, particularly in Los Angeles and Fresno, and introduces Aclima's innovative pollution monitoring system being tested in San Francisco, which provides detailed real-time air quality data for both outdoor and indoor environments.）
2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为说明文，作者立场是客观中立（Objective and Mildly Approving）。CEFR 难度 C1，全文 245 词、3 段；在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中，C1 级共 163 篇（占 32%）。
2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 3 段按说明文骨架分为 3 个意群：第1段——加州空气污染现状描述；第2段——污染监测解决方案引入；第3段——监测系统实际效果验证。
2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是客观中立（Objective and Mildly Approving）。判断路径：首段情感词扫描 → 过渡词语义追踪 → 结尾动词隐含义分析 → 全文态度信号汇总；文中的态度信号词包括 worst（第1段）、ideal（第2段）、revealed（第3段）、done their job（第3段）。
2018年6月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 4 个：smog（烟雾（污染））、reputation（名声、声誉）、transit（公共交通）、collaborate（合作、协作），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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