2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section A (1)
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2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section A (1)

说明文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section A (1) 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 200 词、4 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%),作者立场为「客观中立」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section A (1) 的听力原文,共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

White meat, such as chicken, may raise blood cholesterol levels as much as red meat does. This finding surprised researchers, who admitted they didn't expect that eating white meat would lead to higher blood cholesterol levels.

In the study, researchers looked at 113 healthy people. The participants ate three different diets. These were a red meat diet which is primarily beef, a white meat diet which is mostly chicken and turkey, and a vegetarian protein diet. Each diet period was four weeks. Between the diet periods, participants had a break, during which they ate their regular foods. In addition, participants had blood tests at the start and finish of each new diet.

The results showed that white and red meat diets had the same effects on blood cholesterol levels. Further, both diets increased blood cholesterol levels compared with the diet built on vegetarian protein sources.

The team acknowledged that it is possible that white meat is better for our health than red meat despite their findings. This is because other effects of red meat consumption could contribute to heart disease independent of cholesterol. Their main recommendations are that people eat less of both kinds of meat and more vegetarian protein.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    A Surprising Finding about White Meat

    White meat may raise blood cholesterol as much as red meat, surprising researchers.

    本段承担全文的 opening function,用一个出乎意料的 finding 提出文章中心:white meat 也可能提高 cholesterol。它与全文主旨中的 contrary to researchers' expectations 完全对应,并自然引出后文对研究对象、实验设计和健康建议的说明。

    锁定反常研究结论
  2. P2

    How the Study Was Conducted

    The study compared the effects of three diets on 113 healthy people through controlled diet periods and blood tests.

    本段为全文的 main finding 提供方法依据:它说明 researchers 不是凭印象评价 meat,而是通过三类 diets 与 blood tests 进行比较。尤其 vegetarian protein 这一对照饮食,为第三段得出“肉类饮食更高胆固醇”的结论奠定了基础。

    对象、分组、检测
  3. P3

    Meat Diets Raise Cholesterol Equally

    Both white and red meat diets raised blood cholesterol more than a vegetarian protein diet.

    本段是全文的 evidence center,直接给出支持文章主旨的实验结果。它既证实了首段“白肉不逊于红肉”的 surprising finding,也通过 vegetarian protein 的对照说明,更值得推荐的可能是 plant-based protein 而非任一种肉类。

    两层饮食比较
  4. P4

    A Cautious Health Recommendation

    Despite the study's limits, researchers recommend less meat and more vegetarian protein.

    本段完成全文的 closing function:先防止读者把 cholesterol result 误读为全面健康判断,再给出可执行的 dietary recommendation。它把前文的研究发现转化为生活层面的建议,使文章主旨最终落脚于“少肉、多植物蛋白”。

    保留限制再看建议
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2022年9月英语四级真题第1套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 surprised finding

    What finding surprised the researchers?

    • A Red meat had no effect on blood cholesterol levels.
    • B White meat lowered blood cholesterol levels more than red meat.
    • C White meat could raise blood cholesterol levels as much as red meat.
    • D Only chicken was found to increase blood cholesterol levels.
    • E Researchers expected white meat to be more harmful than red meat.
    • F Vegetarian protein raised cholesterol as much as white meat.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    正确项完整保留了原文的比较结构:white meat 与 red meat 构成比较对象,blood cholesterol levels 是指标,as much as 表示程度相当。它把原句的 may raise 做了不改变语气的转述。命题障碍在于许多学生只凭常识认为 white meat 更健康,忽略了题目问的是研究者 surprised 的具体发现;另一个障碍是 as much as 容易被误读为“更多”。

    三格比对 时间极紧时,不必从头通读。直接用题干中的 surprised 在 第1段 做视觉扫描,随后只读取该词前后两句。再把每个选项压缩成“对象 + 指标 + 比较程度”三格,凡是三格中有一格与原句不一致便划掉,保留正确项。这种 comparison grid 比逐词翻译更快。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 blood tests start and finish

    When did the participants have blood tests?

    • A Only before the first diet period.
    • B Once every four weeks during the study.
    • C During the breaks between diet periods.
    • D At the start and finish of each new diet.
    • E After all three diets had been completed.
    • F Whenever they returned to their regular foods.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    正确项精确保留实验检测的两个 time points,并且保留 each new diet 的范围,完整回答 When。命题人设置的障碍是用每四周一次、两种饮食之间或研究开始前等看似合理的时间信息替换原文的 start and finish;这些时间可能与实验有关,却不是 blood tests 的执行时间。

    检测双时点 直接扫描 第2段 中的 blood tests,不读前面的 participants 和 diet 分类;找到该短语后,立即向右抓取两个由 at 引导的时间短语。随后只审查选项中的时间边界词,如 only、once、during、after、each。保留同时呈现双节点和重复范围的正确项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 results white and red meat diets

    What did the study results indicate about white and red meat diets?

    • A White meat diets caused lower cholesterol levels than red meat diets.
    • B Red meat diets increased cholesterol levels, while white meat diets did not.
    • C Both diets lowered cholesterol levels compared with vegetarian protein diets.
    • D Vegetarian protein diets had the same effects as both meat diets.
    • E They had the same effects on blood cholesterol levels.
    • F The effects of the two diets varied among the participants.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    正确项直接对应 white and red meat diets 的横向比较结论,并完整保留 same effects on blood cholesterol levels。题目故意在同段加入 vegetarian protein sources 作为第三对象,使学生可能误选“哪种更好”的信息;但题干限定的是 white 与 red 之间的关系,因此应选择对应二者的正确项。

    三点关系图 在 第3段 中不要翻译整段,只画三点关系图:white、red、vegetarian protein。先从题干删去无关的第三点,只看 white 和 red 之间箭头旁的关系词;再排除含第三点或改写关系方向的选项,剩下正确项。这种关系图法能避免被同段的第二个比较句带偏。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 less of both kinds of meat more vegetarian protein

    What do the researchers mainly recommend?

    • A Replace red meat with more white meat.
    • B Avoid all animal protein completely.
    • C Eat more red meat to prevent heart disease.
    • D Reduce vegetarian protein because it raises cholesterol levels.
    • E Have blood cholesterol tests before choosing a diet.
    • F Eat less of both kinds of meat and more vegetarian protein.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    正确项保留了建议中的两个并列动作:less of both kinds of meat 与 more vegetarian protein。both kinds 精确覆盖白肉和红肉,more 体现替代方向。障碍在于文章承认 white meat may be better for health,这可能诱使考生选择“多吃白肉”;但这只是可能性,不是 team 的 main recommendations。

    并列建议切块 时间极紧时,直接用正确项候选中的 less of both kinds of meat 和 more vegetarian protein 在 第4段 进行双短语扫描,不必处理前面关于 possible health effects 的让步论证。找到两个短语由 and 连接的位置后,将其切成两个行动块,再检查各选项是否同时保留“减少”和“增加”的方向。任何只保留一块、改成替换一种肉,或使用绝对词的选项均可快速排除,留下正确项。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 研究发现的核心结论

    这个 opening paragraph 直接抛出了 surprising finding,即 white meat 像 chicken 这样的食物会 raise blood cholesterol levels,程度和 red meat 一样高,这个 result 让 researchers 感到 unexpected

    作为说明文的 topic statement,这个意群开门见山地 present 了整篇文章要说明的 central finding,为后续的 study details 和 recommendations 搭建框架

    直接陈述核心发现
  2. 研究方法与过程

    这个意群 shift 到 study methodology,详细描述了 researchers looked at 113 healthy people,让 participants 经历 three different diets 包括 red meat diet、white meat diet 和 vegetarian protein diet,每个 diet period 持续 four weeks,并通过 blood tests 来 track changes

    说明文需要 establish credibility of claims,这个意群通过 describing the experimental design 和 sample size 来 validate 前面的 finding,让读者理解这个 conclusion 是基于 systematic study 而非 speculation

    提供研究设计依据
  3. 研究数据与结果

    这个意群 focus on research outcomes,直接 present 了 results showing 白肉和红肉 diets 对 blood cholesterol levels 有 same effects,并且 both diets 相比 vegetarian protein sources 都 increased cholesterol levels

    作为说明文的 evidential core,这个意群把 opening 中的 claim 转化为 concrete data,通过 comparative results 来 substantiate 白肉不比红肉更健康的 assertion,strengthen 文章的 persuasive power

    展示实证数据
  4. 研究解读与建议

    这个 concluding section 添加了 nuanced interpretation,team acknowledged 尽管有这些 findings,white meat 仍可能 better for health,因为 red meat 有 other effects 可能 contribute to heart disease,最后给出 recommendations 是 eat less of both meats 并 consume more vegetarian protein

    说明文的 conclusion 不仅 summarize findings,还要 extend implications,这个意群通过 acknowledging limitations 和 offering practical advice 来 complete the expository arc,把 scientific finding 转化为 actionable guidance for readers

    提供实践指导
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段意外发现 P1

    说明文的 opening 往往直接 present 核心发现,特别是当研究结果 contradicts common beliefs 时,作者会在首段用 surprised/didn't expect 这类词汇来 highlight 其重要性,这就是 main idea 的信号

  2. 对等对比结构 P1

    说明文常用 comparison 来 clarify 核心观点,当首段出现 white meat vs red meat 并用 'as much as' 表示 equal effect 时,这个 comparative finding 就是 main point,因为它 challenges 读者的 preconception

  3. 证据段落验证 P2 P3

    说明文的 body paragraphs 通常是 elaborate 首段观点的 evidence,第二段描述 study design,第三段呈现 findings。这些段落是 support 而非 shift 主旨,因此只需确认它们在 reinforce 首段的 claim 即可

  4. 尾段建议延伸 P4

    尾段的 'main recommendations' 是基于前文 findings 给出的 practical advice,它 reinforces 而不是 changes 主旨。当看到 'eat less of both kinds of meat' 时,这是在 apply 前文的发现,而不是 introduce 新的 main idea

  5. 三层信息综合 P1 P2 P3 P4

    说明文主旨的 complete picture 需要 integrate 三个 components:核心发现(what)、证据支撑(why it's valid)、实践意义(so what)。但 main idea 的 core 仍然是首段的 unexpected finding,其他部分是 elaboration

主旨信号词 surprised P1 as much as P1 raise P1 findings P4 compared with P3 recommendations P4

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

一项研究发现,白肉(鸡肉、火鸡肉)与红肉(牛肉)一样会升高血液胆固醇水平,这与研究人员的预期相反。两种肉类饮食相比素食蛋白都会增加胆固醇。研究人员建议减少肉类摄入,增加植物性蛋白。
A study found that white meat (chicken, turkey) raises blood cholesterol levels as much as red meat (beef), contrary to researchers' expectations. Both meat diets increased cholesterol compared to vegetarian protein. Researchers recommend eating less meat overall and more plant-based protein.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • cholesterol 胆固醇

    现在让我们把这些 clues 串联起来:首先,cholesterol 是 blood 中可以通过 tests 检测的物质;其次,它的 levels 会受到 diet 影响,特别是 meat consumption;第三,higher levels 对健康不利,与 heart disease 相关。综合这些信息,我们可以推断出这是一种血液中的、与饮食和心血管健康密切相关的物质。

    医学指标三角定位法
  • participant 参与者

    我们从三个 dimensions 来确认这个词:首先,它直接 refers to 前文的 113 healthy people;其次,这些人在 study 中主动 ate diets, had tests,是研究的 active participants;最后,从 word structure 看,-ant ending 表示'做某事的人',part- root 表示'参与'。这三条线索共同指向同一个 meaning。

    施事名词组合推断法
  • vegetarian 素食的

    让我们整合这些 evidence:在三种 diets 的 parallel structure 中,vegetarian 是 meat diets 的 alternative;它的 health effects 优于 meat options (lower cholesterol);从 etymology 看,它基于 vegetable 这个 root。三条线索都指向同一个 concept:以植物而非动物为食物来源的饮食方式。

    饮食类词对立分析法
  • acknowledge 承认

    综合三方面 clues:在 despite their findings 的转折语境中,researchers 对 contrary possibility 的态度;在学术语境中对 uncertainty 的表达;以及 know 这个 root 带来的'认知'含义。这三者共同指向一个 meaning:尽管有相反的发现,仍然承认或认可另一种可能性。

    学术立场动词推断法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 列数字

    P2

    文章在第二段 specifically 提到了 113 healthy people 参与研究,并且明确指出 each diet period was four weeks。这些 concrete numbers 不仅增强了 study 的 credibility,还让读者清楚地看到这是一个 well-designed scientific research。通过提供 specific numerical data,作者让这个关于 white meat 和 red meat 对 cholesterol 影响的 finding 更加 convincing 和 reliable,从而有力支撑了文章的 main point:白肉和红肉对 blood cholesterol levels 的影响是相似的。

    信号词 113 three four weeks 数字 百分比 倍数 次数 年份

    仿写: 在写作 scientific explanatory text 时,你可以问自己:这个 claim 能用什么 specific numbers 来 support?比如描述一个 phenomenon 的 scale 时,与其说 "many people",不如说 "over 2,000 participants"。Thinking about 研究的 sample size、时间 duration、percentage changes 等。模版可以是:"In a study of [具体数字] [research subjects], researchers found that [现象] occurred over a period of [具体时间数字], resulting in [具体数据结果]."

  • 作比较

    P2 P3

    整篇文章的 structural core 就是 comparison。第二段设置了 three different diets 的 parallel structure:red meat diet, white meat diet, and vegetarian protein diet。第三段直接 compare 这些 diets 的 effects,明确指出 white and red meat diets had the same effects,并且 both increased cholesterol compared with vegetarian protein。这种 systematic comparison 是文章 surprising finding 的 foundation,它打破了人们认为 white meat is healthier than red meat 的 common belief,这正是文章的 central message。

    信号词 compared with same similar both than as much as while whereas in contrast unlike different from

    仿写: 在构思 explanatory writing 时,问问自己:我要说明的 subject 可以和什么进行 contrast 或 parallel?建立 clear comparison framework 很重要,比如这篇文章用 three parallel diet groups。你可以用 "A and B have similar effects" 或 "compared with C, both A and B show..." 这样的 structure。模版:"While [Subject A] and [Subject B] both [shared characteristic], they differ from [Subject C] in that [difference]. Specifically, [detailed comparison with supporting evidence]."

  • 下定义

    P1 P2

    文章在第一段和第二段都对 key terms 进行了 clarification。第一段用 "such as chicken" 来 define what white meat is,第二段进一步用 "which is primarily beef" 和 "which is mostly chicken and turkey" 来 specify red meat and white meat 的 concrete examples。这种 definitional clarification 非常 crucial,因为如果读者对 white meat 和 red meat 的 category 有 confusion,就无法理解整个 study 的 finding。这些 definitions 确保 everyone is on the same page,从而让文章的 main argument about cholesterol levels 能够被 accurately understood。

    信号词 such as which is refers to means is defined as in other words that is namely i.e. for example

    仿写: 在说明文写作中,遇到 potentially ambiguous terms 时,立即 provide definition or examples。你可以用 "X, such as Y" 或 "X, which is Y" 这样的 appositional structure。Think about: 我的 target readers 是否 familiar with this term?如果不确定,就 add a brief definition。模版:"[Term], such as [specific examples], refers to [brief explanation]. For instance, [further clarification if needed]."

  • 引资料

    P1 P2 P3 P4

    虽然文章没有 explicit citations,但整篇文章是 based on a study,属于 reporting research findings。第一段提到 "This finding surprised researchers, who admitted...",第四段说 "The team acknowledged..." 和 "Their main recommendations are..."。这些都是在 referencing the research team's words and conclusions。通过 citing the researchers' reactions (surprised, admitted, acknowledged) 和 their recommendations,文章增强了 information 的 authority 和 credibility。这种 indirect citation 让读者知道这不是作者的 personal opinion,而是 scientific research backed by experts。

    信号词 researchers the team the study according to experts scientists findings research shows studies indicate data reveals

    仿写: 在写作 explanatory articles about research or expert opinions 时,要 attribute information to its source。即使没有 formal citations,也要用 "researchers found", "experts recommend", "the study showed" 这样的 phrases。这让读者 distinguish between your explanation 和 source material。模版:"According to [source/study], [finding]. The [researchers/team] [verb indicating their stance: found/concluded/admitted/acknowledged] that [specific detail]. Their [recommendations/findings] suggest [implication]."

  • 分类别

    P2

    文章在 structuring the research 时采用了 clear categorization。第二段将 diets 分成 three distinct categories: red meat diet, white meat diet, and vegetarian protein diet。这种 classification 不是 arbitrary 的,而是 serve the research purpose — 通过 creating distinct groups,researchers 能够 isolate variables 并 compare their effects。这个 categorical framework 是整个 study design 的 backbone,也是得出 white meat and red meat have similar effects 这个 conclusion 的 methodological basis。没有这个 clear categorization,文章的 comparison 就无法 systematic and meaningful。

    信号词 three different categories types kinds groups divided into classified as can be categorized falls into consists of

    仿写: 当你的 topic involves multiple types or groups 时,explicitly establish categories。Use parallel structure 来 present each category,比如这里的 "red meat diet which is..., white meat diet which is..., and vegetarian protein diet"。确保你的 categories are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive for your purpose。模版:"[Topic] can be divided into [number] categories: [Category 1], which [characteristic]; [Category 2], which [characteristic]; and [Category 3], which [characteristic]. Each [category] [shared verb phrase to show parallel structure]."

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

5 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 研究结果违背预期

    P1
    This finding surprised researchers, who admitted they didn't expect that eating white meat would lead to higher blood cholesterol levels.

    情态词 surprised unexpected shocked astonished didn't expect contrary to expectations surprisingly

    这个 implication 非常关键。Researchers' surprise 背后的 hidden message 是:白肉 chicken 一直被 public 和 health community 认为比红肉 beef 更 healthy,尤其在 cholesterol levels 方面。但这项 study 颠覆了这个 assumption。这种 subtext 对文章 main thesis 的作用是 establish the significance——如果 finding 符合预期就不值得报道,正因为它 challenges popular belief about white meat being healthier,才有 reporting value。这为全文定下基调:我们需要 reconsider dietary recommendations,不能简单地把 white meat 当作 red meat 的 healthier alternative。

  • 研究设计的严谨性暗示

    P2
    In addition, participants had blood tests at the start and finish of each new diet.

    递进类 In addition Furthermore Moreover Additionally What's more Besides Beyond that

    这里的 subtext 是研究团队采用了 rigorous scientific protocol。提到 blood tests at start and finish 不仅是 describing procedure,更重要的是 implying:我们用 objective biomarkers 而不是 self-reported data,我们有 before-and-after measurements 来 track changes directly。这个 implication 对 main thesis 的作用是 build trust in the controversial finding。因为 第1段 already stated 这是个 unexpected result,所以作者需要 convince readers 这不是 flawed research。通过 emphasizing methodological thoroughness,作者在说:虽然 finding is surprising,但 it's based on solid evidence,所以我们 should take it seriously 并 reconsider our assumptions about white meat。

  • 对比结构强化核心发现

    P3
    both diets increased blood cholesterol levels compared with the diet built on vegetarian protein sources.

    对比类 compared with in contrast to unlike whereas while as opposed to in comparison with

    这个 comparison 的 deeper meaning 是引导 dietary recommendation。表面上是 presenting data:white and red meat both worse than vegetarian protein。但 subtext 是——既然 both types of meat 都 raise cholesterol compared with plant-based option,那么 distinguishing between white and red meat 就没那么重要了,真正重要的是 meat versus non-meat choice。这为 第4段 的 recommendation 做 logical preparation。对 main thesis 的作用是 shift focus:文章不只是说 white meat isn't better than red meat,更重要的是 suggesting vegetarian protein is the superior choice for cholesterol management。这个 implication 将 dietary advice 从 choosing between meats 推向 reconsidering meat consumption altogether。

  • 让步式承认潜在复杂性

    P4
    The team acknowledged that it is possible that white meat is better for our health than red meat despite their findings.

    让步类 acknowledged admitted despite although even though while it's true that granted

    这个 concession 的 subtext 非常微妙。表面上 researchers are backing off from their finding,说 maybe white meat is still better。但 deeper implication 是 strengthening their core message through qualification。Acknowledged 后面跟的是 it's possible,这是很 weak endorsement。然后紧接着 despite their findings,暗示虽然有这个 possibility,但 their data doesn't support it。真正的 message 在最后一句 main recommendations——eat less of both meats。这个 concession 的作用是 make the recommendation more acceptable:我们不是 dogmatically saying white meat is bad,我们承认 there might be other factors,但 based on cholesterol data,prudent approach 是 reduce both types of meat。对 main thesis 的价值是 add nuance and credibility,让 recommendation 显得 balanced and reasonable rather than extreme,从而更容易被 public and health practitioners 接受。

  • 独立于特定指标的额外风险

    P4
    other effects of red meat consumption could contribute to heart disease independent of cholesterol.

    模糊限制语 independent of could may might other effects other factors beyond

    这句话的 implication is layered。表面是说 red meat might have additional harmful effects beyond cholesterol。但 deeper subtext 是 explaining why their recommendation 仍然区分 both kinds of meat 尽管 cholesterol data 显示 no difference。Independent of cholesterol 暗示:cholesterol is what we measured,but it's not the whole story。Red meat 可能通过 other mechanisms 比如 heme iron、saturated fat patterns、或 compounds formed during cooking 来 affect cardiovascular health。这个 hedging 的作用是 reconcile seeming contradiction:如果 both meats 对 cholesterol 影响相同,为什么还建议 eat less of both 而不是说 they're equivalent?答案是 cholesterol is just one risk factor。对 main thesis 的贡献是 add sophistication:文章不是简单说 white meat equals red meat in all aspects,而是说在 cholesterol 这个 specific parameter 上相同,但 overall health impact 可能仍有差异,所以 recommendation is nuanced——reduce both,而不是 freely substitute one for another。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:客观中立

结论先行:本文作者态度为客观中立( objective and cautious)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 开篇意外发现转述 P1

    说明文常常用surprising finding来做开篇hook吸引读者,但这个surprised的主语是researchers,不是作者自己的评价,所以这是objective转述的信号,而非author的主观judgment。

  2. 方法段纯事实陈述 P2

    方法段落如果全是factual描述,没有褒贬词,说明作者延续了scientific report的中立语气,没有带入感情色彩,这对说明文而言是常见且重要的客观信号。

  3. 结果段数据比较呈现 P3

    作者用same effects和compared with这种parallel structure呈现数据差异,而不是用amazing或alarming这类主观修饰词,说明态度依然是neutral reporting,只呈现结果不做价值评判。

  4. 结论段让步与模糊限制 P4

    acknowledged和possible这类词让整段结论显得cautious而非assertive,说明研究团队对自己的finding留有余地,不是100%肯定,体现出典型的scientific caution态度。

  5. 全篇客观审慎定调 P1 P2 P3 P4

    四段信号叠加起来,说明这是一篇典型的science report类说明文,作者只是faithfully转述研究过程和结论,并在最后给出温和的recommendation,而不是critical批判或enthusiastic支持。

文中的态度信号词

  • surprised P1

    surprised说明这个finding出乎意料,作者用它来客观转述researchers的反应,而不是自己直接下judgment,体现出说明文中立转述的特征。

    同类词 unexpected surprisingly to our surprise unforeseen

  • acknowledged P4

    acknowledged表示研究团队主动承认了自身研究的局限性,说明作者呈现的是研究者的self-reflection,语气谨慎而不武断。

    同类词 admitted conceded recognized accepted

  • possible P4

    possible这种hedge word弱化了论断的确定性,表明作者没有下absolute结论,是典型的科学cautious态度。

    同类词 may might could perhaps

  • recommendations P4

    recommendations一词表明这是研究团队基于数据给出的建议,而非作者主观命令式表达,语气温和、留有余地。

    同类词 suggest advise propose recommend

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文?

  1. 首段陈述客观发现 P1

    说明文的 first paragraph 通常会直接 present a fact 或 introduce a study result,比如这里的'White meat may raise blood cholesterol levels'就是在 stating a finding。议论文会先提出 controversial viewpoint 需要 argue,新闻报道则会用 when/where/who 这样的 news lead 开头

  2. 系统描述研究过程 P2 P3

    第二段详细介绍了 study design:'113 healthy people'、'three different diets'、'four weeks'这些都是在 explaining how the research was conducted。说明文会系统地 break down information,而议论文会 develop arguments with examples,新闻报道会 quote sources 和 provide context

  3. 结尾保持客观建议 P4

    最后一段用'acknowledged'和'possible'这样的 tentative language 来 present recommendations,保持了 objective tone。议论文的结尾会有 definitive conclusion 和 persuasive appeal,新闻报道会 end with context 或 future implications

  4. 全文解释研究发现 P1 P2 P3 P4

    这篇文章从头到尾都在 informing readers about study results:what was found、how it was studied、what it means。没有 trying to convince 读者改变 behavior(议论文特征),也没有 reporting on recent event with news angle(新闻特征)。整体 discourse function 就是 expository explanation

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁?

  • such as P1 说明对象定义解释词(举例限定型) like for example for instance including namely
  • In the study P2 说明顺序与例证词(研究方法陈述型) researchers looked at the experiment involved participants were divided into the test consisted of the survey included
  • These were P2 说明顺序与例证词(分类列举型) three different diets first...second...third categories include types of consisted of
  • The results showed that P3 事物属性功能描述词(客观结果陈述型) findings revealed data indicated was found to demonstrated that the study found
  • This is because P4 事物属性功能描述词(因果机制解释型) due to as a result of this occurs when the reason is that contributes to
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

6 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section A (1) 的常见问题

2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section A (1) 文章的主旨是什么?
一项研究发现,白肉(鸡肉、火鸡肉)与红肉(牛肉)一样会升高血液胆固醇水平,这与研究人员的预期相反。两种肉类饮食相比素食蛋白都会增加胆固醇。研究人员建议减少肉类摄入,增加植物性蛋白。(英文表述:A study found that white meat (chicken, turkey) raises blood cholesterol levels as much as red meat (beef), contrary to researchers' expectations. Both meat diets increased cholesterol compared to vegetarian protein. Researchers recommend eating less meat overall and more plant-based protein.)
2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section A (1) 文章是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为说明文,作者立场是客观中立(objective and cautious)。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 200 词、4 段;在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 234 篇(占 46%)。
2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section A (1) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 4 段按说明文骨架分为 4 个意群:第1段——研究发现的核心结论;第2段——研究方法与过程;第3段——研究数据与结果;第4段——研究解读与建议。
2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section A (1) 文章的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是客观中立(objective and cautious)。判断路径:开篇意外发现转述 → 方法段纯事实陈述 → 结果段数据比较呈现 → 结论段让步与模糊限制 → 全篇客观审慎定调;文中的态度信号词包括 surprised(第1段)、acknowledged(第4段)、possible(第4段)、recommendations(第4段)。
2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section A (1) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 4 个:cholesterol(胆固醇)、participant(参与者)、vegetarian(素食的)、acknowledge(承认),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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