2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2)
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2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2)

说明文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 239 词、5 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%),作者立场为「客观中立」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

5 段英文原文

以下为2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 的听力原文,共 5 段。左侧 P1–P5 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

Sunshine and high temperatures can mean picnics and parks and trips to beaches, but they can make your body react in some strange ways.

First, sunshine can actually affect your breath. You may think that summer is the perfect time to go on a date or chat with an attractive boy or girl. But excessive heat can cause you to lose water, which has been proven to have a pretty unattractive side effect—bad breath.

When you are lacking water, your mouth becomes dry. Bacteria accumulate because there isn't enough water in your mouth to wash it away, Sunshine can stop you from sweating, too. The body's normal temperature is 36 to 37 degrees centigrade. But if it heats up to 40 to 41 degrees, you may find yourself getting heatstroke. At that point, your heat regulatory system can essentially quit, which stops you from sweating as your body tries to keep water around your vital organs.

However, the sun can have a positive influence on your body by raising your energy levels. You might feel like the sun is giving you extra energy for your day, which is actually happening.

And vitamin D from sunshine can help your body to absorb certain minerals, which are linked to building stronger bones. Therefore, I suggest you spend more time in the park with your friends, but make sure you apply lots of skin protection and fill up those water bottles, too.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

5 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    Sunshine and Heat: More Than Summer Fun

    Sunshine and heat can cause unusual reactions in the body.

    作为 introduction,本段先用人们熟悉的夏季活动吸引读者,再提出身体会有 strange reactions 这一核心问题。它为全文的 negative effects 与 positive effects 建立总框架,使后文关于口臭、中暑、精力和维生素D的说明都有统一的讨论中心。

    抓住首段转折
  2. P2

    Heat, Dehydration, and Bad Breath

    Excessive heat can cause dehydration and bad breath.

    本段正式展开全文的第一类 negative effect,即高温造成的身体不适。它从较轻微但贴近日常的 bad breath 入手,将首段笼统的 strange reactions 具体化,并为下一段解释脱水机制作铺垫。

    串起因果链
  3. P3

    How Dehydration and Heatstroke Affect the Body

    Dehydration and extreme heat can disrupt body functions and cause heatstroke.

    本段承担全文的 mechanism explanation 作用:它既回扣上一段的口臭,解释其形成原因,又补充更严重的 heatstroke 风险。这样,文章对阳光和高温负面影响的论述从日常尴尬延伸到健康警示,增强了说明的深度和严肃性。

    统摄生理细节
  4. P4

    Sunshine as a Natural Energy Booster

    Sunshine can positively increase energy levels.

    本段是全文结构中的 positive turn,它纠正了读者“阳光和高温只有害”的单一印象。通过 energy levels 这一益处,文章形成负面影响与正面影响并列的 balanced explanation,也为末段的维生素D益处作过渡。

    盯住转折词
  5. P5

    Enjoy Sunshine Safely for Stronger Bones

    Sunshine supports stronger bones, but safe sun exposure requires protection and hydration.

    作为 conclusion,本段补充 vitamin D 和 stronger bones 这一重要正面作用,并给出可操作的 safety advice。它最终回应全文主旨:阳光和高温对身体既有 benefits 也有 risks,人们应当在防晒、补水的前提下合理享受阳光。

    兼顾益处与防护
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

5 道逐段细节自检题

针对2022年12月英语四级真题第1套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 sunshine and high temperatures outdoor activities

    What can sunshine and high temperatures do besides making outdoor activities possible?

    • A They guarantee that people will remain healthy outdoors.
    • B They make beaches safer for swimmers.
    • C They can cause the body to react in unusual ways.
    • D They prevent people from taking trips to parks.
    • E They affect only children who play outside.
    • F They always improve people's mood during summer.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    正确项完整对应 but 之后的主干信息:make your body react in some strange ways。选项用 unusual 替换 strange,用 cause the body to react 概括 can make your body react,属于同义改写而非原词照搬。障碍在于题干先提 outdoor activities,容易让考生停留在前半句;但说明文开头的转折后信息通常才是作者准备展开论证的中心。

    盯住 but 后半句 时间极紧时,直接用题干中的 sunshine and high temperatures 回扫 第1段,并把 besides 当作“跳过前半句”的指令。不要逐个翻译六个选项;只读含 but 的后半句,再检查正确项是否以概括性同义表达保留其因果方向。其余选项若出现绝对范围、无依据对象或把活动场景当作结果,可立即排除。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 excessive heat bad breath

    Why can excessive heat lead to bad breath?

    • A Because it makes people talk more on dates.
    • B Because it increases the amount of vitamin D in the mouth.
    • C Because it immediately stops all bacteria from growing.
    • D Because excessive heat can make the body lose water.
    • E Because it lowers the body's normal temperature.
    • F Because it prevents the body from absorbing minerals.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    原文明确给出 excessive heat can cause you to lose water,随后用 which has been proven to have ... bad breath 说明失水的副作用。正确项保留了 cause 的因果方向,并把 you 转换为 the body,属于语法层面的自然改写。障碍在于原文插入了 date、chat 和 attractive boy or girl 等生活化内容,但这些只是引入,不能替代失水这一直接原因。

    症状词向左追因 先用罕见结果词 bad breath 直击 第2段,而不是从 excessive heat 开始全文搜索。定位后只执行一次“向左追因”:从结果回看紧邻的 cause 和 lose water。随后把正确项当作唯一需要核对的因果节点;含 dates、vitamin D、bacteria 或 minerals 的选项,只要不能补上直接机制,立刻删除。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 bacteria accumulate lacks water

    Why do bacteria accumulate in the mouth when a person lacks water?

    • A Because the mouth produces too much water.
    • B Because dry mouths always have a higher temperature.
    • C Because the heat regulatory system removes bacteria.
    • D Because vital organs need bacteria to stay cool.
    • E Because there is not enough water to wash them away.
    • F Because people with bad breath cannot sweat.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    正确项准确对应原文的因果解释:there isn't enough water in your mouth to wash it away。选项将原文中指代 bacteria 的 it 修正为数量一致的 them,not enough 对应 isn't enough,结构和逻辑均一致。设障点在于 mouth becomes dry 是前一句的结果,考生可能选择“口腔变干”这一不完整表述;但题目问细菌为何 accumulate,直接答案必须落到 wash away 的功能缺失。

    代词回指验因果 用 bacteria accumulate 这个低频机制组合秒定位 第3段,然后只看其后的 because 从句。最高效的判断不是翻译所有选项,而是做“代词回指测试”:将正确项中的 them 替换为题干的复数对象,若句意和因果完全闭合,就优先确认;其他项即便含 dry、temperature 或 organs,只要不能完成该回指链,立即排除。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 positive effect the sun

    What positive effect can the sun have on the body?

    • A It can permanently eliminate the need for sleep.
    • B It can keep body temperature below 36 degrees centigrade.
    • C It can stop the body from losing water.
    • D It can make every outdoor activity more attractive.
    • E It can cause heatstroke at any temperature.
    • F It can raise a person's energy levels.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    正确项直接对应 raising your energy levels,并将 your 改为 a person's,保持了信息范围和 can 的可能性语气。后一句 you might feel like ... extra energy for your day 进一步验证这种感受 actually happening。障碍在于 feel like 可能让考生误以为只是心理作用,但 actually happening 明确确认了这一身体效应。

    转折后验语气 不必逐段重读,只抓题干中的 positive,快速扫描转折信号,直接定位到 第4段 的 However 之后。随后执行“语气保真”筛选:正确项必须同时保留 can 的可能性和身体作用的方向;含 permanently、every、any 的选项先删,即使它们夹带 energy、temperature 或 heatstroke 等文章词。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 vitamin D help the body do

    What does vitamin D from sunshine help the body do?

    • A It helps the body absorb certain minerals.
    • B It helps the body produce unlimited amounts of water.
    • C It helps the body avoid all skin damage.
    • D It helps the body build stronger bones directly.
    • E It helps the body maintain a temperature of 40 degrees centigrade.
    • F It helps the body stop sweating in hot weather.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:A

    该项逐一对应 vitamin D from sunshine can help your body to absorb certain minerals。It 回指 vitamin D,helps the body absorb 保留原句的使役功能,certain minerals 也没有被擅自扩大。障碍在于 minerals are linked to building stronger bones,考生容易跳到最终结果;但题干问的是 vitamin D 直接帮助身体做的动作,因此 absorb 才是答案核心。

    截取 help 后动词 直接用 vitamin D 锁定 第5段,然后不读整段,只截取 help 后的动词短语。以“动词优先”判定正确项:题干中的 do 要与正确项的核心动作精确对应。任何把链条末端的结果、末句的建议或前文风险拿来替代该动作的选项,即使出现 bones、water 或 sweating,也可不经细读排除。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

5 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引出话题

    这个 opening paragraph 通过 sunshine and high temperatures 这两个 summer 的典型 features 来 introduce 整篇文章的 topic,提示阳光和高温会让 body react in strange ways,为后文的 specific effects 做铺垫。

    作为说明文的 introduction part,这个意群用 contrast 的手法——先说 positive associations(picnics, parks, beaches),再用 but 转折引出 strange reactions,成功 establish 了文章要 explain 的 phenomenon,激发读者对后续 detailed explanation 的兴趣。

    总领全文
  2. 负面影响之一:口臭

    这个意群聚焦于 sunshine 导致的第一个 negative effect,通过 cause-effect chain 来 explain:excessive heat → water loss → bad breath,用 dating scenario 作为 relatable context 让学生更容易 understand 这个 phenomenon。

    作为说明文 body 的第一个 supporting paragraph,这个意群通过 specific example(bad breath)来 demonstrate 主旨中提到的 negative effects,使用 scientific explanation(bacteria accumulation)来增强 credibility,体现了说明文 factual 和 informative 的特点。

    阐述负面影响实例一
  3. 负面影响之二:中暑

    这个意群继续 expand 阳光的 negative effects,focus 转向更 serious 的 health issue——heatstroke。通过 scientific data(体温的 specific degrees)和 physiological mechanism(heat regulatory system 停止运作)来 explain 中暑的 process,展现说明文的 technical precision。

    作为第二个 negative effect 的 illustration,这个意群通过更 severe 的 example(heatstroke)来 strengthen 主旨关于阳光 negative impacts 的论述,使用 medical terminology 和 precise numbers 增加说明文的 authority 和 objectivity。

    阐述负面影响实例二
  4. 正面影响之一:提升能量

    这个意群用 However 作为 transition,从 negative effects 转向 positive influence,focus 在阳光能 raise energy levels 这个 benefit 上。简洁地 confirm 人们的 subjective feeling(感觉有 extra energy)是 actually happening,体现说明文 validate 常见 phenomenon 的功能。

    这个意群 mark 了说明文 structure 中的重要 turning point,从讨论 drawbacks 转向 advantages,实现主旨中关于阳光 both negative and positive effects 的 balanced presentation,体现说明文 objective 和 comprehensive 的特征。

    阐述正面影响实例一
  5. 正面影响之二及建议

    这个意群先 add 另一个 positive effect(vitamin D 帮助 absorb minerals 从而 build stronger bones),然后用 Therefore 引出 practical recommendation,结合前文的 positive and negative information 给出 balanced advice——enjoy 阳光但要 take precautions(skin protection 和 hydration)。

    作为说明文的 concluding section,这个意群不仅 complete 了对 positive effects 的 explanation,更重要的是通过 practical suggestion 将 factual information 转化为 actionable guidance,体现说明文 informative 且 practical 的 purpose,让读者能 apply 所学的 knowledge。

    阐述正面影响实例二并提供建议
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段主题词定位 P1

    说明文的 opening paragraph 通常会 introduce the main subject 并且用 general statement 来 preview 整篇文章要讨论的 content,这里 'can make your body react in some strange ways' 就是一个 broad statement,预示后文会 explain 这些 reactions

  2. 效应动词与转折标记 P2 P3 P4

    说明文的 middle paragraphs 会用 clear markers 来 organize different aspects,这里的 'First'、'However' 以及 repeated subject 'sunshine/sun' 配合 effect verbs 'affect'、'stop'、'raise' 表明文章在 explain multiple effects

  3. 正负内容比重统计 P2 P3 P4 P5

    说明文经常采用 balanced presentation structure 来 show multiple dimensions of a topic。这里 paragraph count 和 content balance 显示 both sides are covered,说明 main idea 不是单纯 positive 或 negative,而是 comprehensive explanation

  4. 结论性建议的双向性 P5

    说明文的 conclusion 经常用 conclusive markers ('Therefore', 'In conclusion') 和 recommendation language ('suggest', 'make sure') 来 wrap up the explanation。这里同时提到 positive action ('spend time in park') 和 precautions ('skin protection', 'water bottles'),confirm 了文章 covers both positive and negative aspects

  5. 三段式主旨拼图 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    通过 three-part analysis (introduction + development + conclusion),我们可以 construct a complete picture of the main idea。这个 systematic approach 确保不会 miss key information 或 misinterpret the author's intent

主旨信号词 can make...react in strange ways P1 However P4 affect / influence / cause P2 negative effects (bad breath, heatstroke) vs positive effects (energy, vitamin D) P2 Therefore, I suggest P5

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

这篇说明文解释了阳光和高温如何影响人体,包括脱水导致的口臭和中暑等负面影响,以及提升能量水平和促进维生素D生成以强化骨骼等积极影响。
This expository article explains how sunshine and high temperatures affect the human body, including negative effects like bad breath and heatstroke caused by dehydration, as well as positive effects like increased energy and vitamin D production for stronger bones.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • accumulate 聚积、积累、堆积

    现在我们把三条 clues 串联起来。首先,from the causal relationship 我们知道 accumulate 是 bacteria 在 lack of water 的 condition 下发生的 action,而且这个 action 与 'not being washed away' 相关,暗示 quantity 的 increase。其次,from morphology 我们看到 ac- prefix 表示 direction 或 movement toward something,配合 context 就是 bacteria moving toward a state of more quantity。最后,from sentence sequence 我们确认这是一个 progressive process:mouth 变 dry → water insufficient → bacteria cannot be washed away → bacteria accumulate。所有 evidence 指向同一个 meaning:gather in increasing amounts over time。

    三维度动词推断法
  • excessive 过度的、过量的、超出正常范围的

    让我们整合 three layers of evidence。From the contrastive context,我们知道 excessive heat 带来 negative outcomes,所以 excessive 不是 simple description,而是带有 problematic connotation。From morphology,ex- prefix tells us 'beyond' 和 -ive suffix confirms 这是描述 quality 的 adjective,合起来就是 'having the quality of being beyond'。From cross-paragraph reference,我们在 第3段 看到了 specific threshold (40-41 degrees),证实了 'beyond normal range' 这个 interpretation。所有 clues converge on one meaning:超过正常或合理的程度。

    形容词三角验证法
  • heatstroke 中暑

    综合 three clues 来建立 complete picture。From the conditional structure,我们知道 heatstroke occurs when body temperature reaches dangerous levels (40-41 degrees),establishing 这是 heat-induced condition。From compound analysis,heat + stroke combination 表明这是突发的、严重的 heat-related medical event。From subsequent explanation,我们了解到 heatstroke involves critical system failures:regulatory system quits, sweating stops。这些 progressive clues 共同描绘出一个 clear picture:这是由 extreme heat 导致的严重 medical emergency,characterized by body's inability to regulate temperature。

    复合术语拆解重组法
  • absorb 吸收

    将 three perspectives 融合。From functional relationship,我们理解 absorb 是 body 对 minerals 的 necessary action 来实现 bone building,必然涉及 taking in 或 incorporating。From morphology,ab- prefix 虽然表面意思是 'away',但在很多 verbs 中表示 directional movement,配合 biological context 就是 into the body。From process chain,absorb 是 intake (eating) 和 utilization (bone building) 之间的 crucial bridge,暗示这是一个 assimilation process where substances become part of the body。All evidence points to:将外部物质纳入体内并使其可用。

    过程定位推断法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 举例子

    P1

    文章在 第1段 中提到 picnics and parks and trips to beaches 这些 specific examples,通过列举 concrete activities 来说明 sunshine and high temperatures 带来的 positive associations。这种 enumeration 让抽象的 summer enjoyment 变得 tangible and relatable,帮助 readers 快速建立 emotional connection,为后文转折到 strange bodily reactions 做好 contrast 铺垫。

    信号词 such as for example for instance like including mean

    仿写: 当你想说明某个 phenomenon 或 concept 时,问自己:what are the most recognizable instances?选择 readers 能 relate to 的 familiar scenarios。比如要说明 technology affects daily life,可以举 checking phones first thing in the morning, ordering food via apps 等例子。模版:「[抽象概念] can be seen in [具体例子1], [具体例子2], and [具体例子3]」。关键是确保 examples 是 typical and representative。

  • 列数字

    P3

    在 第3段 中,作者列举了 precise numerical data:"36 to 37 degrees centigrade" 和 "40 to 41 degrees"。这些 specific figures 精确界定了 normal body temperature 和 heatstroke threshold,让 explanation of heatstroke 变得 scientific and authoritative。通过 quantitative data,读者能清晰理解 temperature rise 的 severity 和 danger zone,这对说明 heatstroke 这一 serious condition 至关重要。

    信号词 degrees percent number rate times hours kilometers million

    仿写: 当解释涉及 measurement, comparison, 或 threshold 的概念时,think about relevant statistics or values。确保 numbers 是 accurate and meaningful to readers。比如说明 sleep importance 时,可以写 "Adults need 7 to 9 hours of sleep"。模版:「[现象/状态] is/reaches [具体数值], but when it [动作] to [另一数值], [后果] occurs」。记住 numbers 要 serve the explanation,不是 random decoration。

  • 作诠释

    P3

    第3段 中对 heatstroke mechanism 的解释是典型的 interpretation:"your heat regulatory system can essentially quit, which stops you from sweating as your body tries to keep water around your vital organs"。作者没有 simply state the fact,而是 elaborating on the underlying process,解释 why sweating stops。这种 clarification 帮助 readers 理解 body's protective mechanism 背后的 physiological logic,让说明更加 thorough and comprehensible。

    信号词 which means in other words that is essentially actually namely i.e.

    仿写: 当引入 technical term 或 complex process 时,ask yourself: what's really happening here? 然后用 simpler language 或 causal explanation 来 unpack it。可以用 "which means", "in other words", 或 "essentially" 等 transitional phrases。模版:「[现象A occurs], which [解释性机制], as [更深层原因]」。重点是让 readers see the connections between surface observation and underlying cause。

  • 作比较

    P2 P3 P4

    文章在 第2段 和 第4段 之间形成 implicit comparison:第2段-3 focus on negative effects (bad breath, heatstroke),而 第4段 用 "However" 引出 positive influence (energy boost)。这种 contrast structure 让 readers 看到 sunshine 的 dual nature,使说明更加 balanced and comprehensive。Through this comparison,文章避免了 one-sided presentation,体现了 objective exposition 的特点。

    信号词 however but while whereas in contrast on the other hand compared to

    仿写: 当说明某事物的 multiple aspects 或 different scenarios 时,think about what to juxtapose。可以 compare positive vs negative, before vs after, 或 different categories。Use transitional words like "however", "in contrast", "while" 来 signal comparison。模版:「[A] can cause [负面结果], however, [A] can also [正面作用]」。关键是让 comparison serve a purpose:clarifying distinctions 或 showing completeness。

  • 下定义

    P3

    虽然文章没有 explicit definition sentence,但 第3段 中对 heatstroke 的描述 implicit 地 defines what it is:"if it heats up to 40 to 41 degrees, you may find yourself getting heatstroke"。这个 characterization 通过 condition and symptom 来界定 heatstroke,让 readers 明白这是一种 specific medical condition triggered by extreme temperature。这种 definitional element 对说明 medical term 很重要。

    信号词 is refers to means is defined as is called is known as occurs when

    仿写: 当 introducing technical or unfamiliar terms 时,think about what distinguishes this concept。可以用 "is when", "refers to", 或 "occurs when" 等 phrases。模版:「[术语] occurs when [条件], characterized by [特征]」。定义不必 formal dictionary style,可以是 functional explanation。关键是让 readers clearly grasp what you're talking about before elaborating further。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

3 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 夏日约会需谨慎

    P2
    You may think that summer is the perfect time to go on a date or chat with an attractive boy or girl. But excessive heat can cause you to lose water, which has been proven to have a pretty unattractive side effect—bad breath.

    转折类 But but however yet nevertheless nonetheless while

    这个 implication 的 essence 是:虽然 sunshine and summer 给人 romantic and pleasant 的 impression,但 actual physiological effects 可能 counterproductive to social interactions。作者通过这个 ironic contrast 来 serve 文章 thesis:阳光和高温对 human body 有 complex and mixed effects。这个 specific example 用 relatable scenario(dating)让 abstract concept(dehydration's effects)变得 concrete and memorable,同时也为后续段落 elaborate 脱水的 mechanism 做 foreshadowing。它的 value 在于用 surprising detail 来 engage readers,让他们意识到 seemingly simple phenomenon 背后有 nuanced biological processes。

  • 阳光双刃剑效应

    P4
    However, the sun can have a positive influence on your body by raising your energy levels.

    转折类 However however but yet nevertheless on the other hand conversely

    这里的 underlying message 是:尽管前面详细描述了 sunshine 的 harmful effects(bad breath, heatstroke),但 objective analysis 需要 acknowledge 它的 benefits。这个 implication serves 文章的 main thesis by demonstrating comprehensive understanding——阳光不是 simple villain,而是有 multifaceted impact。从 rhetorical perspective,这种 pivot 防止 readers 形成 overly negative impression,同时也为 conclusion paragraph 的 balanced recommendation(多晒太阳但要 protection)做 logical preparation。它的 pragmatic value 在于教会 readers critical thinking:evaluate phenomena from multiple angles rather than jumping to one-sided conclusions。

  • 建议中的隐含限制

    P5
    Therefore, I suggest you spend more time in the park with your friends, but make sure you apply lots of skin protection and fill up those water bottles, too.

    让步+限制类 but make sure provided that as long as on the condition that only if but remember to however, be sure to

    这个 implication 的 real meaning 是:阳光的 benefits 不是 unconditional——你可以也应该 enjoy sunshine,但 only under proper protection。作者通过这个 qualified endorsement 来 synthesize 前面 paragraphs 的 contradictory information(harmful effects vs. benefits),offering practical resolution。对于文章 thesis,这个结论性 statement demonstrates responsible science communication——不是简单说 yes or no,而是 contextualizing 建议。它的 rhetorical value 在于 empowering readers with actionable knowledge:neither fear sunshine nor ignore its risks。这种 nuanced guidance reflects mature understanding that informed enjoyment with precautions 比 complete avoidance 更 practical and beneficial。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:客观中立

结论先行:本文作者态度为客观中立( Balanced and Cautionary)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首段转折定调 P1

    说明文的首段常常是全文态度的mini-preview,一旦出现but这种contrast signal,就说明作者不会one-sided地写,而是准备同时呈现positive和negative两方面。

  2. 段首转折定位 P2 P3 P4

    however作为paragraph-level transition,standing在段首,标志着作者从bad breath、heatstroke这类negative effect,切换到energy这种positive influence,这是说明文常见的正反对照结构。

  3. 尾段建议句锁定 P5

    说明文一旦出现I suggest这种first-person recommendation,就说明作者跳出了纯粹的objective陈述,开始给出personal advice,这是判断attitude最直接、最省力的证据。

  4. 三步证据综合定调 P1 P4 P5

    三层证据叠加后可以确认,作者并没有单纯批判或者单纯歌颂sunshine,而是presenting both sides之后给出一个practical、留有余地的suggestion,这正是说明文里典型的客观中立态度。

文中的态度信号词

  • However P4

    However站在段首,把前面bad breath、heatstroke这些negative effect,转到后面energy这种positive influence,直接support作者balanced、不偏不倚的写作思路。

    同类词 But Yet Nevertheless On the other hand

  • I suggest P5

    I suggest直接把作者从background叙述拉到personal recommendation的层面,说明作者不只是report facts,还在guide读者该怎么面对sunshine的利弊,是态度最硬的语言证据。

    同类词 I recommend should it's best to I advise

  • positive influence P4

    positive influence这个短语明确standing在段首,直接point out sunshine带来的好处,跟前面描述的negative effect形成对照,帮助读者quickly抓到文章positive一面从这里开始。

    同类词 beneficial helpful benefit advantage

  • unattractive side effect P2

    unattractive side effect用negative connotation描述bad breath,标记这一段属于文章讲sunshine弊端的部分,为后面跟positive内容形成对比做铺垫。

    同类词 unattractive side effect strange heatstroke quit

  • make sure P5

    make sure提醒读者在享受sunshine好处的同时,别忽视protection和hydration,体现作者cautious、留有余地的态度,而不是一味encourage或一味warn。

    同类词 be careful remember to don't forget to take care

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文?

  1. 开篇引入现象或话题 P1

    本文 第1段 直接 introduce 引入了 'sunshine and high temperatures' 这个 natural phenomenon 自然现象,以及它对 body 身体的 effects 影响。这是典型的 expository writing 说明文开篇——introduce a topic 引入话题,而非 state an opinion 陈述观点(议论文)或 report an event 报道事件(新闻)。文章的 tone 语气是 informative 信息性的,aim 目的是 explain 解释,而非 persuade 说服或 announce 公告。

  2. 主体段落分解话题多方面 P2 P3 P4 P5

    第2段 到 第5段 分别 explain 解释了 sunshine 对 breath 呼吸、body temperature 体温、energy levels 能量水平和 vitamin D absorption 维生素D吸收的 different effects 不同影响。每段都有 clear topic focus 清晰的话题焦点:'First, sunshine can actually affect your breath' 是 第2段 的 topic sentence 主题句。这是 expository structure 说明文结构——parallel explanations 平行解释,而非 progressive argumentation 递进论证(议论文)或 chronological reporting 时间顺序报道(新闻)。

  3. 呈现事实和解释机制 P2 P3

    第3段 提供了 specific details 具体细节:'The body's normal temperature is 36 to 37 degrees centigrade' 和 'heat up to 40 to 41 degrees' 是 factual information 事实信息,还 explain 解释了 mechanism 机制:'Bacteria accumulate because there isn't enough water'。这些是 expository evidence 说明性证据——explain processes 解释过程,而非 persuasive evidence 说服性证据(如 statistics to prove a point 用统计数据证明观点)或 reportorial evidence 报道性证据(如 quotes from witnesses 目击者引述)。

  4. 结尾总结并给建议 P5

    第5段 用 'Therefore, I suggest' 给出 practical suggestion 实用建议:'spend more time in the park' 和 'apply lots of skin protection'。这是基于 preceding explanation 前面解释的 logical conclusion 逻辑结论,是 instructive 指导性的 rather than 而非 persuasive 说服性的。说明文 ending 常有 recommendations 建议 based on explained facts 基于解释的事实,而议论文 ending 是 strong stance 强烈立场,新闻 ending 是 forward-looking statement 前瞻性陈述或 final quote 最终引语。

  5. 整体目的是告知解释 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    本文 throughout 通篇是 explaining natural phenomena 解释自然现象('sunshine can affect', 'your body react'),没有 advocate a position 倡导立场,也没有 report specific events 报道具体事件。Language 语言是 factual 事实性的('has been proven', 'normal temperature is'),structure 结构是 categorical 分类的(breath, temperature, energy, vitamin D),purpose 目的是 educate readers 教育读者 about 关于 body's reactions 身体反应,而非 convince them to act 说服他们行动 或 inform them of news 告知他们新闻。这是 quintessential expository writing 典型的说明文写作。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁?

  • can mean P1 说明对象定义解释词 refers to is defined as means that indicates represents
  • First P2 说明顺序词 Second Third Next Then Finally
  • can actually affect P2 事物属性功能描述词 can affect can cause can lead to has the effect of influences
  • has been proven to P2 事物属性功能描述词 research shows that studies indicate evidence suggests is known to scientists have found
  • When you are lacking P3 说明顺序与例证词 When If In the case of Under conditions where In situations where
  • However P4 说明顺序词 On the other hand In contrast Conversely Meanwhile At the same time
  • by raising P4 事物属性功能描述词 by increasing by reducing through via by means of
  • can help P5 事物属性功能描述词 helps to aids in assists with facilitates enables
  • which are linked to P5 事物属性功能描述词 which is associated with which relates to which connects to which is tied to which corresponds to
  • Therefore P5 说明顺序词 Thus Hence As a result Consequently Accordingly
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

6 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 的常见问题

2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的主旨是什么?
2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章说明文解释了阳光和高温如何影响人体,包括脱水导致的口臭和中暑等负面影响,以及提升能量水平和促进维生素D生成以强化骨骼等积极影响。(英文表述:This expository article explains how sunshine and high temperatures affect the human body, including negative effects like bad breath and heatstroke caused by dehydration, as well as positive effects like increased energy and vitamin D production for stronger bones.)
2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为说明文,作者立场是客观中立(Balanced and Cautionary)。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 239 词、5 段;在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 234 篇(占 46%)。
2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 5 段按说明文骨架分为 5 个意群:第1段——引出话题;第2段——负面影响之一:口臭;第3段——负面影响之二:中暑;第4段——正面影响之一:提升能量;第5段——正面影响之二及建议。
2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是客观中立(Balanced and Cautionary)。判断路径:首段转折定调 → 段首转折定位 → 尾段建议句锁定 → 三步证据综合定调;文中的态度信号词包括 However(第4段)、I suggest(第5段)、positive influence(第4段)、unattractive side effect(第2段)、make sure(第5段)。
2022年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 4 个:accumulate(聚积、积累、堆积)、excessive(过度的、过量的、超出正常范围的)、heatstroke(中暑)、absorb(吸收),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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