2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2)
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2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2)

说明文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 225 词、4 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%),作者立场为「消极批判」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 的听力原文,共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

Plastics have for years been used to make nearly everything that surrounds us. But along the way, they escaped the confines of packaging and objects and settled in the environment, the food we eat and the air we breathe.

Americans are consuming and breathing in a lot of plastic. Based on available data, Americans take in an estimated 74,000 to 121,000 microplastic particles every year. However, scientists believe the true number is probably much higher, because for some likely sources of microplastics, there were no strong data available.

Microplastics get into food and air in several ways. Many start off as part of larger plastic objects, which over time fragment into smaller and smaller pieces until they become tiny: 5 millimeters or less in diameter. They are breathed in or consumed by animals, and then become our food. The particles float through the air until people breathe them in. They also settle on the food that people eat.

Data shows that for Americans, air, bottled water and seafood were the biggest sources for breathed-in or consumed microplastics. Added sugars accounted for less, and salts, tap water and beer contributed minimal amounts. These estimates are conservative. The included foods only make up about 15% of the average American diet. It's not yet known how much plastic is contained in the remaining 85% of the typical diet.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    From Everyday Products to Environmental Exposure

    The widespread use of plastics has led them to spread into the environment, food, and air.

    作为开篇,第一段先用 plastics 的日常普遍性建立 background,再用 But 引出 contamination 的扩散结果。它把全文的 broad problem 定义为塑料已经进入人类生活环境、食物和空气,因此为第二段聚焦 Americans 的 exposure 数量、第三段解释 entry routes、第四段说明 major sources 与 estimate limits 提供逻辑起点。

    塑料从物品扩散到环境
  2. P2

    The Scale and Uncertainty of American Microplastic Exposure

    Americans consume and inhale an estimated 74,000 to 121,000 microplastic particles annually, but their true exposure is probably higher because data on some sources are weak or unavailable.

    第二段把第一段的 general contamination 转化为 Americans 的 measurable exposure,并用 annual estimate 让问题具体化。更重要的是,段尾的 data gap 直接呼应全文主旨中的 conservative estimates,暗示数字只是 lower bound 而非最终总量;这也为第四段对饮食覆盖不足的说明提前埋下伏笔。

    每年摄入约七万至十二万颗
  3. P3

    Pathways of Human Microplastic Exposure

    Microplastics reach people through fragmentation, the food chain, inhalation, and contamination of food surfaces.

    第三段承担的是 mechanism explanation:它把第二段的“美国人摄入很多”拆解成可理解的 routes。它既说明微塑料如何由 larger objects 形成,又解释为什么食物、空气和食物表面会成为 exposure channels,从而为第四段识别具体来源(air、bottled water、seafood)提供因果基础。

    大塑料碎裂并经食物和空气进入人体
  4. P4

    Major Sources and Limits of the Estimate

    Air, bottled water, and seafood are the main identified sources of American microplastic exposure, but current estimates are conservative because much of the typical diet remains unquantified.

    第四段是全文的 evidence synthesis:它把第三段的泛化 routes 落实为 air、bottled water 和 seafood 三个 biggest sources。结尾强调 only 15% of diet 被覆盖、85% 尚不清楚,既解释为什么 estimates are conservative,也把全文结论推向“实际暴露可能显著更高”;因此它完成了主旨的来源确认与不确定性收束。

    空气、瓶装水和海鲜为主,八成五饮食未知
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2026年6月英语四级真题第1套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 plastics packaging and objects

    What has happened to plastics after they were used in packaging and objects?

    • A They have become safer for packaging and objects.
    • B They have completely disappeared from packaging and objects.
    • C They have moved into the environment, food and air.
    • D They have been replaced by other materials.
    • E They have remained only in the places where they were made.
    • F They have broken down into invisible gases.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    正确项把原文 escaped the confines of packaging and objects and settled in the environment, the food we eat and the air we breathe 做了同义替换:escaped and settled in 被概括为 moved into,同时保留了 environment、food、air 三个关键对象。CET-4 的说明文正确项常用更概括的动词替换原句,但核心名词不换。

    原词定位,转折后找同义改写 时间最紧时,直接抓题干末尾的 packaging and objects,扫读全文定位到 第1段 的第二句。之后不要逐字读,只看 But after 部分中表示去向的词,正确项就是该部分的概括性同义改写,尤其注意 moved into 这类短语。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 scientists believe true number

    Why do scientists believe the true number of microplastic particles Americans take in each year is probably much higher?

    • A Because Americans are consuming more plastic than in the past.
    • B Because microplastic particles are too small to be counted.
    • C Because the available data included too many sources.
    • D Because some likely sources of microplastics lack strong data.
    • E Because scientists have not studied bottled water.
    • F Because the estimated number is based on old data.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    正确项是对原文 because for some likely sources of microplastics, there were no strong data available 的同义改写:there were no strong data available 被替换为 lack strong data,保留了 some likely sources of microplastics。说明文正确项常将 there be 否定结构改为动词 lack,这属于常见 paraphrase。

    观点词+because定位 时间最紧时,抓题干里的 scientists believe 和 true number,直接定位到 第2段 中 However 后面的句子。跳过前面的数字,直接读到 because 后半句,正确项就是把 there were no strong data available 改写为 lack strong data 的那一项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 animals breathe in or consume

    According to the passage, what happens after animals breathe in or consume microplastics?

    • A They are added to food during packaging.
    • B They are produced inside the human body.
    • C They are formed when people cook seafood.
    • D They are absorbed by plants from the soil.
    • E They become part of our food.
    • F They are removed from the animals' bodies.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    正确项是对原文 They are breathed in or consumed by animals, and then become our food 的简化和同义替换,把 become our food 改写成 become part of our food。说明文正确项常省略原文中重复的动作描述,只保留最终 result。

    抓animals,读and then后结果 时间最紧时,抓题干中的 animals,定位到 第3段 的 They are breathed in or consumed by animals 这一句,直接读 and then 后面的 become our food。正确项通常把 become our food 改写成 become part of our food,选那个最直接表达 result 的选项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 conservative estimates

    Why does the passage say the estimates of microplastic intake are conservative?

    • A Because air, bottled water and seafood were the biggest sources.
    • B Because added sugars accounted for less microplastics.
    • C Because salts, tap water and beer contributed minimal amounts.
    • D Because the remaining 85% of the diet contains no plastic.
    • E Because Americans eat more seafood than other people.
    • F Because the included foods account for only about 15% of the average American diet.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    正确项把原文 The included foods only make up about 15% of the average American diet 进行同义改写,将 only make up about 15% 换成 account for only about 15%,保留 included foods、average American diet 等关键信息。说明文正确项常用 account for 替换 make up。

    评价词定位,后句数据改写 时间最紧时,抓题干中的 conservative 和 estimates,定位到 第4段 的 These estimates are conservative。直接读后一句 The included foods only make up about 15% of the average American diet,正确项通常把 only make up about 15% 替换成 account for only about 15%,直接选该项。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 塑料污染进入生活环境

    首段以 plastics 的广泛使用为起点,随即用 But 转折指出塑料已逃离包装和物品的 confines,进入 environment、food 与 air,建立全文讨论 microplastics 暴露问题的现实背景。

    这一部分先呈现从日常便利到环境渗透的变化,即 plastics 从 objects 进入人体接触环境,为后文说明 Americans 摄入和吸入微塑料的规模提供 problem context。

    交代微塑料暴露场景
  2. 美国人微塑料摄入量及估计局限

    本段聚焦 Americans,以 estimated 74,000 to 121,000 microplastic particles every year 量化其摄入与吸入量;随后用 However 补充 data 缺口,说明 true number 很可能更高。

    这一意群用具体 estimate 直接支撑“暴露量很大”的判断,并提前指出 available data 不完整,使主旨中的 conservative estimates 与 actual exposure may be higher 具有明确依据。

    给出年度暴露估值
  3. 微塑料进入食物和空气的路径

    本段说明 microplastics 的来源与传递链:较大 plastic objects 经 fragment 变成直径不超过 5 millimeters 的颗粒,再通过 animals、airborne particles 和 food surface 等路径被人类 consumed 或 breathed in。

    这一部分回答“微塑料为何会进入人体”,把抽象的 exposure 转化为可追踪的 fragmentation、动物摄食、空气漂浮和食物沉降过程,从因果层面支撑主旨。

    解释食入吸入路径
  4. 主要来源及统计范围不足

    末段依据 Data shows 指出 air、bottled water 和 seafood 是主要 sources,added sugars 较少而 salts、tap water、beer 极少;继而说明 estimates are conservative,因为纳入统计的 foods 仅占 typical American diet 的约 15%,其余 85% 的 plastic content 尚不明确。

    该意群一方面具体落实主旨中的 main sources,另一方面以 15% versus 85% 的覆盖缺口强化“实际暴露量可能更高”这一 cautious conclusion,使文章形成“现有发现—局限提示”的闭环。

    锁定主要来源并揭示缺口
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段抓背景与次段锁核心 P1 P2

    说明文开篇常用 broad context 引出话题,真正的 core concern 往往紧跟在转折或 specific phrase 之后呈现。

  2. 锁定关键数据与转折修正 P2 P4

    单纯的数据表达如 estimated numbers 只是 supporting facts,而表示 however 的句子才真正 deliver 了作者的核心 research finding。

  3. 过滤机制细节与归纳主源 P3 P4

    第三段中关于 fragmenting 变成 tiny pieces 的机制属于 explanatory detail,只有第四段的 biggest sources 才是构建 main idea 的 essential components。

  4. 串联核心事实与前提条件 P1 P2 P3 P4

    完整的 main idea 必须兼顾 major phenomenon 和 conservative estimates 这两个构成完整 logic loop 的支撑部分。

主旨信号词 However P2 biggest sources P4 conservative P4

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

美国人通过呼吸和进食摄入了大量微塑料,主要来源包括空气、瓶装水和海鲜。由于许多来源以及日常饮食中大部分食物的数据尚不充分,现有估计较为保守,实际接触量可能明显更高。
Americans consume and inhale substantial amounts of microplastics, mainly through air, bottled water, and seafood. Current estimates are conservative because data on many sources and much of the typical diet remain unavailable, suggesting actual exposure may be significantly higher.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

3 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • confine 限制;界限;范围

    结合 morphology 的构词逻辑与 context 中的 escaped 动作对比,我们可以清晰地 infer 出,Plastics 原本被限制在特定 scope 内,脱离束缚后散布到外界,因此该词表示限制或范围。

    词根拆解与上下文动作逻辑互证法
  • fragment 碎裂;裂成碎片;分解

    把词根 `frag-` 的 break 含义与 context 中由大变小的 change 相结合,逻辑链条非常明显,指的就是大塑料块逐步分解为 tiny particles 的过程。

    状态演变介词链与词根印证法
  • conservative 保守的;偏低估算的;谨慎的

    将 base word `conserve` 的保留含义与 第4段 中仅仅覆盖 15% 数据的事实相结合,读者能自然 infer 出这里的计算是非常克制且偏向低估的。

    数据覆盖率与修饰词逻辑反推法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

4 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 列数字

    P2 P4

    作者在 第2段 和 第4段 中巧妙运用了 exact numerical data,例如 estimated 74,000 to 121,000 microplastic particles 以及 15% of the average diet,极其直观地揭示了 human exposure to microplastics 的严峻现状。这些 precise statistics 不仅增强了文章的 scientific authority,还让读者对 unseen environmental threat 产生了震撼的 quantitative awareness,极大地凸显了数据缺失可能导致 actual risk 被严重低估的 central message。

    信号词 an estimated accounted for make up percent ranged from data shows

    仿写: 在撰写 explanatory text 时,应当学会引入 official statistics 来支撑 argument。你可以先提出一个 general assertion,再使用 specific percentages 或 ranges 进行量化支撑。仿写模板:'According to recent data, target group consumes an estimated range of specific items every year, yet this figure only covers percentage of the actual total intake.'

  • 分类别

    P4

    在 第4段 中,作者对 microplastic exposure 的来源进行了 systematic classification。文章把不同摄入途径划分为 biggest sources(如 air, bottled water and seafood)、secondary sources(如 added sugars)以及 minimal contributors(如 salts, tap water and beer)。这种清晰的 categorization 能帮助读者建立逻辑分明的 cognitive structure,从而精准理解不同 dietary components 在塑料污染风险中的 hierarchical impact。

    信号词 biggest sources for accounted for less contributed minimal amounts classified into divided into categorized as

    仿写: 当你需要向读者说明一个包含多重因素的 main topic 时,可以采用分层递进的 classification framework。可以引导读者从 major factors 梳理到 secondary factors。仿写模板:'Among all potential factors, primary list stand out as the biggest sources of risk, whereas secondary list account for less, and minor list contribute minimal impact.'

  • 作诠释

    P3

    作者在 第3段 中针对 microplastics 的尺寸形态进行了特定阐释,即说明它们经过长期 fragmentation 后变成了 '5 millimeters or less in diameter' 的 tiny particles。这一具体的 descriptive clarification 帮读者把抽象的 scientific term 转化为可视化的 perceptual measure,消除了对微塑料概念的 cognitive ambiguity,为后文理解它们如何轻松 enter food chains 并浮游于 air 奠定了清晰逻辑。

    信号词 until they become fragment into defined as refer to known as characterized by

    仿写: 为了向普通读者阐明抽象名词,应该在术语出现后紧跟一个具体的 explanatory clause。你可以试着引导读者从 scale 或 condition 入手进行补充说明。仿写模板:'Key term over time fragment into smaller elements until they reach a specific scale: size specification or condition.'

  • 打比方

    P1

    作者在 第1段 中使用了具有生动感官色彩的 personification and metaphor,描述塑料 'escaped the confines of packaging' 并且 'settled in the environment'。把原本无生命的 synthetic materials 描绘成逃脱束缚并在自然中定居的 active invaders,这种富有形象感的 vivid expression 比单纯陈述物理现象更具有 emotional impact,立刻勾勒出微塑料失控蔓延的 alarmingly pervasive state。

    信号词 escaped the confines of settled in acted like served as invaded into

    仿写: 在写作说明文时,适当赋予客观事物一些 humanlike behaviors 或 active traits,能让枯燥的作因分析变得活泼有趣。你可以引导读者将抽象问题现象想象为有生命倾向的动作。仿写模板:'Subject has escaped the confines of initial scope and settled in key domain, affecting the daily life of human society.'

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

4 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 塑料从人造便利工具沦为失控的入侵者

    P1
    they escaped the confines of packaging and objects and settled in the environment

    拟人化动词与空间隐喻类 escaped the confines of invaded into crept into penetrated into broke free from

    本句的言外之意在于揭示 plastic pollution 已经演变成一种无处不在的 invisible threat。这种表达在文章开篇就奠定了 alarmist tone,为后续展开对 microplastics hazard 的深入剖析做好了铺垫。

  • 官方统计数据仅仅是实际危害的冰山一角

    P2
    However, scientists believe the true number is probably much higher, because for some likely sources of microplastics, there were no strong data available.

    模糊限制语与程度推测类 probably much higher likely underreported presumably greater potentially far exceeding expected to be higher

    此处的言外之意是明确告诉读者,现有的 estimated numbers 只是冰山一角。这一层深意直接支撑了 main idea 中关于 data limitations 的论述,强调 actual exposure 可能处于更加危险的状态。

  • 人类已陷入自食其果的生态食物链闭环

    P3
    They are breathed in or consumed by animals, and then become our food.

    因果递进与生态循环类 and then become our food and then become eventually end up in ultimately return to find its way back into wind up on

    这里的言外之意在于击碎人类作为 distant observers 的侥幸心理,表明 microplastics problem 已演变成威胁健康的 personal crisis。这极大地强化了 main idea 所传达的危机感与紧迫感。

  • 巨大数据盲区预示着未知的健康风险

    P4
    These estimates are conservative. The included foods only make up about 15% of the average American diet.

    评价性形容词与局限性声明类 conservative understated limited scope tip of the iceberg preliminary

    该处言外之意指出了占据 85% of typical diet 的盲区可能隐藏着更严重的污染,提醒读者现有的 statistical conclusions 极为克制。这完美呼应了 main idea 中关于数据缺失与潜在风险更高的论断。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:消极批判

结论先行:本文作者态度为消极批判( Deeply concerned and cautious about microplastic contamination)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首段转折抓警示基调 P1

    首段中的转折词 But 标志着语义从正面 utility 转向潜在危害,帮助我们 capture 作者对微塑料扩散的 negative bias。

  2. 科研数据修正看隐患 P2

    句子中使用 However 引出 true number is probably much higher,表明作者并不满意现有数据,倾向于 suggest 问题比表面更严重。

  3. 侵入路径揭示无孔不入 P3

    作者通过客观描述 fragment into smaller pieces 以及 float through the air,展现出污染物无孔不入的 pervasive nature,强化了危机感。

  4. 尾段未知警示定终局 P4

    尾段用 conservative 评价现有数据,并用 not yet known 强调剩余 85% 饮食的未知风险,全面 summarize 出作者深切忧虑的消极态度。

文中的态度信号词

  • escaped the confines P1

    通过使用带有失控 metaphor 的 action verb (escaped),作者把微塑料比作逃跑的隐患,显示出对污染蔓延的 explicit concern。

    同类词 broke out of control spread uncontrollably invaded the environment

  • true number is probably much higher P2

    利用程度副词 much 加强比较级 higher,意在 highlight 现存威胁被低估的现状,传递出对严峻形势的 serious warning。

    同类词 much higher than reported far exceed expectations severely underestimated vastly undercounted

  • conservative P4

    形容词 conservative 暗示现有数据过于保留,说明实际的 exposure level 可能更加危险,烘托出消极严峻的氛围。

    同类词 cautious understated modest

  • not yet known P4

    短语不仅指出知识盲区,更点明巨大的 potential risk 尚未被掌握,深化了作者对未知威胁的 apprehension。

    同类词 remains uncertain unclear yet to be determined

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文?

  1. 识别首段塑料现象引入 P1

    首段只陈述客观存在的 environmental issue,没有抛出主观的 argument,也没有报道即时的 breaking news,完全符合 expository writing 的开头特征。

  2. 分析微塑料数据依据 P2 P4

    这种依靠 statistical data 和 research findings 来补充细节的写法,旨在阐述客观的 fact,而不是进行议论文的 persuasion 或新闻的报道。

  3. 剖析微型碎片形成机制 P3

    这里采用了典型的 process explanation,旨在解释事物发生的 mechanism,既无议论文的 subjective debate,也无新闻的 event summary。

  4. 综合全篇中立说明逻辑 P1 P2 P3 P4

    文本既缺乏议论文的 claim 和 author's stance,又缺少新闻报道特有的 time line 和 inverted pyramid 结构,完全确认为 expository text。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁?

  • an estimated P2 客观数据与定量估计标记词 Based on available data Data shows that conservative estimates statistics reveal according to measurements
  • fragment into P3 演变机制与物理状态转换标记词 start off as over time break down into transform into settle on
  • accounted for P4 数据构成与比重分配标记词 contributed make up consist of represent portion of
  • sources P4 源头归因与分类定位标记词 contained in originates from derived from attributable to causes of
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

8 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 的常见问题

2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的主旨是什么?
美国人通过呼吸和进食摄入了大量微塑料,主要来源包括空气、瓶装水和海鲜。由于许多来源以及日常饮食中大部分食物的数据尚不充分,现有估计较为保守,实际接触量可能明显更高。(英文表述:Americans consume and inhale substantial amounts of microplastics, mainly through air, bottled water, and seafood. Current estimates are conservative because data on many sources and much of the typical diet remain unavailable, suggesting actual exposure may be significantly higher.)
2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为说明文,作者立场是消极批判(Deeply concerned and cautious about microplastic contamination)。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 225 词、4 段;在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 234 篇(占 46%)。
2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 4 段按说明文骨架分为 4 个意群:第1段——塑料污染进入生活环境;第2段——美国人微塑料摄入量及估计局限;第3段——微塑料进入食物和空气的路径;第4段——主要来源及统计范围不足。
2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是消极批判(Deeply concerned and cautious about microplastic contamination)。判断路径:首段转折抓警示基调 → 科研数据修正看隐患 → 侵入路径揭示无孔不入 → 尾段未知警示定终局;文中的态度信号词包括 escaped the confines(第1段)、true number is probably much higher(第2段)、conservative(第4段)、not yet known(第4段)。
2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 3 个:confine(限制;界限;范围)、fragment(碎裂;裂成碎片;分解)、conservative(保守的;偏低估算的;谨慎的),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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