2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part Ⅲ Section A Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living
CET-4 · 来自 2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 · Part Ⅲ Section A · 完形填空(选词填空)

Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living

2026年6月英语四级真题第1套文章逐层精读

本文改编自Econlib网站上的一篇题为 "Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living" 的经济史综述文章。

本页是 2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part Ⅲ Section A 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 244 词、4 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%),作者立场为「客观中立」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part Ⅲ Section A 的完形填空(选词填空)原文,共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living

One of the biggest controversies over the Industrial Revolution is how it affected the working class. The oldest debates were over whether the standards of living rose or fell. Those that believed they fell claimed that the capitalists squeezed every ounce of surplus they could from the working class. Those that believed the standards of living rose claimed that the environment was consumer-friendly, with more and more goods available to the working class every year.

Today's historians agree that overall, the standards of living increased. They do not agree, however, on when this improvement occurred.

In an effort to solve this controversy, historians have attempted to define exactly what "standard of living" means. They all seem to agree that it should mean happiness, but happiness is impossible to measure. Instead, historians typically use "real income" as the measure for the standards of living. Real income is money earned and then adjusted according to the cost of living. However, it does not take into account unemployment, pollution, health, life expectancy, or free time.

After exhausting debate and analysis of the average income, historians have agreed to disagree on whether there was rapid or slow economic growth during the Industrial Revolution. Instead, they have decided to interpret how the Industrial Revolution was affected by other events. They have determined that the Industrial Revolution had an overall positive effect, but it quite possibly was neutralized by negative events such as wars, high taxes, and rapid population growth.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Living-Standards Controversy

    The Industrial Revolution sparked opposing views about whether working-class living standards rose or fell.

    本段承担全文的 background function,先交代工业革命与工人生活水平之间的 historical controversy。它为全文主旨中的 generally agree 和 disagree 提供问题背景,使读者理解后文的共识、分歧以及 measurement problem 是从何而来的。

    抓住对立观点
  2. P2

    Consensus and Timing

    Historians agree that working-class living standards increased overall, but they disagree about when the improvement occurred.

    本段是全文的 transition paragraph,承接上一段的 historical debate,并把文章推进到“改善发生的时间”这一新问题。它直接对应文章主旨中的 generally agree 和 disagree about when,起到压缩旧争论、引出新争论的作用。

    锁定 however 后的问题
  3. P3

    Measuring Living Standards

    Historians use real income to measure living standards, although this measure overlooks important aspects of people's well-being.

    本段解释了为什么关于 living standards 的历史结论不能被简单理解。它补充文章主旨中的 measuring living standards through real income is limited,说明即使 real income 上升,也不能自动证明 happiness、health 或 overall well-being 同步改善。

    指标加局限
  4. P4

    The Net Effect of Countervailing Events

    Unable to agree on the pace of growth, historians conclude that external negative events may have offset the Industrial Revolution's overall benefits.

    本段完成全文的 concluding function,把“工业革命是否带来改善”转化为更复杂的 net-effect analysis。它直接支撑文章主旨中的 disagreement about how rapidly improvement occurred,以及 negative events may have offset the Industrial Revolution's benefits,说明相关历史结论需要放在 broader context 中理解。

    看正负因素相抵
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2026年6月英语四级真题第1套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 standards of living rose Industrial Revolution

    What did those who believed the standards of living rose claim about the Industrial Revolution?

    • A Capitalists squeezed every ounce of surplus from the working class.
    • B The working class lost access to consumer goods.
    • C The environment was consumer-friendly and more goods were available to the working class every year.
    • D The standards of living remained unchanged during the Industrial Revolution.
    • E Historians agreed that happiness was the best measure.
    • F The working class gained more free time and better health.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    原文明确说 Those that believed the standards of living rose claimed that the environment was consumer-friendly, with more and more goods available to the working class every year. 正确项将 with more and more goods available 改写为 more goods were available,保留 core information。四级说明文正确项常进行同义转述,需要识别 consumer-friendly 与 more goods 这两个信息点。

    观点词后抓并列信息 在时间紧张时,直接抓题干里的 standards of living rose 这个 phrase,回到 第1段 快速找到 Those that believed the standards of living rose claimed... 然后只看 claimed 后面的并列结构 consumer-friendly 与 more goods,此时选项中出现这两个信息点且方向一致的,就是正确项。无需通读全段。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 today's historians disagree on

    What do today's historians disagree on?

    • A Whether the standards of living increased overall.
    • B How to define happiness accurately.
    • C Whether real income can reflect living standards.
    • D When the improvement in the standards of living occurred.
    • E Whether the Industrial Revolution had an overall positive effect.
    • F How much surplus capitalists extracted from workers.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    原文先说 standards of living increased 是 historians 的共识,但 however 后明确说 They do not agree on when this improvement occurred. 正确项把 this improvement 还原为 the improvement in the standards of living,符合说明文正确项对指代常进行显性化的特点。

    转折词后抓分歧点 时间紧张时,直接用 today's historians 定位到 第2段,眼睛跳过第一句的 agree 信息,盯住 however 后面的 do not agree on when this improvement occurred,并快速在选项中找 when 开头的正确项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 measure for the standards of living typically use

    What do historians typically use as the measure for the standards of living?

    • A Happiness, which is impossible to measure.
    • B The level of unemployment.
    • C The amount of pollution.
    • D Life expectancy and health.
    • E Real income adjusted according to the cost of living.
    • F The amount of free time available to workers.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    原文明确说 historians typically use real income as the measure,随后解释 Real income is money earned and then adjusted according to the cost of living. 正确项把 money earned 省略,只保留 real income 和 adjusted according to the cost of living,是说明文正确项常见的浓缩同义转述。

    引号内指标直接锁定 时间紧张时,抓题干中 measure for the standards of living,回到 第3段 定位到 use real income as the measure,直接看逗号后解释 adjusted according to the cost of living。选项里出现 real income 且带 cost of living 的就是正确项;出现 unemployment, pollution, health, life expectancy, free time 的都是一类干扰。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 negative events positive effect

    What negative events may have neutralized the positive effect of the Industrial Revolution?

    • A Slow economic growth and falling wages.
    • B The rise of a consumer-friendly environment.
    • C The extraction of surplus by capitalists.
    • D Unemployment and pollution.
    • E A decline in real income.
    • F Wars, high taxes, and rapid population growth.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    原文在 such as 后直接列举 wars, high taxes, and rapid population growth,正确项完整保留三项列举。说明文细节题的正确项常常用原文列举项直接作为答案,考查是否找准 such as 后的信息。

    抓 such as 后三项列举 时间紧张时,直接抓 neutralized 或 negative events 回到 第4段 最后一句,跳过前面关于 economic growth 的分歧内容,只看 by negative events such as 后面的三项列举。选项中完整出现 wars, high taxes, rapid population growth 的即正确项。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 争议的提出与两种对立观点

    说明文通常先提出研究问题,本文首先指出工业革命对工人阶级的影响存在 controversy,随后呈现生活水平下降论与上升论两种 competing views。

    作为说明文的 problem introduction,本意群交代讨论背景和基本矛盾,为后文说明 historians 的共识与分歧建立问题框架。

    呈现资本家压榨与消费增长两种解释
  2. 总体共识与时间分歧

    说明文在提出 controversy 后,常通过 consensus and qualification 缩小问题范围;本意群说明 today's historians generally accept that living standards increased,但对 improvement occurred when 仍缺乏一致意见。

    本意群承担 transitional clarification 的作用,把第一段的“上升还是下降”转化为“何时上升”的具体分歧,从而直接支撑文章关于总体共识与时间争议的核心判断。

    确认生活水平总体提高但时间未定
  3. 生活水平的测量标准及其局限

    说明文常在提出结论后解释 measurement framework;本意群从 happiness 这一理想标准转向 real income 这一可操作指标,同时说明该指标无法反映 unemployment、pollution、health 和 free time 等因素。

    本意群提供 methodological explanation,解释为什么 historians 对生活水平及其变化速度难以形成完全一致的判断,也直接支撑主旨中关于 real income is limited 的判断。

    以实际收入衡量生活水平但遗漏多项生活因素
  4. 增长速度争议与负面因素的抵消

    说明文结尾常采用 alternative explanation and qualified conclusion;本意群指出 historians 对 rapid or slow growth 仍无法达成一致,但认为工业革命总体有 positive effect,同时 wars、high taxes 和 population growth 可能 neutralize its benefits。

    作为 concluding qualification,本意群综合前文争议并给出带条件的结论:工业革命总体改善了生活水平,但其 benefits 可能被 negative events offset,从而完成说明文的解释闭环。

    战争税收和人口增长抵消部分改善收益
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段抓取学术争议背景与引入话题 P1

    说明文往往以 historical debates 作为切入点,明确话题集中在 Industrial Revolution 对 working-class living standards 的影响上。

  2. 二段寻找转折词锁定共识与分歧点 P2

    该段出现关键词 agree 与转折词 however,明确指出当代学者认可 living standards overall increased,但对 timing 存在 disagreement。

  3. 三段挖掘测量指标及其局限性 P3

    文中指出用 real income 代替 happiness 作为 measure,但随后的 However 引入了未考量的 negative factors(如 unemployment, pollution)。

  4. 全篇统筹尾段结论与对冲因素综述 P1 P2 P3 P4

    结尾段落用 agree to disagree 和 neutralized 统领全文,表明 positive effect 可能被 negative events 所抵消。

主旨信号词 controversies P1 agree P2 However P3 neutralized P4

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

历史学家普遍认为,工业革命提高了工人阶级的生活水平,但对于这种改善发生的时间及其速度仍存在分歧。以实际收入衡量生活水平存在局限,而且战争、税收和人口增长等负面因素可能抵消了工业革命带来的益处。
Historians generally agree that the Industrial Revolution improved working-class living standards, but they disagree about when and how rapidly this improvement occurred. Measuring living standards through real income is limited, and negative events such as wars, taxes, and population growth may have offset its benefits.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

3 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • surplus 剩余;剩余额;过剩

    我们将 prefix 推导出的 extra 含义与文本中 squeeze 这个 action 结合起来,就能确定 surplus 在此处精确对应工人被榨取的 extra value。

    构词拆解与动宾搭配协同推导
  • neutralize 使中立;抵消;使失效

    从 root 表达的 neutral 状态出发,结合句中转折连接词 but 所构建的 positive 和 negative 的对立关系,可以确信 neutralized 表达的是 positive effect 被抵消的意思。

    情感色彩正负转折对消法
  • exhaust 令人精疲力竭的;详尽无遗的

    将 exhaust 本身的消耗含义与修饰对象 debate 结合,再结合句末 historians 达成的 agree to disagree 这一 final state,可确定 exhausting 在此表示令人精疲力竭的或极其详尽的。

    修饰关系与逻辑结果协同反推
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

4 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 作比较

    P1

    在 第1段 中,作者通过 contrast 两种 opposite views(即悲观派认为 capitalists squeeze surplus 导致 living standards fall,与乐观派认为 market is consumer-friendly 导致 living standards rise),生动展示了 Industrial Revolution 早期关于 working class 生活水平变迁的 intense controversy。这种 作比较 的手法能够帮助 readers 直观感受到历史学术界在这一议题上的 deep polarization。

    信号词 Those that believed... Those that believed... on the one hand... on the other hand while whereas in contrast on the contrary

    仿写: 当你想要 analyze 一个具有争议的 complex issue 时,可以先 expose 两种相反的 distinct perspectives,分别展现各自的 main claims。最后给出的 仿写模版 为:Those that believed [Viewpoint A] claimed that [Argument A]. Those that believed [Viewpoint B] claimed that [Argument B].

  • 下定义

    P3

    作者在 第3段 中针对 real income 给出了准确的 definition:“Real income is money earned and then adjusted according to the cost of living.” 这种 下定义 的修辞手段为后文深入探讨如何 measure 工业革命时期 living standards 奠定了极其清晰的 baseline,帮助 readers 准确理解 key term 的 exact meaning。

    信号词 is refers to can be defined as means is defined as

    仿写: 在写作中引入一个新的 technical term 时,应先给出一个 standard definition 来界定其 connotation,随后再探讨其 unique application。最后给出的 仿写模版 为:[Term] is [general category] and then [key feature or specification].

  • 打比方

    P1

    作者在 第1段 中使用了“squeezed every ounce of surplus”这一富有感官色彩的 vivid metaphor,形象刻画了资本家对 working class 的极致 exploitation。这种 打比方 的形象化描写赋予了抽象的 economic critique 极强的 emotional impact 与视觉画面感。

    信号词 squeezed every ounce of... like as if metaphorically speaking act as

    仿写: 在描述抽象的 economic behavior 或 social phenomena 时,可以尝试使用动作感极强的 physical action verbs(如 squeeze, drain, fuel)来进行 figurative writing。最后给出的 仿写模版 为:[Subject] [vivid action verb, e.g., squeezed/drained] every [unit of measure] of [abstract resource] they could from [Object].

  • 举例子

    P4

    在 第4段 中,作者使用 举例子 手法列举了“wars, high taxes, and rapid population growth”等具体事件。这为 main idea 中提出的 negative factors 可能会 offset 工业革命 positive effects 的理论判断提供了非常实实在在的 actual examples,极大地提升了论述的 persuasiveness。

    信号词 such as for example for instance including e.g.

    仿写: 当你在文章中提出一个带有普遍性的 abstract argument 之后,务必搭配具体的 realistic instances 来增强论据的 weight。最后给出的 仿写模版 为:[General argument], but it was neutralized by negative events such as [Example A], [Example B], and [Example C].

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

5 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 早期学术争论的极端性与主观偏差

    P1
    Those that believed they fell claimed that the capitalists squeezed every ounce of surplus... Those that believed the standards of living rose claimed that...

    立场与声称类动词 claimed asserted alleged insisted contended

    作者表达的言外之意是 early debates 陷入了极端化分歧,双方各自的 claims 都具有明显的 bias。这种铺垫为后文 modern historians 达成更合理的 consensus 奠定了基础,凸显了学术界对 Industrial Revolution 理解的深化。

  • 历史共识背后的时间节点分歧

    P2
    They do not agree, however, on when this improvement occurred.

    转折与焦点转移类 do not agree, however, on when however nevertheless yet nonetheless on the other hand

    这里的言外之意是虽然现代 scholars 对 overall progress 达成了共识,但在 exact timeline 上依然存在强烈的 divergence。这有力地展示了 Industrial Revolution 影响的 complexity,证明历史结论绝非 simplified 答案。

  • 替代衡量指标的尴尬与先天缺陷

    P3
    They all seem to agree that it should mean happiness, but happiness is impossible to measure... However, it does not take into account pollution, health...

    模糊限制与局限性否定表达类 seem to agree ... but ... However, it does not take into account seem to appear to instead however fails to consider does not take into account

    作者在此隐晦表达了用 real income 来评估 standard of living 仅仅是一种 imperfect compromise。因为这个 quantitative measure 忽略了 pollution 和 health 等关键因素,这就从逻辑上解释了为何 debate 始终无法得出 conclusive answer。

  • 争论陷入僵局后的学术视角转向

    P4
    historians have agreed to disagree on whether there was rapid or slow economic growth... Instead, they have decided to interpret...

    妥协与范式转移类 agreed to disagree ... Instead agreed to disagree give up on shift focus to instead move beyond

    这句话隐含的言外之意是学术界承认在 growth rate 上的争论已经陷入 dead end。因此学者们决定做出一个 strategic shift,把 research focus 转移到外部事件对工业革命成果的 neutralized effect 上。

  • 工业革命正面效应被外部负面事件对冲

    P4
    had an overall positive effect, but it quite possibly was neutralized by negative events such as wars, high taxes...

    情态推测与抵消类 quite possibly was neutralized by quite possibly likely potentially neutralized by offset by counteracted by

    言外之意在于,Industrial Revolution 产生的 positive impacts 固然存在,但工人阶级的生活困境很可能是因为外部的 negative shocks 被无情抵消掉了。这一解读深化了对文章 text passage 主旨的全面认识。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:客观中立

结论先行:本文作者态度为客观中立( Objective and neutral)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首段锁定争议焦点 P1

    通过分析 first paragraph 中 regarding living standards 的两方观点,我们能 clear-cut 地知道这篇 expository text 是在客观众立地呈现 different perspectives。

  2. 梳理学术观点分歧 P2 P3

    作者在这里使用了 neutral tone 来叙述学者们的 academic consensus 和 remaining doubt,完全没有表达 personally biased opinions。

  3. 分析尾段平衡结论 P4

    尾段中 agreed to disagree 和 neutralized 等词汇,进一步 demonstrate 了作者保持 non-committal 和 objective 态度的意图。

  4. 全篇立场综合判定 P1 P2 P3 P4

    整篇文章由 third-party research 贯穿,作者始终保持 non-judgmental 角色,因此属于典型的 objective and neutral 类型。

文中的态度信号词

  • historians agree P2

    该短语 indicates 作者是在引用 academic consensus,用 third-party evidence 来保证文章的 objectivity。

    同类词 historians typically use historians have agreed to disagree scholars believe experts suggest

  • agree to disagree P4

    该短语 shows 学者们保留各自观点,作者用它来 highlight 分歧的客观存在,避免强加 subjective conclusion。

    同类词 do not agree exhausting debate controversy

  • however P2

    这个 contrastive transition word 用来自然引出 nuanced perspective,展现对复杂问题的 comprehensive analysis。

    同类词 instead on the other hand yet

  • neutralized P4

    使用 neutralized 说明 positive effect 被 negative events 所抵消,展现出极其 impartial 的科学评价。

    同类词 counterbalanced offset compensated

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文?

  1. 首段罗列学术争论 P1

    这种以 third-person perspective 陈述历史争议的写法,直接排除了带有强烈说服意图的 议论文(argumentative essay)。同时,由于缺乏 timely events 和 5W1H 的新闻要素,也轻松排除了 新闻报道(news report)。

  2. 三段解构概念定义 P3

    对 professional concepts 展开精准阐释与逻辑补充,是 说明文(expository writing)的核心标志。这与需要提出 argument 并进行 debate 的议论文有本质不同,也与侧重 event timing 的新闻报道完全区分。

  3. 尾段总结研究视角 P1 P2 P3 P4

    全文始终围绕 explain objective facts 展开,既无作者自身的 subjective stance,又无最新发生的新闻事件,完全符合 expository text 的典型定义。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁?

  • define exactly what "standard of living" means P3 概念定义与术语界定词 define exactly what ... means is defined as refers to is interpreted as means that
  • Today's historians agree P2 学术共识与客观观点汇总词 historians typically use they all seem to agree researchers suggest experts conclude have determined that
  • Real income is money earned and then adjusted according to the cost of living P3 属性说明与机制解释词 is money earned and then adjusted is measured by takes into account is calculated based on refers to the process of
  • such as wars, high taxes, and rapid population growth P4 要素列举与归因例证词 such as for instance for example including is exemplified by
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

9 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living 的常见问题

2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part Ⅲ Section A 文章 Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living 的原文出自哪里?
2026年6月英语四级真题第1套 Part Ⅲ Section A 文章 Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living 改编自Econlib网站上的一篇题为 "Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living" 的经济史综述文章。
2026年6月英语四级真题第1套文章 Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living 的主旨是什么?
历史学家普遍认为,工业革命提高了工人阶级的生活水平,但对于这种改善发生的时间及其速度仍存在分歧。以实际收入衡量生活水平存在局限,而且战争、税收和人口增长等负面因素可能抵消了工业革命带来的益处。(英文表述:Historians generally agree that the Industrial Revolution improved working-class living standards, but they disagree about when and how rapidly this improvement occurred. Measuring living standards through real income is limited, and negative events such as wars, taxes, and population growth may have offset its benefits.)
Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living(2026年6月英语四级真题第1套文章)是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为说明文,作者立场是客观中立(Objective and neutral)。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 244 词、4 段;在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 234 篇(占 46%)。
2026年6月英语四级真题第1套文章 Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living 的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 4 段按说明文骨架分为 4 个意群:第1段——争议的提出与两种对立观点;第2段——总体共识与时间分歧;第3段——生活水平的测量标准及其局限;第4段——增长速度争议与负面因素的抵消。
Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living 一文的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是客观中立(Objective and neutral)。判断路径:首段锁定争议焦点 → 梳理学术观点分歧 → 分析尾段平衡结论 → 全篇立场综合判定;文中的态度信号词包括 historians agree(第2段)、agree to disagree(第4段)、however(第2段)、neutralized(第4段)。
2026年6月英语四级真题第1套文章 Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living 中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 3 个:surplus(剩余;剩余额;过剩)、neutralize(使中立;抵消;使失效)、exhaust(令人精疲力竭的;详尽无遗的),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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