2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1)
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2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1)

说明文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 355 词、5 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语六级文章中占 39%),作者立场为「客观中立」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

5 段英文原文

以下为2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 的听力原文,共 5 段。左侧 P1–P5 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

Here is my baby niece Sarah. Her mom is a doctor and her dad is a lawyer. By the time Sarah goes to college, the jobs her parents do are going to look dramatically different.

In 2013, researchers at Oxford University did a study on the future of work. They concluded that almost one in every two jobs has a high risk of being automated by machines. Machine learning is the technology that's responsible for most of this disruption. It's the most powerful branch of artificial intelligence. It allows machines to learn from data and copy some of the things that humans can do. My company, Kaggle, operates on the cutting edge of machine learning. We bring together hundreds of thousands of experts to solve important problems for industry and academia. This gives us a unique perspective on what machines can do, what they can't do and what jobs they might automate or threaten.

Machine learning started making its way into industry in the early '90s. It started with relatively simple tasks. It started with things like assessing credit risk from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten zip codes. Over the past few years, we have made dramatic breakthroughs. Machine learning is now capable of far, far more complex tasks. In 2012, Kaggle challenged its community to build a program that could grade high-school essays. The winning programs were able to match the grades given by human teachers.

Now, given the right data, machines are going to outperform humans at tasks like this. A teacher might read 10,000 essays over a 40-year career. A machine can read millions of essays within minutes. We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent, high-volume tasks.

But there are things we can do that machines cannot. Where machines have made very little progress is in tackling novel situations. Machines can't handle things they haven't seen many times before. The fundamental limitation of machine learning is that it needs to learn from large volumes of past data. But humans don't. We have the ability to connect seemingly different threads to solve problems we've never seen before.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

5 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    A Changing World of Work

    Sarah's parents' jobs will be dramatically transformed in the future.

    本段承担 introduction 的作用,它用 Sarah 的未来把读者带入职业变革这一主题。虽然本段尚未出现 machine learning,但它提出了“工作为何会改变”的核心问题,为后文说明自动化风险及人类优势建立了讨论入口。

    由人及业
  2. P2

    Machine Learning and Job Automation

    Machine learning is putting many jobs at risk of automation, and Kaggle offers insight into its impact.

    本段是全文的背景与论证基础:它以研究数据说明自动化并非遥远猜测,再锁定 machine learning 这一核心驱动力。同时,Kaggle 的实践视角为作者后续判断机器能力边界提供了可信的观察基础。

    数据定风险
  3. P3

    The Expanding Power of Machine Learning

    Machine learning has evolved from simple industrial tasks to complex work comparable to human essay grading.

    本段通过技术发展史和作文评分实例,具体证明机器学习已不再局限于低级、简单任务。它为下一段“机器在高频任务上会超过人类”的判断提供事实依据,也强化了全文关于自动化压力的前半部分论证。

    前后比能力
  4. P4

    Machines Win at Scale

    With sufficient data, machines outperform humans in frequent, high-volume tasks.

    本段把前文的技术进步转化为明确的人机竞争结论:在数据丰富、重复量大的工作中,人类难以与机器竞争。它集中论证全文主旨的前半部分,即机器学习为什么会自动化并威胁大量工作。

    数字见优劣
  5. P5

    The Human Advantage in Novel Problems

    Humans retain an advantage over machines in solving novel problems without extensive past data.

    本段是全文的结论性段落,也是文章主旨的落点。前文强调 machine learning 在大规模重复任务中的自动化能力,本段则界定其边界,并指出人类凭借处理 novel situations 和跨领域联想的能力,仍具有关键且难以替代的价值。

    转折找人类优势
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

5 道逐段细节自检题

针对2018年12月英语六级真题第1套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 Sarah

    What does the author suggest about the future of the jobs held by Sarah's parents?

    • A They will become completely obsolete shortly.
    • B They will require more advanced medical and legal degrees.
    • C They will undergo significant transformations.
    • D They will be less respected in the future society.
    • E They will remain stable until Sarah graduates.
    • F They will be performed exclusively by Sarah herself.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    选项中的 undergo significant transformations 准确改写了原文的 look dramatically different;其中 significant 对应 dramatically,transformations 对应状态发生明显变化,没有额外加入职业消失、时间提前或社会地位下降等信息。

    人名锚定加语义校验 时间最紧时,先用题干中的 Sarah 进行 exact-name scan,直接定位 第1段;随后不必逐字翻译所有选项,而应执行 semantic checksum,快速比较各项的 actor、time、scope 和 certainty,仅保留与定位句语义强度一致且没有越界信息的正确项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 Oxford University

    What do the researchers at Oxford University suggest about the impact of automation?

    • A All human labor will be totally automated by 2030.
    • B Machine learning will create more jobs than it destroys.
    • C Machines can now perfectly imitate all human emotions.
    • D A considerable portion of current jobs faces the threat of being replaced by machines.
    • E Oxford researchers are developing new machine learning algorithms.
    • F Kaggle has partnered with Oxford to automate most industries.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    原文的 almost one in every two jobs 被概括为 a considerable portion,high risk of being automated 被改写为 faces the threat of being replaced by machines。该项保留了风险属性,没有把可能性夸大为必然结果。

    机构锚定加量级校验 时间最紧时,用 Oxford University 做 exact-phrase scan,可直接定位 第2段;随后跳过技术定义,紧盯 reporting verb 后的 proposition,并用 quantifier-modality check 比较各项,范围和风险强度均未被夸大的选项才是正确项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 winning programs

    What did the winning programs in Kaggle's 2012 challenge demonstrate about machine learning?

    • A Machine learning is still limited to sorting mail and assessing credit risk.
    • B High-school essays are too simple for modern machines to grade.
    • C Machines have replaced all human teachers in essay grading since 2012.
    • D The winning programs were designed by high-school students.
    • E Machines can perform complex evaluative tasks as effectively as human teachers.
    • F Machine learning breakthroughs have slowed down recently.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    原文说明获胜程序给出的 grades 能够 match human teachers,表明二者在该 evaluative task 上达到可比效果;同时,段落将该任务置于 more complex tasks 的发展背景中,因此该概括有充分依据。

    结果句三元关系映射 时间最紧时,用题干中的 winning programs 做 exact-phrase scan,直接定位 第3段;然后只读取该短语所在结果句及其前一处 task definition,通过 relation mapping 核对主体、任务和表现关系,三者均一致的选项即为正确项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 no chance of competing against machines

    On what kind of tasks do humans have no chance of competing against machines?

    • A Developing long-term career goals and professional ethics.
    • B Teaching students how to write creative essays.
    • C Solving problems that have never occurred before.
    • D Analyzing small sets of high-quality data manually.
    • E Competing in creative arts and physical sports.
    • F Processing repetitive tasks with massive amounts of data.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    原文用 frequent, high-volume tasks 概括机器占优的任务类型,并用 millions of essays within minutes 展示处理规模和速度;repetitive 与 frequent 的任务特征相符,massive amounts of data 则概括 high-volume processing。

    结论反读提取双特征 时间最紧时,用题干中的 no chance of competing against machines 做 exact-phrase scan,直接定位 第4段;随后采用 backward reading,只查看总结句前的数量对比,并把具体数字压缩为 scale 与 repetition 两个特征,能够同时覆盖这两个特征的选项就是正确项。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 fundamental limitation

    What is the fundamental limitation of machine learning?

    • A Its dependency on vast collections of historical information.
    • B Its inability to process simple data quickly.
    • C The high cost of maintaining large data servers.
    • D Its tendency to make emotional errors in judgment.
    • E The lack of human experts to supervise the machines.
    • F Its failure to connect to the internet in novel environments.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:A

    原文的 needs to learn from large volumes of past data 被改写为 dependency on vast collections of historical information;dependency 对应 needs,vast collections 对应 large volumes,historical information 对应 past data,逻辑和范围均保持一致。

    主系表结构直接抽取 时间最紧时,用题干中的 fundamental limitation 做 exact-phrase scan,直接定位 第5段;随后采用 grammar extraction,只读取该短语所在主系表结构的表语部分,再在选项中寻找关系、数量和时间属性均对应的 paraphrase,该项就是正确项。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

5 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引出话题

    作者通过 personal example 引出 central topic,用 niece Sarah 的 family background 和她 future career prospects 的 dramatic difference 来 create curiosity,为后文关于 job automation 的 discussion 做 natural transition

    这个 opening paragraph 通过 concrete example 建立 emotional connection,让 abstract concept of job automation 变得 relatable and personal,为后续展开 machine learning 对 employment 的 impact 做 effective preparation

    职业变化预示
  2. 核心概念界定

    这个 paragraph 完成 critical task:introduce the main subject of machine learning,cite authoritative research from Oxford University 关于 job automation risk,并 establish author's credibility through Kaggle's unique perspective。它 define key terms 和 scope of discussion

    作为说明文的 definitional section,这个 sense group 提供 essential background knowledge,让 readers understand what machine learning is 和 why it matters。通过 statistical evidence 和 expert positioning,它 establish credibility 并 frame the problem dimension

    技术威胁量化
  3. 发展历程阐述

    这个 paragraph 采用 chronological structure 来 trace machine learning 的 evolution,从 early '90s 的 simple tasks 到 recent years 的 complex capabilities。通过 concrete examples like credit assessment 和 essay grading,它 demonstrate progressive sophistication

    说明文常用 historical progression 来 show capability expansion。这个 sense group 通过 temporal sequence 证明 machine learning 的 growing power,为下一个 sense group 关于 machines outperforming humans 做 logical buildup,同时用 specific achievements 让 abstract concept 变得 concrete

    能力范围扩张
  4. 机器优势论证

    这个 paragraph 通过 quantitative comparison 来 establish machines' superiority in specific domains。用 teacher reading 10,000 essays versus machine reading millions 的 stark contrast 来 illustrate computational advantage,并得出 definitive conclusion about human inability to compete in high-volume tasks

    作为说明文的 comparative analysis section,这个 sense group 用 concrete metrics 来 prove the first half of thesis:machines excel at repetitive tasks。它为下一个 sense group 的 contrasting point 做 necessary setup,形成 balanced argument structure

    数据处理碾压
  5. 人类优势揭示

    这个 concluding paragraph 通过 adversative transition 'But' 来 introduce human advantages。它 explain machines' fundamental limitation in handling novel situations 和 highlight humans' unique ability to solve unprecedented problems without extensive data,形成 complete dialectical argument

    说明文的 concluding sense group 需要 provide balanced perspective 或 resolution。这个 paragraph 完成 second half of thesis,通过 contrast with previous section 来 establish human irreplaceability in certain domains,给 readers 留下 nuanced understanding rather than one-sided fear

    创新能力独占
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 首段定调 P1

    说明文的 first paragraph 通常会 present the topic 并建立 context。这篇文章通过 baby niece Sarah 和她 parents 的 jobs 引出 dramatic change 这个 central concern,为后文的 machine learning discussion 做铺垫

  2. 核心对象界定 P2

    第2段 集中介绍了 machine learning 这个 core subject,包括它的 disruptive power、definition 和作者的 expertise source。这个段落通过 'most powerful branch' 和 'automate jobs' 等表达,明确了 technology's impact 是文章的 central focus

  3. 能力演进追溯 P3 P4

    第3段 和 第4段 展示了 machine learning 从 simple tasks 到 complex tasks 的 progression,以及 machines 在 high-volume tasks 上 outperform humans 的能力。这种 chronological development 揭示了 automation threat 的 severity

  4. 对比转折捕捉 P5

    第5段 用 'But' 开头,明确建立了 machines 和 humans 之间的 contrast。这个 turning point 揭示了 human advantage:handling novel situations 和 solving unprecedented problems。这是文章 thesis 的 crucial component

  5. 双向论点整合 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    整篇文章形成了 dual-focus structure:前半部分强调 machine learning's automation power(第2段-4),后半部分突出 human's irreplaceable capabilities(第5段)。这种 balanced perspective 构成了文章的 complete thesis:machines automate repetitive tasks, but humans excel at novelty

主旨信号词 dramatically different P1 automate P2 high risk P2 outperform P4 But P5 cannot P5 novel situations P5 fundamental limitation P5

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

机器学习正通过处理大量数据和执行重复性任务的能力迅速实现许多工作的自动化。然而,人类保留着关键优势:无需大量先验数据即可处理新情况和解决前所未有问题的能力。
Machine learning is rapidly automating many jobs through its ability to process large volumes of data and perform repetitive tasks. However, humans retain a critical advantage: the capacity to handle novel situations and solve unprecedented problems without requiring extensive prior data.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • disrupt 颠覆;剧烈变革;破坏性冲击

    让我们把这些 clues 串联起来。从 context 看,disruption 描述的是 machine learning 对 jobs 的影响,而前文明确说这是一种 threat 和 automation 的 risk。从 morphology 角度,dis + rupt 的结构告诉我们这是一种 breaking apart 的动作。再看 paragraph 的整体 tone,作者反复强调 dramatically different、high risk、automation 这些词,营造的就是一种 radical change 的氛围。三条线索共同指向:disruption 表达的是一种打破现状、造成剧烈变革的状态,在这里特指技术对传统工作模式的颠覆性冲击。

    抽象名词的三角验证法
  • tackle 处理;应对;解决(难题)

    现在让我们 synthesize 这些 evidence。从 synonym clue 看,tackle 和 handle 可以互换,都表示处理的意思。但仅仅知道是 handle 还不够精确。看 collocation,tackle 的 object 是 novel situations,这是有 difficulty 的 challenges。再从 contrast structure 看,machines 不擅长 tackle,但 humans 能 solve problems we've never seen before,说明 tackle 强调的是面对 unknown、unprecedented 情况时的主动应对。三条线索告诉我们:tackle 不只是一般的 handle,而是强调面对困难、新颖问题时的积极处理和攻克。

    动词的三维语境分析法
  • thread 线索;思路;(思维的)脉络

    让我们 integrate 这些 insights。从 verb collocation 看,threads 可以被 connect,说明它们是 separate units。从 adjective modification 看,threads 是 seemingly different,暗示它们是需要被发现内在联系的 pieces。从 metaphorical extension 看,thread 从物理的线延伸到抽象的思路或线索。综合起来,在这个 context 中,threads 指的是思维中那些看似不相关的信息、想法或线索,人类的 advantage 就在于能把这些 scattered pieces 连接起来 form a solution。

    隐喻用法的类比推理
  • volume 数量;规模;容量

    现在把这些 threads connect 起来。从 parallel structure 看,high-volume 和 frequent 并列,都是 quantitative indicators。从 collocation pattern 看,large volumes of data 这种表达中,volume 明确是个 measurement term。从 thematic perspective 看,全文核心就是对比 humans 和 machines 在不同 scale 任务上的 capability,millions vs. 10,000 这种数量级对比反复出现。三个角度共同确认:volume 在这里不是指音量或体积,而是指数量、规模,强调的是 magnitude 和 scale。

    多义词的领域特定性识别
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 举例子

    P1

    作者通过 niece Sarah 这个具体的 case 来 illustrate 未来工作变化的 reality。Sarah 的 parents 分别是 doctor 和 lawyer,这两个 traditional professions 将会经历 dramatic changes。这个 personal example 让抽象的 job automation 话题变得 concrete and relatable,instantly 建立起读者的 emotional connection,为后文讨论 machine learning 对 employment 的 impact 做了有效的 foreshadowing。

    信号词 for example for instance such as like take... for example consider here is let me give you an example

    仿写: 在 opening paragraph 使用 concrete example 时,要选择读者能够 relate to 的 scenarios。思考:你的 target audience 最关心什么 real-life situations?比如讨论 climate change,可以从 "my neighbor's flooded basement" 入手。模版:Here is [specific person/case]. [Brief background]. By [time frame], [broader implication of change].

  • 引资料

    P2

    作者 cite 了 Oxford University 在 2013 年的 research study,指出 almost one in every two jobs 面临被 automated 的 high risk。这个 authoritative source 为文章的 central claim 提供了 solid foundation,增强了 argument 的 credibility。通过引用 academic research,作者将 personal observation 提升到 evidence-based analysis 的 level,让关于 job automation 的 discussion 更具 legitimacy。

    信号词 according to research shows studies indicate researchers experts data reveals a study by findings suggest evidence demonstrates

    仿写: 引用资料时要确保 source 的 authority 和 relevance。思考:这个 citation 是否直接 support 你的 main point?是否来自 credible institution?引用格式应该 concise:[Research institution/Expert] + [year] + [key finding]。避免 lengthy quotations,extract 最 relevant 的 statistics 或 conclusions 即可。模版:In [year], researchers at [institution] [conducted study/found that]. They concluded that [key finding with specific data].

  • 列数字

    P2 P3 P4

    文中多处使用 precise numbers 来 quantify claims:"almost one in every two jobs"展示 automation 的 scale,"early '90s"标记 timeline,"2012"具体化 breakthrough,"10,000 essays over a 40-year career"versus"millions of essays within minutes"形成 stark contrast。这些 specific figures 让 machine learning 的 capabilities 和 impact 变得 measurable and concrete,帮助读者 grasp 技术进步的 magnitude 和 speed。特别是 teacher-machine comparison,通过 quantitative data 直观展现了 efficiency gap。

    信号词 数字本身 百分比 分数表达 时间标记 对比性数量词

    仿写: 使用数字时要考虑 context 和 contrast。单独的 number 意义有限,但两个数字的 comparison 能产生 dramatic effect。思考:哪些 aspects 可以被 quantified?如何通过 numerical contrast 来 highlight differences?选择 round numbers(如 10,000)和 specific years(如 2012)配合使用。模版:A [entity] might [action] [number] [units] over [time period]. A [contrasting entity] can [action] [contrasting number] [units] within [contrasting time period].

  • 作比较

    P4 P5

    文章通过 systematic comparison 来 highlight human-machine differences。最 prominent 的是 第4段 中 teacher 与 machine 的 direct contrast:teachers 读 10,000 essays 需要 40 years,machines 读 millions 只需 minutes。第5段 进一步 compare machines 的 limitation(需要 large volumes of past data)与 humans 的 advantage(handle novel situations without extensive prior data)。这种 structured comparison 清晰地 delineate 了 machines 的 strengths 和 boundaries,supporting 文章的 nuanced thesis:automation 是 powerful 但 not all-encompassing。

    信号词 but however while whereas in contrast on the other hand compared to unlike different from

    仿写: Effective comparison 需要 parallel structure 和 clear criteria。思考:比较的 two sides 在哪个 dimension 上最有 contrast?使用 symmetrical sentence patterns 来 emphasize parallelism。可以用 "but" 或 "however" 来 introduce contrasting element。模版:A [entity] [capability/limitation]. But [contrasting entity] [opposite capability/limitation]. [Entity A] can [action], but [Entity B] cannot. Where [Entity A] [struggles], [Entity B] [excels].

  • 下定义

    P2

    作者在 第2段 中给 machine learning 提供了 clear definition:"It's the most powerful branch of artificial intelligence. It allows machines to learn from data and copy some of the things that humans can do." 这个 two-part definition 首先 position machine learning 在 AI 的 hierarchy 中,然后 explain 其 functional mechanism。这个 precise definition 为全文奠定了 conceptual foundation,确保读者对 core technology 有 accurate understanding,避免后续 discussion 中的 confusion。

    信号词 is refers to means is defined as can be described as is known as is a type of consists of

    仿写: Effective definition 应该 concise yet complete。使用 two-step approach:先 categorize(it's a type of X),再 specify(it does Y)。避免 circular definitions 和 overly technical jargon。思考:如果读者完全不懂这个 term,什么 information 是 absolutely essential?模版:[Term] is [broader category]. It [key function/characteristic that distinguishes it from other members of that category].

  • 分类别

    P3

    文章在 第3段 中按 complexity 和 timeline 对 machine learning tasks 进行了 implicit categorization。首先是 "relatively simple tasks"(early '90s)如 assessing credit risk 和 reading zip codes,然后是 "far, far more complex tasks"(recent years)如 grading essays。这个 progressive classification 展示了 technology evolution 的 trajectory,让读者理解 machine learning 不是 static technology 而是 continuously advancing field,为后文讨论其 current capabilities 提供了 developmental context。

    信号词 started with includes can be divided into falls into categories types of ranges from consists of first...then...now

    仿写: Effective categorization 需要 explicit or implicit criteria。思考:这些 items 可以按什么 dimension 分组(time、difficulty、type、scale)?使用 progressive language 来 show evolution(started with...、over the past few years...、now capable of...)。确保 categories 之间有 logical connection 和 clear boundaries。模版:[Technology/concept] started with [category A: simpler/earlier examples]. Over [time period], [evolution marker]. [It] is now capable of [category B: more complex/recent examples].

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

5 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 父母职业的未来不确定性

    P1
    the jobs her parents do are going to look dramatically different

    程度副词强化类 dramatically different dramatically significantly radically fundamentally profoundly drastically

    表面上这句话只是在 describe Sarah 父母职业的 future change,但 dramatically different 这个 phrase 传递的 subtext 是:这种 transformation 会非常 disruptive,可能让现有的 career paths 变得 obsolete。这个 implication 为整篇文章的 thesis 做了 setup,即 machine learning 正在 fundamentally reshape 就业市场。它的 value 在于通过一个 relatable 的 personal example (baby niece) 来 introduce 一个 broader societal issue,让 reader 产生 emotional connection 和 concern,从而更 receptive 地接受后续关于 automation threat 的 discussion

  • 机器学习主导性的强调

    P2
    It's the most powerful branch of artificial intelligence

    最高级限定类 most powerful most important most significant most critical most influential most effective most dominant

    这句话表面是在 define machine learning 在 AI 领域的 position,但 subtext 是:如果你想 understand job automation,就必须 understand machine learning,因为它是 primary driver。Most powerful 这个 phrase 隐含着 machine learning 的 capability 是 unprecedented 的,它的 impact 会比其他 AI technologies 更 far-reaching。这个 implication 对文章 thesis 的 value 在于它 establishes causality,解释了为什么 nearly half of jobs 面临 automation risk,因为背后有这样一个 powerful technology 在 enable 这个 transformation

  • 机器能力的快速突破

    P3
    It started with relatively simple tasks... Machine learning is now capable of far, far more complex tasks

    对比递进类 started with relatively simple tasks... now capable of far, far more complex tasks started with... now used to... but now once... today initially... currently at first... at present began with... has evolved to

    表面上这段是在 trace machine learning 的 development history,但 implication 是:能力的 evolution 正在 accelerate,今天能 grade essays,明天可能就能 automate 更多 cognitive tasks。Relatively simple 到 far, far more complex 这个 contrast 传递的 underlying message 是:我们不能用 past pace 来 predict future,因为 advancement 是 exponential 的。这对文章 thesis 的 contribution 在于它 establishes 一个 pattern of rapid progress,让 reader 相信 automation threat 不是 hypothetical 而是 imminent 和 expanding

  • 人类竞争的无力感

    P4
    We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent, high-volume tasks

    绝对否定类 We have no chance no chance impossible cannot never no way absolutely not

    表面上这句在 acknowledge machines 在 high-volume tasks 上的 superiority,但 subtext 是 concede defeat in one domain 来 prepare 读者接受 humans must find value elsewhere。No chance 这个 absolute phrase 不是 defeatist,而是 strategic,它 eliminates 任何 illusion of competing on machines' terms,从而 redirect attention 到 human strengths。这对文章 thesis 的 strategic value 在于它 creates a clear boundary,明确 which battles 不值得 fight,这样才能 focus on humans 的 unique capabilities (handling novel situations)。这是一个 rhetorical pivot point,从 where machines excel 转向 where humans retain advantage

  • 机器局限性的强调

    P5
    But there are things we can do that machines cannot. Where machines have made very little progress is in tackling novel situations

    转折对比类 But... very little progress but however yet nevertheless nonetheless on the other hand

    这个 but 是整篇文章的 argumentative hinge,它把 narrative 从 machines' dominance 转向 humans' irreplaceable value。表面上在 list machines 的 limitation,但 subtext 是:这个 limitation 是 fundamental 和 enduring 的,不是 temporary gap。Very little progress 暗示这不是 engineering challenge 而是 inherent constraint。这对文章 thesis 的 critical value 在于它 delivers 文章的 central reassurance,即使 automation 威胁很 real,humans 仍有 defensible territory。这个 turn 让文章从 alarming (jobs threatened) 到 hopeful (human capability endures),完成了从 problem exposition 到 balanced conclusion 的 transition

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:客观中立

结论先行:本文作者态度为客观中立( Objective and balanced)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 开篇叙事方式排查 P1

    如果开篇只是陈述fact或者personal story,没有出现明显的positive/negative评价词,就说明作者倾向于保持neutral的叙述姿态,这是判断说明文author's attitude最先要抓的信号。

  2. 数据引用语气排查 P2

    作者用"concluded that"这种reporting verb客观转述研究结论,而不是用"shockingly"这类emotional adverb,说明作者在呈现事实层面依然保持neutral tone。

  3. 能力描述词性质判断 P3 P4

    这些词更多是在客观描述technology的发展速度和performance结果,属于factual claim而非作者主观的褒扬,所以依然算是informative而非evaluative的语言。

  4. 转折句平衡性排查 P5

    "But there are things we can do that machines cannot"直接引入human的优势和machine learning的fundamental limitation,说明作者并没有一边倒地肯定或否定machine,而是呈现两面性的分析。

  5. 全文双面呈现总结 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    文章始终围绕what machines can do和what they can't do展开双向陈述,既不渲染machine的威胁,也不忽视human的价值,这种对等呈现正是objective and balanced attitude的核心证据。

文中的态度信号词

  • high risk P2

    这组词描述job被automate的可能性,属于cautionary但factual的表达,用来交代study的结论,而不是作者自己的情绪化评判,体现说明文常借reporting方式呈现潜在负面信息却不失客观。

    同类词 risk of being automated threaten disruption

  • dramatic breakthroughs P3

    这组词客观描述machine learning在能力上的进步,属于descriptive achievement语言,反映的是technology本身的进展,而不是作者对machine取代human这件事的价值判断。

    同类词 far more complex winning programs match the grades

  • no chance of competing P4

    这句话直白承认human在frequent high-volume tasks上无法与machine竞争,是一种realistic而非pessimistic的陈述,体现作者愿意如实呈现machine的优势,不回避事实。

    同类词 outperform far, far more

  • fundamental limitation P5

    这组词标志着作者从描述machine的优势转向指出其局限,"fundamental limitation"直接点出machine learning依赖历史数据的短板,从而给human的独特价值留出空间,体现全文对比平衡的结构。

    同类词 But cannot very little progress

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语六级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文?

  1. 具体案例引入主题 P1

    第1段 用 baby niece Sarah 这个 concrete example 来引入 future of work 这个 topic,这是典型的说明文 opening strategy。议论文会直接 state a claim,新闻报道会用 who/what/when/where 来开头报道 recent event。

  2. 解释工作原理和特征 P2 P3

    第2段 和 第3段 都在 explain machine learning 的 definition、history 和 capabilities,用了 Oxford study、specific examples 来 illustrate。没有 persuasive language 或 time-sensitive news reporting 的 urgency。

  3. 客观对比多个方面 P4 P5

    第4段 和 第5段 在 objectively compare machines 和 humans 的 different capabilities,没有 emotional appeals 或 call to action。这是 balanced explanation,不是 persuasive argument 也不是 breaking news coverage。

  4. 教育解释为核心目的 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    这篇文章完整展现了说明文的 三大核心特征:informative purpose (解释 machine learning 对 jobs 的影响),logical organization (从 introduction 到 capabilities 到 limitations),objective presentation (不 advocate 特定 solution,只 explain 现状)。这和议论文的 persuasive purpose、新闻报道的 timeliness focus 完全不同。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁?

  • Here is P1 说明对象引入词 This is There is Let me introduce Consider Look at
  • Machine learning is P2 定义性说明词 X is X refers to X means X can be defined as X represents
  • It started with P3 时间顺序说明词 began with First Then Next Subsequently
  • things like P3 举例说明词 such as for example for instance including like
  • It allows P2 功能描述词 It enables It can It is capable of It functions to It serves to
  • This gives us P2 信息来源说明词 This provides This offers This shows us This reveals This demonstrates
  • is now capable of P3 能力状态描述词 can now is able to has the ability to is equipped to has become capable of
  • But there are things P5 对比说明词 But there are However In contrast On the other hand Conversely
  • The fundamental limitation P5 本质特征描述词 The fundamental The essential The basic The core The primary
  • it needs to P5 运作条件说明词 it requires it depends on it relies on it must it necessitates
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

1 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 的常见问题

2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章的主旨是什么?
机器学习正通过处理大量数据和执行重复性任务的能力迅速实现许多工作的自动化。然而,人类保留着关键优势:无需大量先验数据即可处理新情况和解决前所未有问题的能力。(英文表述:Machine learning is rapidly automating many jobs through its ability to process large volumes of data and perform repetitive tasks. However, humans retain a critical advantage: the capacity to handle novel situations and solve unprecedented problems without requiring extensive prior data.)
2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为说明文,作者立场是客观中立(Objective and balanced)。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 355 词、5 段;在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 233 篇(占 39%)。
2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 5 段按说明文骨架分为 5 个意群:第1段——引出话题;第2段——核心概念界定;第3段——发展历程阐述;第4段——机器优势论证;第5段——人类优势揭示。
2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是客观中立(Objective and balanced)。判断路径:开篇叙事方式排查 → 数据引用语气排查 → 能力描述词性质判断 → 转折句平衡性排查 → 全文双面呈现总结;文中的态度信号词包括 high risk(第2段)、dramatic breakthroughs(第3段)、no chance of competing(第4段)、fundamental limitation(第5段)。
2018年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 4 个:disrupt(颠覆;剧烈变革;破坏性冲击)、tackle(处理;应对;解决(难题))、thread(线索;思路;(思维的)脉络)、volume(数量;规模;容量),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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