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2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2)
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2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2)

说明文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 403 词、8 段，CEFR 难度 B2（B2 级在英语六级文章中占 39%），作者立场为「客观中立」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

8 段英文原文

以下为2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 的听力原文，共 8 段。左侧 P1–P8 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

The partial skeletons of more than 20 dinosaurs and the scattered bones of about 300 more have been discovered in Utah and Colorado at what is now the Dinosaur National Monument. Many of the best specimens may be seen today at museums of natural history in the larger cities of the United States and Canada. This dinosaur pit is the largest and best preserved deposit of dinosaurs known today.

Many people get the idea from the mass of bones in the pit wall that some disaster such as a volcanic explosion or a sudden flood killed a whole herd of dinosaurs in this area. This could have happened but it probably did not.

The main reasons for thinking otherwise are the scattered bones and the thickness of the deposit.

In other deposits where the animals were thought to have died together, the skeletons were usually complete and often all the bones were in their proper places. Rounded pieces of fossil bone have been found here. These fragments got their smooth round shape by rolling along the stream bottom.

In a mass killing, the bones would have been left on the stream or lake bottom together at the same level. But in this deposit, the bones occur throughout a zone of sandstone about 12 feet thick.

The mixture of swamp dwellers and dry-land types also seems to indicate that the deposit is a mixture from different places.

The pit area is a large dinosaur graveyard, not a place where they died. Most of the remains probably floated down an eastward flowing river until they were left on a shallow sandbar. Some of them may have come from far-away dry-land areas to the west. Perhaps they drowned trying to cross a small stream or were washed away during floods. Some of the swamp dwellers may have got stuck in the very sandbar that became their grave; others may have floated for miles before being stranded.

Even today similar events take place. When floods come in the spring, sheep, cattle and deer are often trapped by rising waters and often drown. Their dead bodies float downstream until the flood recedes and leaves them stranded on a bar or shore where they lie, half buried in the sand, until they decay. Early travelers on the Missouri river reported that shores and bars were often lined with the decaying bodies of buffalo that had died during spring floods.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

8 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    An Extraordinary Dinosaur Bone Deposit

    Dinosaur National Monument contains an exceptionally large and well-preserved dinosaur bone deposit.

    本段承担 introduction 的功能，先告诉读者“研究的对象是什么、它为何重要”。它为后文追问这些 bones 如何形成 deposit 铺设背景，也使文章主旨中的 large dinosaur bone deposit 有了明确依据。

    抓住最高级评价
  2. P2

    Questioning the Disaster Theory

    The apparent theory of a single catastrophic dinosaur death is probably wrong.

    本段提出并否定文章的核心对立解释，即“集体灾难死亡说”。这一段制造了问题 tension，推动下文用地质和骨骼证据证明遗骸其实是 gradually accumulated，而非 simultaneously killed。

    盯住转折否定
  3. P3

    Two Clues Against Mass Killing

    The scattered bones and thick deposit provide two reasons against the mass-killing theory.

    本段是文章的 roadmap，它预告后面 PARAGRAPH 4 和 PARAGRAPH 5 将分别论证 scattered bones 与 deposit thickness。通过先列出证据框架，作者使反驳 disaster theory 的逻辑更加清晰、可验证。

    提取两项证据
  4. P4

    Bone Shape Reveals Water Transport

    Rounded and scattered bone fragments indicate that the remains were moved by stream water rather than left by a mass death.

    本段具体展开了上一段的第一项理由，即 scattered bones。它用骨片的形态作为 geological evidence，支持文章主旨中的 river currents carried dead dinosaurs，也削弱了原地 mass killing 的解释。

    由圆骨推水运
  5. P5

    Deposit Thickness Shows Gradual Accumulation

    The bones were deposited at different levels over time, not all at once in a mass killing.

    本段展开了 PARAGRAPH 3 的第二项理由，即 deposit thickness。它从地层分布证明遗骸并非一次性形成，从时间维度有力支撑全文的 gradually over time 这一核心结论。

    厚层否定同时死亡
  6. P6

    Different Habitats, Different Origins

    The mix of swamp and dry-land dinosaurs suggests that the remains came from different locations.

    本段补充了一条生物生态学证据，证明遗骸具有 multiple origins。它直接服务于全文主旨中的 dinosaurs from various locations，并为下一段具体说明它们如何沿河汇集作好衔接。

    由栖息地推来源
  7. P7

    How the Dinosaur Graveyard Formed

    The pit became a graveyard as dinosaur remains from different places were carried by river water and stranded on a sandbar.

    本段是全文的核心解释段，最完整地落实了文章主旨。它明确说明恐龙并非在 pit 集体死亡，而是从不同 places 经 river currents 运至 sandbar 后逐渐聚集，回答了“这些骨头究竟如何来到这里”的中心问题。

    串联河流沉积过程
  8. P8

    Modern Floods Offer a Natural Analogy

    Modern flood events show how animal remains can be carried downstream and deposited on sandbars.

    本段是全文的 supporting analogy 和收束段。作者通过现代家畜、鹿和野牛的遭遇，让读者直观理解恐龙尸体如何被洪水搬运、滞留并掩埋，从现实层面增强了文章主旨中 river transport and sandbar deposition 的可信度。

    用现代洪水验古过程
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

8 道逐段细节自检题

针对2020年7月英语六级真题第1套这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 dinosaur pit known dinosaur deposits

    What distinguishes the dinosaur pit from other known dinosaur deposits?

    • A It contains only complete dinosaur skeletons.
    • B It is the only dinosaur site represented in museums.
    • C It is the largest and best preserved dinosaur deposit known today.
    • D It has yielded exactly 300 dinosaur skeletons.
    • E It lies inside a major natural history museum.
    • F It preserves fossils from every city in the United States and Canada.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    正确项完整保留 largest、best preserved 和 known today 三层限定，属于对原文结论的同义压缩，没有把 partial skeletons 偷换成完整骨架。障碍在于题干使用 distinguishes，选项则用评价性结论回答；考生必须识别“特征提问”与“等级陈述”的对应关系。

    末句最高级核验 时间紧张时，直接抓题干的 distinguishes 和 known dinosaur deposits，回到 第1段 的末句，不必逐句处理前面的发现数量。把选项当作“评价强度”排序：含 largest、best preserved 且保留 known today 的正确项，与 only、exactly、every 这类过强断言迅速区分。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 disaster

    What is the author's view of the disaster explanation for the dinosaur bones?

    • A The author accepts it as the most convincing explanation.
    • B The author rules it out as physically impossible.
    • C The author attributes it only to a volcanic explosion.
    • D It was possible, but the author considers it unlikely.
    • E The author believes a sudden flood killed every dinosaur in the region.
    • F The author regards it as irrelevant to the bone deposit.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    该项精确对应 could have happened 与 probably did not 的让步转折：可能性被承认，主结论却是否定其大概率发生。障碍在于考生易只看到 could，误选“作者认可”；也可能只看到 did not，误选“绝不可能”。

    让步转折双读 直接用 disaster 回到 第2段，并只读含 but 的一句。将正确项识别为唯一同时保留“可能性”与“低概率否定”的选项；无需先阅读后文的证据段，因为此题问的是作者当下的态度表述。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 main reasons

    Which two features are identified as the main reasons for rejecting a single mass-death explanation?

    • A The skeletons are complete, and their bones remain in place.
    • B The fossils are displayed in museums, and the site is well known.
    • C A volcanic explosion and a sudden flood occurred together.
    • D The animals came only from distant dry-land areas.
    • E The bones are scattered, and the deposit is unusually thick.
    • F The river flowed westward and deposited the bones on a deep lake bottom.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    该项把 scattered bones 和 thickness of the deposit 两个并列理由准确改写为完整句。unusually thick 是对厚度作为反证的合理概括，并未虚构具体数值。障碍在于后文还有 rounded fragments、swamp dwellers 等支持材料，考生必须区分“主要理由”与“后续展开”。

    并列名词摘取 看到 main reasons 后，直接定位 第3段 的唯一总结句，做“and 两端摘取”：正确项必须一端对应 bones 的分散状态，另一端对应 deposit 的厚度。无需追读所有论据展开，能节省时间并减少信息混淆。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 rounded shape fossil-bone fragments

    What does the rounded shape of some fossil-bone fragments indicate?

    • A They were buried immediately after a single disaster.
    • B They remained in their original positions after death.
    • C They were shaped by volcanic heat.
    • D They belonged exclusively to swamp-dwelling dinosaurs.
    • E They were preserved in museums before being discovered.
    • F They had been rolled along a stream bottom.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    正确项准确复现了骨片变得 smooth and round 的直接机制，即 rolling along the stream bottom。障碍在于原文先谈 other deposits 的完整骨架，考生若只按最近名词匹配，可能误把对照案例当作结论。

    形态倒推动作 用 rounded shape 定位 第4段 后，只执行“形态倒推动作”：圆滑、磨圆的结果需要持续 rolling，故选择表达该动作及介质的正确项。无需先分析整篇关于死亡原因的争论。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 sandstone zone at one time

    Why does the thickness of the sandstone zone argue against a mass killing at one time?

    • A The bones are distributed through a thick layer rather than left at one level.
    • B The bones form a complete skeleton at the bottom of the layer.
    • C The sandstone was formed by a volcanic explosion.
    • D The bones were all deposited on a deep lake bottom.
    • E The layer is too thin to contain animals killed together.
    • F The bones were placed at the same level by rising waters.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：A

    正确项保留了 throughout a zone 和 at the same level 的核心对照，准确解释厚度为何构成反证。障碍在于它把 12 feet 的数字概括为 a thick layer；考生需识别这是不改变逻辑关系的同义转换。

    But前后对拍 锁定 第5段 的 But，把前半句标为“假设应有”、后半句标为“实际发现”。正确项必然是后者对前者的反向表达，即“跨厚层”对“同层位”的对照；这是比逐词翻译更快的判定法。

  6. 第 6 段 定位词 swamp dwellers dry-land types

    What does the presence of both swamp dwellers and dry-land types suggest about the deposit?

    • A All the animals lived permanently in the same swamp.
    • B It is likely a mixture of remains from different places.
    • C The animals died at exactly the same moment.
    • D Dry-land dinosaurs gradually became swamp dwellers.
    • E Only swamp animals could be preserved in sandstone.
    • F The deposit was created by a single local volcanic event.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：B

    正确项对应 seems to indicate 和 a mixture from different places，同时保留 likely 的谨慎程度。障碍在于文章没有断言每一块骨头都来自远方，考生须避免把类别混合误读成确定的单一迁移路线。

    异栖息地判混源 抓住 第6段 中 swamp 与 dry-land 的生态对撞，不翻译细枝末节，直接用“异栖息地=异来源混入”的因果压缩判断正确项；并优先淘汰含 all、single、only 的绝对选项。

  7. 第 7 段 定位词 most likely account pit area

    According to the most likely account, how did most dinosaur remains reach the pit area?

    • A They died where they were found during one volcanic explosion.
    • B They migrated eastward to live permanently on a sandbar.
    • C They probably floated down an eastward-flowing river and were left on a shallow sandbar.
    • D They were carried westward from nearby swamp areas.
    • E They were all trapped in the sandbar before they died.
    • F They were buried immediately by a receding flood.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    正确项保留 Most、probably、floated down、eastward-flowing river 和 shallow sandbar 的主路径。障碍是信息链较长，且后文列出 drowned、washed away、got stuck 等不同情形；这些都是来源或局部结局，不能替换 most remains 的主要运输方式。

    主句路线三格 在 第7段 只抓句首的 Most of the remains probably，随后横向读取到第一个句号，形成“漂流-河流方向-沙洲”三格路线。正确项必须三格齐全；含 Some、Perhaps、all 的项可立即降级。

  8. 第 8 段 定位词 spring floods modern examples

    What happens to animals that drown in spring floods, according to the modern examples?

    • A They remain underwater until their skeletons become complete.
    • B They are carried upstream to deep lake bottoms.
    • C They are immediately taken to museums for preservation.
    • D Their bodies float downstream and are stranded on a bar or shore as the flood recedes.
    • E They survive by reaching a shallow sandbar.
    • F They decay before the flood waters begin to recede.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    正确项按原文顺序概括 float downstream、until the flood recedes 和 leaves them stranded on a bar or shore，完整回答死亡后的结果。障碍在于题干已给 drown，正确项不能重复死亡原因，而要继续到尸体运输与搁浅这一后续链条。

    尸体动词链截取 以 spring floods 定位 第8段 后，采用“动词链截取法”：从 dead bodies 开始只抓 float downstream 到 stranded，正确项就是这段连续动作的同义复现。buffalo、travelers 等名词细节一律先忽略。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

7 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. P1

    恐龙化石发现地介绍

    这个 opening paragraph 介绍了 Dinosaur National Monument 这个 location，强调它是 the largest and best preserved deposit，有 over 20 partial skeletons 和 300 scattered bones 被 discovered，这些 specimens 现在在各大 museums 展出。

    作为 expository text 的 introduction，这个意群 establish 了讨论的 subject matter，为后续 explanation 提供 factual background，让 readers 了解这个 dinosaur deposit 的 significance 和 scale。

    引出研究对象
  2. P2

    提出常见误解

    这个意群 present 了 common misconception，即 many people 认为是 some disaster 比如 volcanic explosion 或 sudden flood 导致 a whole herd 同时 died，但作者用 'This could have happened but it probably did not' 明确 reject 了这个 interpretation。

    说明文常用 problem-solution structure，这个意群 introduce 了一个 prevalent but incorrect belief，creating a gap between common understanding 和 actual evidence，这种 tension 为后续的 detailed explanation 提供 motivation 和 direction。

    否定错误假说
  3. P3

    核心论据概述

    这个 brief paragraph 用 'The main reasons for thinking otherwise' 来 signal 即将展开的 argumentation，specifically 点出了 two key pieces of evidence：scattered bones 和 thickness of the deposit，acting as a roadmap for detailed explanation。

    这是典型的 expository signposting，在说明文中用 transitional paragraph 来 preview main arguments，帮助 readers anticipate 接下来的 structure，增强 logical coherence，让整个 explanation 更加 organized and accessible。

    总领证据框架
  4. P4 P5

    第一类证据详述

    这两个 paragraphs 围绕 'scattered bones' 这个 evidence 展开 detailed explanation，通过 contrast with other deposits 和 description of rounded fossil fragments 来 demonstrate 这些 bones 经历了 rolling along stream bottom，说明它们不是 died together in one place。

    说明文的 body section 需要 provide detailed evidence，这个意群通过 comparative analysis 和 physical description 来 support 'gradual accumulation' 的 thesis，用 concrete observations 比如 rounded shape 和 scattered distribution 来 build logical argument。

    证明骨骼经水流搬运
  5. P6

    第二类证据详述

    这个 paragraph 转向第二个 evidence，即 'mixture of swamp dwellers and dry-land types'，用 species diversity 来 indicate 这个 deposit 是 'a mixture from different places'，further supporting gradual accumulation theory。

    这个意群 add another layer of evidence 到 overall argument，通过 ecological diversity 这个 angle 来 reinforce 前面关于 transport and deposition 的 explanation，multiple lines of evidence 是 expository writing 中 strengthen thesis 的 standard approach。

    证明来源地多样
  6. P7

    综合解释形成过程

    这个 paragraph 是 synthesis of all evidence，明确 state 'The pit area is a large dinosaur graveyard, not a place where they died'，然后 provide comprehensive explanation of transportation mechanism，包括 floating downstream、getting stranded on sandbar、different sources 等 details，完整 reconstruct 了 deposition process。

    说明文在 present individual evidence 后需要 synthesize them into coherent explanation，这个意群 integrate 前面所有 observations into unified narrative，给出 complete picture of how the deposit formed，这是 expository structure 中的 synthesis stage。

    系统重构沉积过程
  7. P8

    现代类比支持

    这个 concluding paragraph 用 'Even today similar events take place' 来 introduce modern analogies，描述 contemporary floods 中 sheep、cattle、deer 的 drowning and deposition，还 cite historical travelers' reports about buffalo bodies，通过 parallel examples 来 validate 前面的 interpretation。

    说明文常用 analogical reasoning 来 make abstract explanation more concrete and credible，这个意群 connect ancient process 和 observable modern phenomena，通过 familiar examples 来 reinforce 关于 dinosaur deposit formation 的 explanation，增强 argument 的 persuasiveness。

    提供现代验证案例
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 首段定位说明对象 P1

    说明文的 opening paragraph 通常会 introduce the subject matter，建立文章要讨论的 central topic，这为理解后续的 explanation 和 analysis 提供了 foundation

  2. 转折处揭示真实解释 P2

    说明文中出现 common belief vs. reality 的 contrast pattern 时，作者的 true explanation 通常在 'but' 或 'however' 之后，这标志着文章的 main argument direction 已经确立

  3. 多段证据链指向核心 P3 P4 P5 P6

    说明文的 body paragraphs 通过 enumeration of evidence 来 support the main explanation。连续多段的 evidence accumulation 表明作者在 systematically proving 一个 central claim，这个 claim 就是文章 thesis 的核心

  4. 结论段明确机制过程 P7

    说明文在 presenting evidence 后通常有 explicit synthesis paragraph，用 definitive statements 和 negative constructions ('not...but') 来 clarify the correct explanation。这段 consolidates 前面所有 evidence 并给出 final interpretation

  5. 结构导航提取主旨 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    这个 four-step framework 对应说明文的典型 rhetorical structure：introduction of phenomenon, presentation and rejection of misconception, systematic evidence provision, final explanatory synthesis。每步都 target 特定的 discourse function，确保 efficient 且 accurate 的主旨把握

主旨信号词 probably did not P2 main reasons P3 usually P4 throughout P5 mixture P6 not a place where they died P7 probably P7 similar events P8

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

恐龙国家纪念地包含一个大型恐龙骨骼沉积层,这些骨骼是随着时间推移逐渐积累的——来自不同地点的死亡恐龙被河流冲刷并沉积在沙洲上,而非在单一灾难事件中集体死亡。
The Dinosaur National Monument contains a large dinosaur bone deposit that accumulated gradually over time as dead dinosaurs from various locations were carried by river currents and deposited on sandbars, rather than being killed together in a single catastrophic event.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

5 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • specimen 标本;样本(尤指用于科学研究或展示的实物)

    我们首先注意到specimens与dinosaur skeletons和bones形成了一个semantic field，它们都是在dinosaur discovery的context中出现的physical remains。然后，通过museum这个specialized location，我们可以推断出specimens是具有scientific value的preserved materials。最后，通过spec-词根的etymology analysis，我们确认它确实与'观察研究的对象'这个概念相关。三条线索converge到同一个conclusion：specimens指的是供研究展示的标本样本。

    科技术语的三角定位法
  • deposit 沉积层;矿床(地质学术语,指物质堆积形成的层状结构)

    首先，deposit与pit、preserved这些words共同出现，建立了'地下埋藏层'的basic image。接着，thickness、zone of sandstone这些physical descriptions告诉我们deposit是一个measurable geological structure。最后，通过与other deposits的comparison，我们确认这是一个technical geological term。综合这些clues，deposit在这个context中指的是含有fossils的沉积层。

    具象到抽象的术语推断
  • strand 搁浅的;被困的(指被水流冲到岸边或浅滩而无法移动)

    通过第7段中left和stuck这两个parallel verbs，我们首先建立了stranded表示'停滞不动'的basic sense。然后第8段的modern example给我们提供了一个clear visual picture：flood退去，bodies被abandoned在shore上。最后，strand作为'岸边'的etymology让整个meaning变得transparent：stranded就是'被留在岸上无法继续移动'。三个layers of evidence共同指向'搁浅、滞留'这个meaning。

    场景重建与可视化推断
  • recede 退去;消退(指水位或其他事物逐渐后退、减少)

    我们首先通过event sequence确定recede是flooding过程的reversal phase。然后通过outcome analysis（bodies最终在dry land上）我们推断出这必然是water level的降低过程。最后通过morphological breakdown（re- + ced-）我们confirmation了'向后移动、退去'这个core meaning。三个reasoning paths都converge到'水位消退'这个precise definition。

    动态过程的时序定位法
  • graveyard 墓地;坟场(存放或埋葬死者遗骸的场所)

    通过'not a place where they died'这个explicit contrast，我们establish了graveyard与death location的distinction。接着通过transportation和accumulation的detailed description，我们understand它是remains的collection point。最后通过compound structure analysis，我们connect grave与yard，确认这是'埋葬遗骸的场地'。整个logical chain从functional definition到compositional analysis，形成了complete understanding。

    复合词的双轨验证法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 列数字

    P1 P5

    文章中用到了 more than 20 dinosaurs、about 300 bones、12 feet thick 这些 specific numbers 来描述 the scale 和 the depth of deposit。这些 precise data 让读者对 bone deposit 的 magnitude 有 concrete understanding,支撑了文章的 central argument——这不是 a single catastrophic event,而是 gradual accumulation over time。通过 quantify 骨骼的 distribution 和 thickness,作者建立了 scientific credibility。

    信号词 more than about approximately nearly over around roughly up to as many as at least 具体数字+单位

    仿写： 当你需要 describe the scale 或 prove your point 时,思考:哪些 aspects 可以 quantified?比如写 environmental issue,不要只说"很多塑料",而要说"每年 over 8 million tons of plastic waste"。模版:【主题描述】+ 具体数字 + 单位/范围 → 比如:"The research team examined approximately 500 samples across a 15-meter geological layer."

  • 作比较

    P4 P5 P6

    文章在 第4段 和 第5段 中通过 comparing different deposits 来论证观点。作者 contrast 了 mass killing deposits (complete skeletons, proper places, same level) 和 current deposit (scattered bones, 12 feet thick zone)。这个 comparison strategy 清晰地 highlight the differences,让读者理解为什么 the single disaster theory 不成立。通过 juxtapose two scenarios,作者的 logical reasoning 变得 much more convincing。

    信号词 but however in contrast while whereas unlike on the other hand in other different from compared to rather than

    仿写： 运用 comparison 时,先 identify what to compare,然后 select key dimensions for contrast。使用 parallel structure 来 present both sides。比如讨论 learning methods:"In traditional classrooms, students passively receive information; in contrast, online learning platforms allow active exploration and self-paced progress." 模版:【A的特征】+ 对比词 + 【B的相反/不同特征】→ "While X shows complete/uniform patterns, Y displays scattered/varied characteristics."

  • 举例子

    P8

    文章在 第8段 中通过 contemporary examples (spring floods, sheep, cattle, deer drowning, Missouri river buffalo) 来 support the hypothesis。这些 modern-day parallels 让 ancient process 变得 relatable and credible。通过 cite observable events,作者把 geological past 和 present reality 连接起来,让 readers 能 visualize 和 understand how dinosaur bones 可能 accumulated。这个 analogy 极大地增强了 explanatory power。

    信号词 for example for instance such as like including even today consider take as seen in similar to 一个例子是

    仿写： 选择例子时要确保它 directly relates to your point 且 readers can relate to。使用 explicit markers 来 introduce examples。比如解释 market disruption:"Consider how streaming services transformed entertainment. Netflix, for instance, displaced traditional video rental stores within a decade." 模版:【观点陈述】+ 例证引入词 + 【具体实例】+ 【实例细节】→ "Even today/For instance, [specific case] demonstrates [the principle], as seen when [details]."

  • 作诠释

    P2 P7 P8

    整篇文章对 dinosaur deposit formation 进行了 detailed interpretation。特别是 第7段,作者 explain 了 the process:骨骼 floated down river、left on sandbar、可能 came from different areas。这个 explanatory section 把 observed evidence (scattered bones, thickness) 和 possible mechanism 联系起来,帮助读者 understand the geological process。通过 interpret the data,作者把 raw facts 转化为 coherent narrative,支撑了 main thesis。

    信号词 probably perhaps may have might possibly likely seems to indicates that suggests in other words that is to say means that

    仿写： 进行 interpretation 时,要 connect observations to underlying mechanisms。用 explanatory language 来 reveal the 'why' and 'how'。比如解释 climate patterns:"This phenomenon occurs because warm air rises and creates low pressure zones. In other words, the temperature difference drives atmospheric circulation." 模版:【现象描述】+ 解释性连接词 + 【机制/原因阐述】+ 【进一步说明】→ "The [observation] probably/likely indicates that [interpretation], perhaps because [reasoning]."

  • 分类别

    P6 P7

    文章在 第6段 和 第7段 中把 dinosaurs categorize into types:swamp dwellers 和 dry-land types。这个 classification 是 crucial evidence 支撑 mixed deposit theory。通过 distinguish different habitats,作者证明了 bones came from various locations,不可能是 single event 的结果。这个 categorical analysis 让 argument 更加 systematic and logical,帮助读者理解 geographical diversity 如何 indicate gradual accumulation。

    信号词 types kinds categories groups classes mixture classified into divided into can be categorized as fall into 包括

    仿写： 进行 classification 时,要 establish clear criteria for division。使用 category labels 和 descriptive language 来 distinguish groups。比如讨论 learning styles:"Students can be classified into visual learners, who prefer diagrams and charts, and kinesthetic learners, who learn through hands-on activities." 模版:【总体对象】+ 分类依据 + 【类别A及特征】+ and/or + 【类别B及特征】→ "The mixture of [type A] and [type B] indicates/includes [observation]."

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

5 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 大众误解与科学真相的对立

    P2
    This could have happened but it probably did not.

    让步转折类 could have happened but it probably did not could have... but probably did not may seem... however appears to be... but actually might suggest... yet at first glance... in reality commonly believed... but evidence shows

    这个 implication 的真正含义是:大众的 intuitive interpretation (集体灾难说) 虽然 seems logical,但科学证据并不 support 这个 conclusion。作者用 'probably did not' 这种 cautious but firm 的语气,暗示接下来会 provide scientific evidence 来 support 另一个 theory。对文章主旨的 value 在于:它 establishes 整篇文章的 argumentative framework,从否定 single catastrophic event 开始,为后面 elaborate 渐进沉积说 (gradual accumulation theory) 铺路。这是 scientific exposition 的典型 rhetorical move,先破后立。

  • 反证逻辑引出核心论据

    P3
    The main reasons for thinking otherwise are the scattered bones and the thickness of the deposit.

    对比反证类 thinking otherwise on the contrary conversely by contrast evidence against suggests the opposite contradicts the notion that

    这个 sentence 的 implication 是:作者不仅要 reject 大众观点,还有 solid scientific evidence 支撑他的 alternative theory。用 'main reasons' 这种 definitive language 表明这不是 speculation,而是 evidence-based conclusion。Mentioning 'scattered bones' 和 'thickness' 这两个 specific observations 暗示作者将用 geological and paleontological details 来 build his case。对主旨的作用是:这是全文的 structural hinge,明确告诉读者接下来的 paragraphs 将 systematically explain 为什么渐进沉积说更 plausible,体现说明文的 logical progression。

  • 对比论证强化差异

    P4
    In other deposits where the animals were thought to have died together, the skeletons were usually complete and often all the bones were in their proper places. Rounded pieces of fossil bone have been found here. These fragments got their smooth round shape by rolling along the stream bottom. In a mass killing, the bones would have been left on the stream or lake bottom together at the same level. But in this deposit, the bones occur throughout a zone of sandstone about 12 feet thick.

    对比类 But but however in other deposits... but in this deposit typically... however in this case usually... but here in most cases... yet in this instance

    这两个段落 contrasts 的 underlying message 是:Dinosaur National Monument 的 deposit pattern fundamentally differs from 集体死亡 sites,因此需要 different formation mechanism。Mentioning 'complete skeletons' 和 'proper places' versus 'scattered' 和 'throughout 12 feet' 暗示这些恐龙 died at different times and places,然后被 transported and accumulated gradually。对主旨的价值在于:这是 empirical evidence 的 concrete presentation,将抽象的 'gradual accumulation theory' 转化为 observable geological facts,让读者能够 visualize 为什么单次灾难说 doesn't fit the evidence。这展示了说明文如何用 comparative analysis 来 strengthen arguments。

  • 生态混合暗示地理汇集

    P6
    The mixture of swamp dwellers and dry-land types also seems to indicate that the deposit is a mixture from different places.

    累积论证类 also seems to indicate further suggests additionally points to another indication is this too implies moreover indicates likewise suggests

    这句话的 deeper meaning 是:不同 ecological niches 的恐龙 (swamp vs. dry-land) appearing together 在地质学上 inconsistent with 单一地点的集体死亡,必然涉及 geographical transportation。'from different places' 这个 conclusion 虽然说得 cautiously ('seems to indicate'),但逻辑上很 compelling,因为 swamp and dry-land animals 不会 naturally coexist in 同一个 habitat。对主旨的作用是:这 adds ecological dimension 到前面的 geological evidence,形成更 comprehensive 的 argument。It transitions 文章从 'what didn't happen' (mass death) 到 'what did happen' (river transportation and deposition),为下一段的 synthesis 做准备。

  • 现代类比验证古代推论

    P8
    Even today similar events take place. When floods come in the spring, sheep, cattle and deer are often trapped by rising waters and often drown. Their dead bodies float downstream until the flood recedes and leaves them stranded on a bar or shore where they lie, half buried in the sand, until they decay.

    类比论证类 Even today similar events take place even today similarly just as in the same way comparable to modern examples show

    这段的 implication 是:恐龙 bone deposit 的 formation mechanism 不是 speculation,而是基于 observable natural processes。通过描述现代动物的 flooding deaths 和 deposition,作者让读者 visualize 七千万年前可能发生的 same process。'Early travelers on the Missouri river reported...' 这个 historical account 进一步 validates 这种 pattern 的 commonness。对主旨的价值是:这是文章的 conclusive validation,用 modern and historical analogues 来 demonstrate 渐进沉积说不是 far-fetched theory,而是 consistent with known geological and hydrological processes。它 transforms 整篇文章从 negative argument (反驳集体灾难说) 到 positive demonstration (证明渐进沉积说 is plausible and well-supported)。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：客观中立

结论先行：本文作者态度为客观中立（ objective and analytical）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首段呈现事实而非观点 P1

    第一段仅仅 describes the discovery 和 location of dinosaur fossils，没有任何 evaluative language 或者 personal judgment，这是典型的 factual presentation，说明作者在 maintaining neutrality。

  2. 呈现并评估多种解释 P2 P3

    第二段作者提到 many people get the idea 关于 mass killing theory，然后用 'This could have happened but it probably did not' 来 present an alternative。这种 acknowledging then refuting 的结构显示作者在 engaging with different perspectives analytically。

  3. 用具体证据支撑推论 P3 P4 P5 P6

    从第三段到第六段，作者系统地 lists reasons：'scattered bones'、'thickness of deposit'、'rounded pieces'、'bones occur throughout a zone'、'mixture of swamp dwellers and dry-land types'。每个 reason 都是 observable evidence，not opinions。

  4. 用谨慎语气表达推测 P7

    第七段中作者使用 'probably'、'perhaps'、'may have' 等 hedging words，表明作者在 acknowledging the limits of knowledge。这种 cautious language 是 scientific objectivity 的标志。

  5. 用中性类比辅助说明 P8

    第八段作者用 modern examples (sheep, cattle, deer drowning) 和 historical accounts (Missouri river buffalo) 来 parallel the dinosaur situation。这些 analogies 纯粹是 explanatory，没有 emotional appeals 或者 value judgments。

  6. 整体逻辑链条无情感倾向 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    本文完整展示了 scientific explanation 的特征：从 factual introduction 到 hypothesis evaluation，再到 evidence accumulation，最后到 analogical illustration，全程保持 detached analytical tone，这是 objective expository writing 的典范。

文中的态度信号词

  • discovered P1

    'Discovered' 是 neutral factual verb，表示 scientific finding 而不带任何 emotional connotation。它让读者 focus on the fact itself 而非作者的 personal reaction，这是 objective reporting 的基础。

    同类词 found observed identified detected located

  • probably P2

    'Probably' 是 hedging device，表明作者在 acknowledging uncertainty 而非 making absolute claims。这种 tentative language 显示 scientific caution，是 objective analysis 的标志，因为作者 respects the limits of evidence。

    同类词 possibly perhaps may might could

  • the main reasons P3

    'The main reasons' 是 logical marker，表明作者在 providing rational justification 而非 emotional arguments。它 signals evidence-based reasoning，让读者期待 factual support，这是 analytical objectivity 的核心。

    同类词 the evidence shows this is supported by based on due to because of

  • seem to indicate P6

    'Seem to indicate' 是 double hedging (both 'seem' and 'indicate')，显示作者在 being extra cautious about inferential claims。这种 qualified language 表明作者区分 direct observation 和 interpretation，是 scientific objectivity 的体现。

    同类词 suggest that appear to show tend to support point to imply that

  • similar events P8

    'Similar events' 引入 neutral analogy，用 contemporary examples 来 illustrate past processes without emotional loading。这种 matter-of-fact comparison 帮助 explanation 而不进行 value judgment，保持 objective tone。

    同类词 comparable situations analogous cases parallel examples corresponding instances equivalent phenomena

  • thickness P3

    'Thickness' 和 specific measurement '12 feet' 是 concrete quantifiable data。这类 precise numerical information 是 scientific objectivity 的标志，因为 numbers 不带 subjective interpretation，提供 verifiable facts。

    同类词 12 feet depth measurements dimensions size

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他英语六级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文？

  1. 首段陈述客观事实 P1

    第1段 直接 present the discovery 恐龙化石的事实，使用 'have been discovered' 这样的 factual reporting，没有作者的 personal viewpoint 或 argumentative stance。这种 neutral tone 和 informative purpose 是说明文的 hallmark，而议论文会 present a claim 需要论证，新闻报道会强调 timeliness 和 news value。

  2. 多段落解释原因机制 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

    第2段 到 第7段 构成完整的 explanatory sequence，解释为什么化石 deposit 不是 mass killing 造成的。使用 'The main reasons for thinking otherwise' 和 'indicate that' 等 explanatory markers，层层 present evidence 和 reasoning。这种 cause-and-effect structure 和 step-by-step explanation 是说明文的 core feature，议论文会用 evidence 来 support an argument，新闻报道则不会有如此 detailed analytical process。

  3. 类比当代事件助理解 P8

    第8段 引入 modern-day parallels（'Even today similar events take place'），用当代的 floods 和动物死亡 scenario 来 illustrate 古代恐龙化石形成的 process。这种 analogical reasoning 是说明文的 teaching strategy，目的是 make abstract ideas concrete。议论文可能用 examples 作为 supporting evidence，但不会用 contemporary analogies 纯粹为了 clarify understanding；新闻报道不会 draw parallels to explain mechanisms。

  4. 全文围绕知识传递组织 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    这篇文章完整展现说明文 architecture：第1段 introduce the site，第2段-7 explain the formation process through systematic analysis，第8段 provide modern analogy。全文没有 author's opinion 或 call to action（议论文标志），也没有 recent event focus 或 quotes from sources（新闻标志）。The consistent use of present perfect 和 passive voice ('have been discovered', 'have been found') 营造 timeless, factual quality，这是说明文的 linguistic signature。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁？

  • dinosaurs P1 说明对象定义词 specimens deposit skeletons bones fragments
  • have been discovered P1 客观陈述的现在完成时态 may be seen is known have been found got their shape would have been left
  • The main reasons for thinking otherwise are P3 说明逻辑推理词 The main reasons are because but probably could have happened
  • thickness of the deposit P3 事物属性描述词 thickness scattered complete proper places smooth round shape
  • In other deposits P4 比较说明词 But in this deposit unlike similar events also different places
  • probably P2 科学不确定性标记词 could have may have seems to indicate Perhaps often
  • The pit area is a large dinosaur graveyard, not a place where they died P7 定义澄清句式 is a...not a... This dinosaur pit is These fragments got their shape by The mixture seems to indicate that what is now
  • Even today similar events take place P8 类比例证词 Even today similar events For example such as like
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

3 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 的常见问题

2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的主旨是什么？
恐龙国家纪念地包含一个大型恐龙骨骼沉积层,这些骨骼是随着时间推移逐渐积累的——来自不同地点的死亡恐龙被河流冲刷并沉积在沙洲上,而非在单一灾难事件中集体死亡。（英文表述：The Dinosaur National Monument contains a large dinosaur bone deposit that accumulated gradually over time as dead dinosaurs from various locations were carried by river currents and deposited on sandbars, rather than being killed together in a single catastrophic event.）
2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为说明文，作者立场是客观中立（objective and analytical）。CEFR 难度 B2，全文 403 词、8 段；在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中，B2 级共 233 篇（占 39%）。
2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 8 段按说明文骨架分为 7 个意群：第1段——恐龙化石发现地介绍；第2段——提出常见误解；第3段——核心论据概述；第4段、第5段——第一类证据详述；第6段——第二类证据详述；第7段——综合解释形成过程；第8段——现代类比支持。
2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是客观中立（objective and analytical）。判断路径：首段呈现事实而非观点 → 呈现并评估多种解释 → 用具体证据支撑推论 → 用谨慎语气表达推测 → 用中性类比辅助说明 → 整体逻辑链条无情感倾向；文中的态度信号词包括 discovered（第1段）、probably（第2段）、the main reasons（第3段）、seem to indicate（第6段）、similar events（第8段）、thickness（第3段）。
2020年7月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 5 个：specimen（标本;样本(尤指用于科学研究或展示的实物)）、deposit（沉积层;矿床(地质学术语,指物质堆积形成的层状结构)）、strand（搁浅的;被困的(指被水流冲到岸边或浅滩而无法移动)）、recede（退去;消退(指水位或其他事物逐渐后退、减少)）、graveyard（墓地;坟场(存放或埋葬死者遗骸的场所)），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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