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文章在 第2段 中引用了 Australian study 的 data:1,621 people 和 daily sunscreen 使用者的 melanoma rate 减半,以及第二个 study 对比了 1,167 melanoma patients 和 1,101 healthy individuals。这些 specific numbers 直接 support 了主旨中 sunscreen 效果有限的 argument,通过 quantitative evidence 增强了 credibility,让读者看到即使有 research data,protection 依然 incomplete。数字的 precision 也暗示了 scientific rigor,但同时文中指出 study 的 limitation(rely on memory),这种 balanced presentation 防止读者 over-interpret 数据,reinforcing 主旨中需要 combined measures 的观点。
信号词
1,621 people 1,167 people 1,101 half the rate 2011 five episodes factor 50 a couple of hours
仿写: 在写 expository essay 时,想想你的 claim 能否用 statistics 或 measurements 来 support?比如讨论 air pollution,与其说 'serious problem',不如写 'PM2.5 levels reached 150 μg/m³, three times the WHO standard'。仿写模版:【主题陈述】+ According to/A study of + 【具体数字+研究对象】+ found/showed that + 【数字化的结果】+ 【对结果的interpretation】。例如:'Screen time concerns parents. A 2023 survey of 2,340 families found that children spending over 4 hours daily on devices showed 60% higher attention difficulties, suggesting digital habits significantly impact cognitive development.'
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第1段 举出了 high-risk characteristics 的 examples:red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes。第2段 列举了 other sun protection forms:hats, long sleeves, staying in the shade。第3段 给出 improper sunscreen use 的 instances:applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply, staying too long。这些 concrete examples 让 abstract concepts like 'risk factors' 和 'sun protection' 变得 tangible and relatable。它们 support 主旨中 'combining measures' 的必要性,因为 examples 展示了 sunscreen 单独使用的 inadequacy 和需要 complementary actions。Specific instances 也帮助 readers self-assess their situations,增强文章的 practical value。
信号词
such as if you have including for example like alongside other forms
仿写: 写 expository text 时,每当提出一个 general statement,问自己 'like what?'。找 2-3 个 specific instances 来 flesh out your point。注意 examples 应该 progressive(从简单到复杂)或 diverse(covering different aspects)。仿写模版:【概括性陈述】+ such as/including/for example + 【例子1】,【例子2】, or 【例子3】+ 【例子的共同点或影响】。例如:'Effective time management requires eliminating distractions such as turning off phone notifications, using website blockers, or designating a quiet workspace, all of which help maintain sustained focus.'
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第2段 进行了 direct comparison:randomly selected people applying sunscreen daily vs. people using cream as needed,结果是前者的 melanoma rate 是后者的 half。还有 1,167 melanoma patients vs. 1,101 non-cancer individuals 的 comparison。这种 comparative structure 凸显了 sunscreen use 的 differential effects,directly support 主旨中 'reduces but cannot prevent' 的 nuanced claim。通过 juxtapose 不同 groups 的 outcomes,comparison 让 readers 看到 variables 的 impact,同时也揭示了即使 with protection,risk 仍然 exists。这种 contrast 增强了文章对 'false sense of security' 的 warning。
信号词
compared to comparing versus while other than half the rate alongside
仿写: 在构建 argument 时,identify 可以 contrast 的 elements:different approaches, groups, time periods, or conditions。使用 comparative structures 来 structure your analysis。仿写模版:【A组/方法】+ compared to/versus + 【B组/方法】+ showed/had/demonstrated + 【差异性结果】+ suggesting/indicating that + 【解读】。或者:While 【A】+ 【特征/结果】,【B】+ 【对比特征/结果】+ 【implication】。例如:'Students who reviewed material through active recall had 40% better retention compared to those who simply reread notes, suggesting retrieval practice strengthens memory encoding more effectively than passive review.'
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第1段 对 melanomas 进行了 definition:'the most aggressive skin cancers'。这个 precise definition 立即 establish 了 topic 的 seriousness 和 article 的 focus。通过 define melanomas as 'aggressive',作者 set the stakes high,making 主旨中 'cannot prevent' 的 warning 更加 urgent。Definition 也区分了 melanomas 和 'other skin cancers',这个 distinction 贯穿全文,支持了需要 specific attention 和 multiple protective measures 的论点。Clear definition 在 expository writing 的开头 crucial,因为它 anchors readers' understanding 并 frames subsequent discussion。
信号词
are is refers to means defined as known as called
仿写: 在 introduce key terms 时,especially 如果它们是 technical, unfamiliar, or central to your argument,provide a clear definition early。使用 copula verb 'is/are' 或 appositive structure(term + comma + definition)。仿写模版:【术语】+ is/are + 【broader category】+ that/which + 【distinguishing characteristics】。或者:【术语】+ (定语从句/同位语) + 【关键特征】。例如:'Cognitive load refers to the total mental effort required in working memory, which increases when learners must process multiple information streams simultaneously.' 或 'Phishing, a cybercrime technique that uses deceptive emails to steal personal information, has become increasingly sophisticated.'
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文章在多处 categorize information:第1段 区分了 melanomas 和 'other skin cancers',并 categorize risk factors(physical traits vs. exposure patterns:'periodic intense exposure' vs. 'long-term exposure')。第2段 将 sun protection 分为 sunscreen 和 'other forms'(hats, sleeves, shade)。这种 classification 支持主旨的 core argument:sunscreen 只是 one category of protection,必须与 other categories combined。通过 establish distinct types,作者能够 analyze 每个 category 的 specific effectiveness,revealing sunscreen alone 的 insufficiency。Categorization 也帮助 organize complex information,making the comparison between different protection methods 更加 systematic 和 persuasive。
信号词
other types forms kinds categories classified into divided into include
仿写: 当面对 complex topic with multiple dimensions 时,考虑 break it down into logical categories。Identify the classification basis(按什么标准分?)并 ensure categories are exhaustive and distinct。仿写模版:【总体主题】+ can be classified/divided into + 【category A】+ and + 【category B】+ 【补充说明各类特征】。或者:There are 【number】+ types/forms/kinds of + 【主题】:【type 1】+ 【特征】,【type 2】+ 【特征】。例如:'Learning strategies can be classified into cognitive strategies, which involve direct manipulation of material like summarizing and elaborating, and metacognitive strategies, which involve planning and monitoring one's own learning process.' Classification 后要 follow with analysis of each category。
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第2段 extensively cites research:'A 2011 Australian study', 'A second study',并 reference 'this week's Nature' in 第1段。这些 citations 为文章的 claims 提供 authoritative backing,transform personal opinions into evidence-based arguments。引用 Nature(顶级 scientific journal)immediately elevate credibility。Australian studies 的 specific details(sample sizes, methodologies)让 argument 更 rigorous。但文章也 critically evaluate sources,指出 'it's not entirely reliable' due to reliance on memory,这种 balanced approach 增强了作者的 trustworthiness。Citations support 主旨中关于 sunscreen 局限性的 nuanced claim,showing it's based on scientific consensus rather than speculation。
信号词
study research according to shows found Nature evidence A second study recent research
仿写: 在 make important claims 时,ask 'what evidence supports this?'。寻找 reputable sources(peer-reviewed studies, authoritative organizations, expert opinions)。Integrate sources smoothly:don't just drop quotes,而是 introduce source, present key finding, then explain its significance to your argument。仿写模版:According to + 【来源+时间/出处】+ 【研究发现/观点】+ 【你的解读或链接到论点】。或者:【研究类型】+ of + 【sample描述】+ found/showed/revealed that + 【发现】+ 【implication】。例如:'According to a 2024 MIT study published in Science, AI-assisted coding reduced debugging time by 35% among professional developers, suggesting that human-AI collaboration significantly enhances programming efficiency.' 记得 evaluate source reliability when relevant。
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第2段 对 study limitations 进行 explanation:'The study relied on people remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so it's not entirely reliable.' 这个 interpretation clarifies 为什么 evidence 'is weaker'。第3段 解释 sunburn 的 significance:'It is sunburn that is most worrying' 然后 elaborate 为什么(increases risk)。这些 explanatory passages 帮助 readers understand 不仅 what(facts),还有 why(reasons)和 how(mechanisms)。Interpretation 支持主旨中 'false sense of security' 的观点,因为它 reveals underlying problems with both sunscreen effectiveness 和 people's usage patterns。通过 explain rather than just assert,文章增强 persuasiveness 并帮助 readers make informed decisions。
信号词
so this means that is in other words therefore thus indicating suggesting because
仿写: After presenting a fact, statistic, or claim,不要 assume readers automatically grasp its significance。Add an explanatory sentence that spells out 'so what?'。用 causal or elaborative connectives 来 signal you're interpreting。仿写模版:【陈述事实/数据】+ This means/suggests/indicates that + 【解释含义或影响】。或者:【现象/发现】+ 【原因/机制解释】+ so/therefore + 【推论】。例如:'Only 23% of users enable two-factor authentication. This means the vast majority of accounts remain vulnerable to password breaches, indicating a critical gap between available security tools and actual protection.' 或 'The algorithm prioritizes recency over relevance, so newer but less useful content often appears first, frustrating users seeking high-quality information.'