2018年12月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section C (2) PepsiCo launches multibillion-dollar health drive
CET-4 · 来自 2018年12月英语四级真题第2套 · Part III Section C (2) · 阅读理解(四选一)

PepsiCo launches multibillion-dollar health drive

《百事公司发起了耗资数十亿美元的健康计划》 —— 2018年12月英语四级真题第2套文章逐层精读

本文选自2016年10月17日发表在 www.ft.com(《金融时报》官网)上的一篇标题为“PepsiCo launches multibillion-dollar health drive”(《百事公司发起了耗资数十亿美元的健康计划》)的文章。

本页是 2018年12月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section C (2) 文章的精读视角页——这篇新闻报道全文 350 词、7 段,CEFR 难度 C1(C1 级在英语四级文章中占 32%),作者立场为「客观中立」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

7 段英文原文

以下为2018年12月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section C (2) 的阅读理解(四选一)原文,共 7 段。左侧 P1–P7 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

PepsiCo launches multibillion-dollar health drive

PepsiCo is to spend billions of dollars to develop drinks and snacks and reformulate existing ones with lower sugar, salt and fat, as consumers demand healthier options and regulatory pressure intensifies amid an obesity epidemic(流行病).

The maker of Mountain Dew and Gatorade has been one of the earlier movers in the industry to offer products with reduced levels of unhealthy ingredients—PepsiCo claims a packet of its chips now contains less salt than a slice of white bread. However, its new 10-year plan makes clear it believes it still has a long way to go.

Shifting eating habits, including a sharp drop in consumption of sparkling drinks, have forced radical change on the industry. But those shifts have yet to be reflected in record obesity levels, which stand at 36.5% overall in the US.

Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo chairman, said the plan to make its products healthier was important for the company's growth. But on the subject of obesity, she pointed out that consumers' lifestyles have changed significantly, with many people being more sedentary(久坐不动的) not least because more time is spent in front of computers. She said PepsiCo's contribution was to produce healthier snacks that still tasted good.

"Society has to change its habits," she added. "We can't do much to alter sedentary lifestyles, but we can provide consumers with great-tasting products, low in salt, sugar and fat. In the past we had to have a taste trade-off. But we're breaking that trade-off."

PepsiCo's plan for its foods and drinks is based on guidelines from the World Health Organisation, which last week backed using taxes on sparkling drinks to reduce sugar consumption. Initiatives also include efforts to reduce its environmental impact, water consumption and materials used in packaging by 2025.

PepsiCo did not say exactly how much it planned to invest to reach its goals. However, Dr Mehmood Khan, chief scientific officer, said the company had doubled research and development spending in the past five years and was "committed to sustaining investment", adding that companies cannot cost-cut their way to increasing sales. PepsiCo's research and development budget in 2015 was $754 million.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

7 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2018年12月英语四级真题第2套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    PepsiCo's Healthier Product Plan

    PepsiCo plans major investment in healthier products amid consumer and regulatory pressure.

    本段作为全文的 lead,直接呈现文章主旨中的投资计划、健康化改革及其社会背景;后文将分别说明 PepsiCo 的既有努力、行业压力、公司辩解和资金投入。

    抓首段行动与动因
  2. P2

    Progress but More Work Ahead

    Despite earlier progress, PepsiCo sees substantial room for healthier reform.

    本段通过“已有改革但仍不足”的结构,强化了 10-year plan 的必要性;它使首段的巨额投资显得合理,而不是企业单纯进行 marketing。

    盯住转折后的结论
  3. P3

    Industry Change, Persistent Obesity

    Healthier consumption trends have changed the industry, but obesity remains high.

    本段把企业改革放入更大的社会现实中:即便市场需求已经改变,obesity crisis 仍未缓解;这为后文讨论企业责任与 sedentary lifestyles 埋下伏笔。

    对照消费下降与肥胖高企
  4. P4

    PepsiCo's View of Growth and Obesity

    PepsiCo links healthier products to growth while stressing lifestyle causes of obesity.

    本段回应文章主旨中“更广泛的生活方式因素”:PepsiCo 一面展示健康化承诺,一面将 obesity 的成因扩展到 sedentary lifestyle,从而限定企业应承担的责任范围。

    辨清高管的责任表述
  5. P5

    Breaking the Taste-Health Trade-off

    PepsiCo claims it can deliver healthier products without sacrificing taste.

    本段把前文较抽象的“健康化”具体化为产品竞争力:若低盐、低糖、低脂产品仍能 great-tasting,PepsiCo 的健康战略便可能同时满足公共需求与销售增长。

    锁定引语末尾的突破
  6. P6

    WHO Guidance and Sustainability Goals

    PepsiCo's plan follows WHO guidance and includes wider environmental targets.

    本段从权威标准和环境责任两个角度补充计划内容,使报道中的 PepsiCo strategy 不再只是减糖减盐方案,而成为覆盖 health 与 sustainability 的长期企业承诺。

    分清计划依据与扩展目标
  7. P7

    Undisclosed Spending, Continued R&D

    PepsiCo withholds its total spending figure but stresses sustained research investment.

    作为全文收束段,本段为首段的 billions of dollars 增加财务层面的审视:企业虽未给出总额,却以 R&D investment 和具体预算证明其计划并非空话,同时也留下信息不完全公开的余地。

    对照未公开总额与研发数字
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

7 道逐段细节自检题

针对2018年12月英语四级真题第2套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 PepsiCo planning health concerns

    What is PepsiCo planning to do in response to growing health concerns?

    • A It will rely on consumers to reduce their own intake of unhealthy snacks.
    • B It will ask regulators to ease restrictions on sugary drinks.
    • C It will invest heavily in creating and improving products with less sugar, salt and fat.
    • D It will stop selling all snacks linked to obesity.
    • E It will focus only on developing new low-fat beverages.
    • F It will launch a public campaign against sedentary lifestyles.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    该项完整复述了 spend billions、develop drinks and snacks、reformulate existing ones 以及 lower sugar, salt and fat。invest heavily 是对 spend billions 的合理概括,creating and improving 分别覆盖 develop 与 reformulate,信息范围和方向均一致。障碍在于原文同时给出 consumers demand、regulatory pressure 和 obesity epidemic,考生若没有先识别题干所问的 action,容易把原因误选成计划。

    动词串验身 时间最紧时,直接抓题干中的 planning to do,并在 第1段 寻找 is to 加动词串的句子;不要逐词翻译。随后把选项当作“动作指纹”核验:只有正确项同时含有投入、开发或改良、降低三类动作信息,故可快速判定正确项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 new 10-year plan suggest efforts to make products healthier

    What does PepsiCo's new 10-year plan suggest about its efforts to make products healthier?

    • A The company considers its reformulation work largely complete.
    • B The company has only recently begun to reduce unhealthy ingredients.
    • C The company will replace all chips with white bread.
    • D The company has made some progress but believes substantial further work is needed.
    • E The company is mainly concerned with increasing the salt content of its snacks.
    • F The company has abandoned reduced-ingredient products because they sell poorly.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    some progress 对应 earlier movers 和 chips 中盐分降低的例证;substantial further work is needed 准确改写 it still has a long way to go。该项保留了 However 所构成的双层信息:肯定既有努力,同时强调不足。障碍是考生容易只看到“less salt than a slice of white bread”而误判为任务已经完成。

    转折双面镜 最快方式是把 10-year 当作视觉锚点,在 第2段 直接扫到该数字,随后只读其后含有 clear、still 的短语。再实行“转折两半法”:要求正确项必须同时容纳前半的 progress 与后半的 unfinished work;能满足双条件的即为正确项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 changing eating habits obesity in the US

    What does the article say about changing eating habits and obesity in the US?

    • A The fall in sparkling-drink consumption has already reduced obesity to 36.5%.
    • B Americans have sharply increased their consumption of sparkling drinks.
    • C Obesity levels have fallen because the industry has undergone radical change.
    • D Only 36.5% of Americans have changed their eating habits.
    • E Healthier consumption trends have not yet led to lower overall obesity levels.
    • F Changes in eating habits have had no effect on the food and drink industry.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    healthier consumption trends 概括 sparkling drinks consumption 的 sharp drop;have not yet led to 精确转述 have yet to be reflected in;overall obesity levels 对应 US overall 的 36.5%。正确项没有擅自断言两者永无关系,只保留“目前尚未反映”的时间限定。障碍在于考生可能忽略 yet,把句子误读成趋势已经降低肥胖率。

    盯住yet判时态 在 第3段 不必逐句精读,先目测 But 后的 yet 和 36.5%。把 yet 直接翻译成“截至目前仍未”,然后检查选项:凡声称已经导致、已经降低或毫无影响的都与这个逻辑冲突,剩下保留未实现关系的正确项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 Indra Nooyi contributed to obesity

    According to Indra Nooyi, what has contributed to obesity?

    • A The company's lack of interest in making snacks healthier.
    • B The growing popularity of Gatorade and Mountain Dew.
    • C A shortage of computers in American homes.
    • D Consumers' preference for snacks that do not taste good.
    • E The company's failure to achieve sales growth.
    • F More sedentary lifestyles, including increased time spent in front of computers.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    该项保留 Nooyi 所指出的核心原因 more sedentary,并用 including 引入原文给出的具体说明 more time is spent in front of computers。它没有夸大为电脑是唯一原因,符合 not least because 的语气。障碍是同段含有 healthier snacks 和 company's growth,考生若只抓健康词,可能误选公司产品策略。

    人名后找因果 直接以 Indra Nooyi 在 第4段 定位,跳过她关于 growth 的第一层发言,只读取 on the subject of obesity 之后、because 之前后的因果小句。将选项逐个代入“什么导致 obesity”句框,只有正确项在语义和语法上都自然成立。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 claim can achieve in its products

    What change does PepsiCo claim it can achieve in its products?

    • A It can offer products that taste good while being low in salt, sugar and fat.
    • B It can substantially alter consumers' sedentary lifestyles.
    • C It can make consumers give up all sugary and fatty foods.
    • D It can improve taste only by adding more salt and sugar.
    • E It can persuade society to abandon its eating habits immediately.
    • F It can lower product prices by cutting research spending.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:A

    该项平行整合 great-tasting products 与 low in salt, sugar and fat,并准确表达 breaking the taste trade-off 的含义:美味和健康成分不再必须二选一。while 不是原文逐字重复,却忠实呈现两个属性可以共存。障碍在于引语先说 can't do much to alter sedentary lifestyles,考生可能把无能为力的社会问题误当成公司产品目标。

    can不能分叉 先在 第5段 画出 can't 和 can 两个相反信号,再用题干的 in its products 立即删除 can't 所在的 lifestyle 分支。余下的 can provide 与 breaking trade-off 共同指向正确项;这比翻译整段引语更快。

  6. 第 6 段 定位词 food and drink plans based on PepsiCo

    What are PepsiCo's food and drink plans based on?

    • A Taxes on sparkling drinks imposed by the US government.
    • B Guidelines issued by the World Health Organisation.
    • C PepsiCo's 2025 targets for reducing packaging materials.
    • D Consumer surveys on the taste of low-sugar products.
    • E The company's own research into obesity levels.
    • F A requirement to eliminate all water use in production.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:B

    该项直接对应 plan ... is based on guidelines from the World Health Organisation,完整保持 based on 的宾语角色和来源机构。issued by 是对 from 的自然改写,并未增加新内容。障碍在于同一句还出现 WHO backed using taxes on sparkling drinks,考生若只看 WHO 与健康政策,容易把税收措施误选为计划依据。

    介词后截取 在 第6段 中把 based on 当作“箭头”,只取它后面紧接的名词短语,忽略同句其他健康相关名词。再将每个选项塞进“plans are based on ___”;只有正确项既合语法又合主体关系,因此可直接判定。

  7. 第 7 段 定位词 planned investment meet its goals What is known

    What is known about PepsiCo's planned investment to meet its goals?

    • A It will invest exactly $754 million to reach its goals.
    • B It will double its investment every five years.
    • C The company has not disclosed the exact amount it intends to invest.
    • D It plans to finance the goals mainly through cost-cutting.
    • E It has stopped investing in research and development.
    • F It will spend its entire budget on packaging materials by 2025.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    该项准确同义改写 did not say exactly how much it planned to invest:has not disclosed 对应 did not say,exact amount 对应 exactly how much,intends to invest 对应 planned to invest。障碍是段末给出 $754 million,且中间提到 doubled spending,极易诱导考生忽视时间标记,把过去研发预算错当作未来总投资。

    数字时间分栏 先在 第7段 把所有数字和时间标签分栏:future planned amount、past five years、2015 budget。然后优先读取题干的 planned investment 对应的首句;该句的 did not say exactly how much 已足以判定正确项。数字越醒目,越要先核验它的时间标签。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

7 个意群的新闻报道骨架

按新闻报道 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 新闻导语:百事公司宣布重大健康转型计划

    这是典型的 news lead,直接抛出 PepsiCo 的 billion-dollar investment plan,说明公司要 reformulate products 来降低 sugar、salt 和 fat 的含量,背景是 consumer demand 和 regulatory pressure 都在 intensify,而 obesity epidemic 正在蔓延

    作为 news report 的 opening paragraph,这个 lead 遵循倒金字塔结构的原则,把最 important information 前置,让读者立即了解 what happened—— PepsiCo 的 major announcement,以及 why it matters——回应 health concerns 和 regulatory environment

    直接陈述投资计划核心内容
  2. 背景补充:公司既往努力与未来目标差距

    这段提供 background context,说明 PepsiCo 其实是 earlier mover,已经 offer products with reduced unhealthy ingredients,甚至 claim 他们的 chips 含盐量比 white bread 还低,但 10-year plan 显示公司 believes 自己 still has a long way to go

    作为 news report 的 background paragraph,这段通过 'However' 这个 transitional word 来 establish contrast——既 acknowledge past efforts 又 emphasize future challenges。这种 contextualization 帮助读者 understand 为什么需要 new plan,同时通过 specific example (chips vs. bread) 来 build credibility

    说明改革起点与目标距离
  3. 行业现状:消费趋势变化与肥胖问题持续

    这段 shift focus 到 broader industry context,指出 eating habits 正在 change,sparkling drinks 的 consumption 出现 sharp drop,这 force 了 radical change on the industry,但很 paradoxical 的是这些 shifts 并未 reflected in obesity levels——美国 obesity rate 仍然高达 36.5%

    作为 news report 的 wider context paragraph,这段通过 'But' 来 introduce a troubling paradox,强化了 why PepsiCo's initiative matters。它从 company-specific 扩展到 industry-wide perspective,然后用 hard data (36.5%) 来 quantify the problem,这种 zooming out 的手法在 news writing 中用来 establish broader significance

    揭示改革必要性的外部环境
  4. 高管表态第一部分:健康产品对公司增长的重要性与肥胖成因分析

    这段引入 key figure—— Indra Nooyi 的 direct quote,她作为 PepsiCo chairman 说明 healthier products plan 对 company growth 很 important,但在 obesity subject 上她 point out 是 consumers' lifestyles 发生了 significant change,很多人更 sedentary 因为在 computers 前花的时间更多,PepsiCo 的 contribution 就是 produce healthier snacks that still taste good

    作为 news report 的 direct quotation paragraph,这段通过 attribution to authority figure 来 add credibility 和 human voice。Nooyi 的话完成两个 functions:justify the business rationale (growth) 同时 contextualize responsibility (lifestyle factors)。这种 quote placement 在 news structure 中用来 provide official perspective 并 balance corporate interests with social issues

    公司领导人对计划的权威解读
  5. 高管表态第二部分:社会习惯改变的必要性与产品改良的突破

    继续 Nooyi 的 quotation,她强调 'Society has to change its habits',acknowledge 公司 can't do much to alter sedentary lifestyles,但能 provide consumers with products that are low in salt, sugar and fat 同时 taste great,而且过去存在 taste trade-off,现在他们正在 break that trade-off

    这段 continue the quotation 来 complete Nooyi's argument——从 problem diagnosis (sedentary lifestyle) 到 PepsiCo's solution (tasty healthy products) 到 innovation claim (breaking trade-off)。在 news structure 中,这种 multi-paragraph quote 用来 preserve the flow of complex argument 同时 maintain readability through paragraph breaks

    说明技术突破解决口味矛盾
  6. 计划依据与环保措施:基于世卫组织指南的多维度目标

    这段回到 reporter's voice,说明 PepsiCo's plan 是 based on WHO guidelines,WHO 上周还 backed using taxes on sparkling drinks 来 reduce sugar consumption。Initiatives 不仅包括 health 方面,还包括 reduce environmental impact、water consumption 和 packaging materials by 2025

    作为 supporting details paragraph,这段通过 cite external authority (WHO) 来 establish legitimacy,同时 expand scope beyond health 到 environmental sustainability。这种 multi-dimensional framing 在 news reports 中用来 show corporate responsibility 的 breadth 并 connect to broader policy discussions (sugar taxes)

    列举计划的权威依据和范围
  7. 投资细节与研发承诺:具体数据与长期战略

    最后这段 address the elephant in the room—— PepsiCo didn't say exactly 要投多少钱,但 quote 另一位 executive Dr Mehmood Khan (chief scientific officer) 说公司 doubled R&D spending in past five years 并 committed to sustaining investment,强调 companies cannot cost-cut their way to increasing sales,然后给出 concrete figure—— 2015 年的 R&D budget 是 $754 million

    作为 news report 的 closing paragraph,这段 address a potential reader question (how much money?) 并用 indirect evidence (past investment trends, specific 2015 figure) 来 provide concrete grounding。引入 second expert voice (Khan) adds technical credibility,而 quote about 'cannot cost-cut' 传达 strategic commitment。这种 ending 在 news structure 中用来 provide financial specificity 并 reinforce seriousness of initiative

    提供投资规模的间接证据
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2018年12月英语四级真题第2套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段核心动作 P1

    新闻报道的 lead paragraph 通常会 present 最重要的 information,这里的 'spend billions' 和 'reformulate' 是 major actions,直接 reveal 了 PepsiCo 的 strategic move,这就是整篇文章的 foundation

  2. 战略时间跨度 P2 P6 P7

    时间 indicators 能帮助判断这是 short-term response 还是 long-term strategic shift。第2段 中的 'new 10-year plan' 表明这不是 isolated action,而是 sustained commitment,这 elevates 事件的 significance 和 newsworthiness

  3. 外部压力驱动 P1 P3 P6

    第1段 中的 'regulatory pressure' 和 'obesity epidemic',以及 第3段 的 'record obesity levels' 说明这个 decision 不是 voluntary 的 goodwill,而是 response to external pressures。这些 contextual factors 解释了 why now,是理解主旨的 crucial background

  4. 高层表态定位 P4 P5

    第4段 和 第5段 中 CEO Indra Nooyi 的 quotes 不仅 confirm 公司的 commitment,还 reveal 一个 nuanced position:acknowledging broader lifestyle factors。这种 balanced view 是主旨的 important dimension,表明公司在 taking responsibility 的同时也 contextualizing limitations

  5. 多维综合判断 P1 P2 P4 P5

    主旨不是单一 element,而是多个 dimensions 的 integration。把 action (reformulation)、scale (billions, 10 years)、context (obesity, regulations) 和 qualification (lifestyle factors) 结合起来,就能准确 capture 文章的 full message。这种 synthesis 避免了 oversimplification

主旨信号词 billions of dollars P1 reformulate P1 regulatory pressure P1 10-year plan P2 obesity epidemic P1 sedentary lifestyles P4

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

百事公司宣布一项重大的十年投资计划,将重新配方产品以减少糖、盐和脂肪含量,以应对消费者对更健康选择的需求以及肥胖率上升带来的监管压力,同时承认更广泛的生活方式因素也导致了健康危机。
PepsiCo announces a major 10-year investment plan to reformulate products with reduced sugar, salt, and fat in response to consumer demand for healthier options and regulatory pressure amid rising obesity rates, while acknowledging broader lifestyle factors contribute to the health crisis.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

5 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • reformulate 重新配方;调整配方

    让我们把这些 clues 串联起来:从 sentence structure 看,reformulate 是针对 existing products 而非 new products;从 morphology 角度,re- prefix 暗示"重新",formula 关联"配方";从 purpose clause 来看,这个动作的 goal 是 lower sugar, salt and fat。三条线索共同指向一个清晰的meaning:重新调整现有产品的配方,使其更健康。

    结构对比定范围+构词拆解缩范围+修饰语锁定义
  • intensify 加剧;增强;变得更激烈

    综合这三条 clues:从 collocation 看,intensifies 描述 pressure 的 trend;从 morphology 分析,intense + -ify 构成"使强烈化";从 logical context 判断,obesity crisis 必然导致监管加强。三重证据收敛于同一个 meaning:变得更强烈、更激烈。

    词根词缀推基本义+搭配验证+逻辑确认方向
  • sparkling 起泡的;碳酸的(指饮料)

    整合这些 evidence:从 health policy perspective,sparkling drinks 是 sugar-reduction targets;从 product category 看,这包括 PepsiCo 的 mainstream products;从 word itself 分析,sparkle 的 visual quality 对应 carbonated beverages 的气泡特征。三条线索指向同一个 specific product type:碳酸饮料,也就是汽水。

    语境定类别+基本义具象化+文内互证
  • trade-off 权衡;取舍;(为获得某物而作出的)牺牲

    让我们连接这些 threads:从 sentence structure 看,trade-off 是个需要被打破的 constraint;从 specific context 看,它指 taste 与 health 之间的不可兼得;从 word formation 看,trade + off 本身就暗示"交换性的放弃"。三条线索共同描绘出一个清晰的 concept:为了得到某个好处而必须放弃另一个好处的两难选择。

    拆解复合词+定位对立面+判断态度
  • sedentary 久坐不动的;缺乏运动的

    综合这些 contextual clues:从 immediate explanation 看,sedentary 对应长时间坐在电脑前;从 business logic 看,这是 food companies 无法解决的 obesity contributor;从 causal relationship 看,它是导致肥胖的 lifestyle factor。三重证据都指向同一个 lifestyle characteristic:缺乏运动、久坐不动。

    同位例证初定义+论证链验证+主题一致性检验
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 数据引用

    P3 P7

    文章中引用了 specific figures 来 establish credibility,比如 obesity rate 达到 36.5% in the US,还有 PepsiCo 的 R&D budget 在 2015 年是 $754 million。这些 concrete numbers 让 the severity of the obesity epidemic 和 company's commitment 变得 tangible and convincing,强化了 reformulation plan 的 urgency 和 strategic importance,让读者感受到这不是 empty promise 而是 backed by real investment。

    信号词 stand at reach account for amount to total register hit climb to according to statistics show data reveal figures indicate

    仿写: 写作时要 identify key metrics that matter most to your argument,然后 present them at strategic points。比如当你要 emphasize a problem's scale 时,可以说 'The issue has reached X%' 而不是 'The issue is serious'。当展示 corporate commitment 时,用 'invested $X million' 比 'significant investment' 更有 impact。仿写模版:'According to [source], [specific metric] has reached [exact number/percentage], demonstrating [implication]' 或者 '[Organization]'s [initiative] budget stands at [precise figure], reflecting [strategic priority]'。

  • 引语运用

    P4 P5

    文章直接 quote PepsiCo chairman Indra Nooyi 的 original words,包括 'Society has to change its habits' 和对 taste trade-off 的评论。这种 direct quotation 给 news report 带来 authoritative voice 和 authenticity,让读者 directly access the company leader's perspective。通过 Nooyi's words,文章既展示了 corporate stance on health responsibility,又 acknowledge broader societal factors,这种 balanced presentation 通过 her own language 显得更 credible 且 nuanced。

    信号词 said added pointed out stated noted explained commented remarked emphasized acknowledged claimed argued according to

    仿写: 选择 quotes 时要 prioritize statements that reveal policy direction、acknowledge challenges 或 express commitment。避免 quote mundane facts,而应该 capture the speaker's distinctive voice or controversial stance。在结构上,先 provide context 再 introduce the quote,比如 'On the subject of [issue], [person] pointed out that...'。引语后可以 add brief analysis 来 connect it back to the main theme。仿写模版:'[Name], [title], said [policy statement]. "[Direct quote showing reasoning or commitment]," [he/she] added' 或者 'Addressing [concern], [official] stated: "[Quote acknowledging complexity while asserting position]."'

  • 对比手法

    P3 P5

    文章通过 'in the past' vs. current situation 的 temporal contrast 展现 product development 的 breakthrough。'In the past we had to have a taste trade-off. But we're breaking that trade-off' 这个 before-and-after structure 突出了 technological advancement 和 innovation's significance。这种 rhetorical contrast 不仅 highlight progress,还 address potential consumer concern about healthy products tasting bad,从而 strengthen the persuasiveness of PepsiCo's healthier product initiative。

    信号词 but however yet while whereas in contrast on the other hand conversely in the past previously now currently although despite

    仿写: 构建 contrast 时要选择 meaningful dimensions to compare,确保 the difference is substantial enough to be newsworthy。使用 clear transition words like 'however'、'but'、'while' 来 signal the shift。可以对比 temporal states (then vs. now)、expectations vs. outcomes、company claims vs. external data 等。要让 contrast serve your main point 而不是 distract from it。仿写模版:'In the past, [previous limitation]. But [current achievement], demonstrating [significance]' 或者 'While [one party/situation] [action/state], [contrasting party/situation] [opposite action/state], highlighting [disparity or change]'。

  • 背景交代

    P1 P3

    文章在 opening paragraph 就 establish the context,说明 PepsiCo's plan 是 'as consumers demand healthier options and regulatory pressure intensifies amid an obesity epidemic'。这种 scene-setting 为整个 story 提供了 necessary framework,让读者理解 why this corporate initiative matters now。通过 link the company action to broader trends (consumer demand, regulation, public health crisis),这个 contextual framing 把 corporate PR announcement 转化为 newsworthy story with societal relevance。

    信号词 as amid against the backdrop of in the context of following in response to driven by prompted by due to given with in light of

    仿写: 构建 background context 时要 identify the external factors driving the story——market trends、regulatory changes、social movements 等。用 'as' 或 'amid' 这样的 subordinating conjunctions 来 efficiently link actions to their context。要 balance specificity with conciseness;provide enough context to be informative but not so much that it overshadows the main news。仿写模版:'[Organization] is to [action] as [external pressure/trend] and [additional factor], [providing consequence or rationale]' 或者 '[Action] comes amid [broader context], reflecting [significance or trend]'。

  • 客观描述

    P1 P2 P6 P7

    文章在 reporting PepsiCo's actions 时用 neutral, factual language 比如 'PepsiCo is to spend billions'、'The maker of Mountain Dew'、'Initiatives also include efforts to reduce'。这种 objective presentation style 避免了 evaluative adjectives,让 facts speak for themselves。通过 straightforward reporting of what the company plans to do,without editorializing whether it's good or bad,文章 maintains journalistic credibility 并让 readers form their own judgments based on presented information。

    信号词 is to plans to will includes involves comprises consists of aims to intends to focuses on based on according to

    仿写: Practice objective description by using action verbs that denote observable behaviors rather than interpretive verbs that include judgment。Replace 'the company claims' with 'the company states';use 'plans to' instead of 'promises to'。Focus on what can be verified——actions taken、statements made、data published。When mentioning company initiatives,list specific measures rather than characterizing them as 'impressive' or 'insufficient'。仿写模版:'[Organization] is to [specific action verb] [concrete object/goal], [providing technical details or scope]' 或者 '[Initiative] includes [enumerated specific measures], [stating timeframe or target]'。

  • 设问引导

    P2 P4

    虽然文章没有 explicit questions,但它通过 addressing implicit concerns 实现了 question-answering structure。比如 'PepsiCo claims a packet of its chips now contains less salt than a slice of white bread' 这句 anticipate readers' skepticism about 'healthy' chips,通过 concrete comparison 回答了 unspoken question 'How much healthier are these products really?'。这种 preemptive addressing of potential doubts 增强了 article's persuasiveness,因为它 acknowledge and resolve concerns before readers fully form them。

    信号词 claims however but in fact actually for example specifically demonstrating showing that proving evidence suggests to illustrate

    仿写: 要运用这个 technique,先 identify potential reader concerns or skepticism about your topic。然后 structure information to address these questions in logical order。可以用 'however' 来 pivot to addressing concerns,或用 comparison structures 来 provide concrete answers。不需要 explicitly state questions;instead,present information that naturally resolves doubts。仿写模版:'[Make claim]. [Provide specific example or comparison that substantiates the claim], demonstrating [how it addresses potential skepticism]' 或者 'While [acknowledge concern], [provide counter-evidence or explanation], showing [resolution]'。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

6 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • PepsiCo改革力度仍显不足

    P2
    However, its new 10-year plan makes clear it believes it still has a long way to go.

    让步类 still has a long way to go however but yet although while despite

    这个 implication 的言外之意 underlying meaning 是:尽管 despite PepsiCo 声称 claim 自己是 industry pioneer 行业先行者,但它自己承认 admit 当前的健康化努力 health-oriented efforts 还远远不够 far from sufficient。这对文章主旨 article theme 的作用 function 是双重的 dual:一方面 on one hand 证明 demonstrate 公司意识到 aware of 问题严重性 problem severity,另一方面 on the other hand 暗示 imply 之前的改革 previous reforms 可能只是表面功夫 superficial effort,为后文 pave the way for 介绍新的 10 年计划 10-year plan 的必要性 necessity 和紧迫性 urgency 做铺垫 lay groundwork。

  • 行业努力未能遏制肥胖危机

    P3
    But those shifts have yet to be reflected in record obesity levels, which stand at 36.5% overall in the US.

    转折类 But those shifts have yet to be reflected in but however yet have yet to nevertheless still

    这个 implication 的深层含义 deeper meaning 是:整个行业 entire industry 的健康化转型 health transformation 在公共健康危机 public health crisis 面前显得苍白无力 pale and powerless,改变 changes 停留在产品层面 product level 而未触及 fail to address 根本问题 root cause。这对主旨 main theme 的价值 value 在于提供现实语境 realistic context:它解释 explain 为什么 why PepsiCo 需要投入 invest 数十亿美元 billions of dollars,因为仅靠 relying solely on 产品微调 product tweaking 无法解决 cannot solve 系统性问题 systemic problem。这个言外之意 subtext 也为后文 set the stage for Nooyi 将责任 responsibility 部分转移到 shift to 消费者生活方式 consumer lifestyle 的论述 argument 埋下伏笔 foreshadow。

  • 企业试图转移肥胖责任

    P4
    But on the subject of obesity, she pointed out that consumers' lifestyles have changed significantly, with many people being more sedentary not least because more time is spent in front of computers.

    转折类 But on the subject of obesity, she pointed out but on the subject of however, when it comes to but regarding pointed out noted that emphasized that

    这个 subtext 的言外之意 unspoken message 是:PepsiCo chairman 试图将 attempt to shift 肥胖责任 obesity blame 从食品公司 food companies 转移到 transfer to 消费者个人 individual consumers 的生活方式 lifestyle choices。这种defensive strategy 防御策略对文章主旨 article thesis 产生微妙影响 subtle impact:它揭示 reveal 即使 even when 企业宣布 announce 大规模改革计划 large-scale reform plan,管理层 management 仍然 still 不愿完全承担 fully accept 产品与健康危机 health crisis 之间的因果责任 causal responsibility。这个矛盾 contradiction 增强 strengthen 了报道的批判维度 critical dimension,让读者 reader 质疑 question 企业改革的诚意 reform sincerity 和彻底性 thoroughness。

  • 企业能力边界的自我设限

    P5
    We can't do much to alter sedentary lifestyles, but we can provide consumers with great-tasting products, low in salt, sugar and fat.

    模糊限制语 We can't do much to alter can't do much limited to some extent hardly barely little we can do

    此处 here 的言外之意 implication 是:PepsiCo 通过宣称 by claiming 无法改变 cannot change 久坐生活方式 sedentary lifestyles,巧妙地 cleverly 将解决肥胖问题 solving obesity 的主要责任 primary responsibility 推给社会 push to society 和个人 individuals,同时 while 将自己定位为 position itself as 仅负责 only responsible for 产品改良 product improvement 的辅助角色 supporting role。这对主旨 theme 的作用 function 是揭示 expose 企业改革的局限性 reform limitations:投资数十亿 investing billions 看似 seems 雄心勃勃 ambitious,但企业实际上 actually 只愿在自己comfortable zone 舒适区(产品配方 product formulation)内行动 act,回避 avoid 更深层的系统性变革 systemic change 如营销策略 marketing strategies、产品定位 product positioning 等。这种保守立场 conservative stance 削弱 undermine 了改革计划的可信度 credibility。

  • 世卫组织立场支持加税措施

    P6
    PepsiCo's plan for its foods and drinks is based on guidelines from the World Health Organisation, which last week backed using taxes on sparkling drinks to reduce sugar consumption.

    补充说明类 which last week backed using taxes which who whose where when that

    这里的 subtext 言外之意是:虽然 although PepsiCo 声称 claims 遵循 follow WHO 指导方针 guidelines,但 WHO 实际上 actually 支持更严厉的干预手段 harsher intervention—对含糖饮料 sugary drinks 征税 taxation,这与 contrasts with PepsiCo 的自愿改良路线 voluntary improvement approach 形成鲜明对比 sharp contrast。对主旨 main theme 而言,这个细节 detail 增加批判层次 adds critical layer:它暗示 implies 国际卫生权威 international health authority 认为 believes 企业自律 corporate self-regulation 不够 insufficient,需要政府强制措施 government coercion。这质疑 questions PepsiCo 投资计划 investment plan 的充分性 adequacy,并预示 foreshadows 未来可能面临 may face 更严格监管环境 stricter regulatory environment。

  • 投资金额的刻意模糊

    P7
    PepsiCo did not say exactly how much it planned to invest to reach its goals.

    否定类 did not say exactly how much did not say refused to disclose declined to specify would not reveal failed to provide avoided mentioning

    这个 implication 的言外之意 underlying message 是:PepsiCo 号称 professes 将投入数十亿美元 invest billions,但拒绝 refuses 透露准确金额 precise amount,这种模糊性 vagueness 削弱 undermines 承诺的可验证性 commitment verifiability 和严肃性 seriousness。对文章主旨 article theme 的价值 value 在于:它与开头 opening 的'数十亿美元 billions of dollars'形成前后呼应 echo,开头用模糊的大数字 vague large number 制造印象 create impression,此处揭示 here reveals 这可能只是公关话术 PR rhetoric 而非实质承诺 substantive commitment。后面给出 subsequently providing 2015 年研发预算 R&D budget($754 million)作为参照 reference,暗示 suggests 记者 journalist 在用有限信息 limited information 帮读者 help readers 估算 estimate 和质疑 question 企业的真实投入意愿 genuine investment willingness。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:客观中立

结论先行:本文作者态度为客观中立( Cautiously optimistic with measured skepticism)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 开篇语气识别法 P1

    News reports 新闻报道的 opening 开篇通常会 reveal 透露 author's stance 作者立场,如果只是 state company's action 陈述公司行动而没有 immediate evaluation 即时评价,说明作者倾向 objective reporting 客观报道

  2. 转折词平衡术 P2 P3

    记者使用 'However' 和 'But' 这类 transition words 过渡词来 juxtapose 并置 company's claims 公司声称和 reality check 现实核查,显示出 critical distance 批判距离但不是 outright dismissal 彻底否定,这是 balanced reporting 平衡报道的 hallmark 标志

  3. 多元证据呈现 P3 P4 P6 P7

    文章既 cite 引用了 obesity rates 肥胖率的 hard data 硬数据 (36.5%),也 include 包含了 CEO's perspective CEO视角,还 mention 提到了 WHO guidelines WHO指南,这种 multi-source approach 多源方法表明作者在 construct a complete picture 构建完整画面而非 push agenda 推动议程

  4. 结尾收束检验 P6 P7

    最后两段继续 report factual details 报道事实细节 (investment figures 投资数字、R&D spending 研发支出),没有 shift to persuasive mode 转向说服模式,保持了 consistent reporting stance 一致的报道立场

  5. 整体基调综合判断 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

    作者的 cautiously optimistic 谨慎乐观体现在 acknowledge 承认 PepsiCo's initiatives PepsiCo的举措 ('doubled R&D spending' 研发支出翻倍),measured skepticism 适度质疑体现在 highlight 强调 ongoing challenges 持续挑战 ('yet to be reflected in record obesity levels' 尚未反映在创纪录的肥胖水平上)。这种 duality 双重性正是 responsible reporting 负责任报道的 essence 本质

文中的态度信号词

  • claims P2

    'Claims' 这个 reporting verb 报道动词在 journalism 新闻业中是 neutral attribution marker 中性归属标记,它 distance 使距离 the author 作者 from the statement 陈述,表明这是 company's assertion 公司的断言而非 verified fact 核实事实,体现 journalistic caution 新闻谨慎

    同类词 says states asserts maintains contends

  • However P2

    'However' 作为 adversative conjunction 转折连词,在此 introduce 引入了 counterpoint 对立点,表明作者在 present 呈现 company's positive spin 公司的正面说辞后,立即 provide reality check 提供现实检验,这是 balanced reporting 平衡报道的 textbook example 教科书范例

    同类词 But Yet Nevertheless Nonetheless Still

  • forced P3

    'Forced' 这个 passive construction 被动结构 suggest 暗示 industry 行业是 responding to external pressure 回应外部压力而非 voluntary initiative 自愿举措,作者通过这个 word choice 词汇选择 subtly contextualize 微妙地情境化 the changes 变化,但没有 explicitly judge 明确判断好坏

    同类词 compelled driven pressured pushed obliged

  • yet to be reflected P3

    这个 phrase 短语 highlight 突出了 disconnect 脱节 between industry efforts 行业努力和 health outcomes 健康结果,作者用 factual language 事实性语言 ('36.5% overall') 来 support 支撑这个 observation 观察,而不是用 inflammatory terms 煽动性术语,保持 analytical distance 分析距离

    同类词 have not translated into remain disconnected from fail to show in are absent from

  • pointed out P4

    'Pointed out' 是 neutral reporting verb 中性报道动词,作者用它来 introduce 引入 CEO's explanation CEO的解释而不 endorse 背书或 challenge 挑战,让 quote speak for itself 引语自己说话,这是 objective journalism 客观新闻的 core technique 核心技巧

    同类词 noted observed indicated mentioned remarked

  • contribution P4

    作者 quote 引用 CEO 用 'contribution' 这个 modest term 谦虚术语来 describe 描述 company's role 公司角色,而不是 'solution' 或 'responsibility',通过 preserving 保留这个 word choice 词汇选择,记者 allow 允许 nuanced perspective 细微观点 to emerge 浮现

    同类词 role part effort input share

  • did not say exactly P7

    这个 phrase 短语 explicitly acknowledge 明确承认 information gap 信息缺口,作者 transparent 透明地 inform 告知 readers 读者 about limitations 局限性 of the reporting 报道的,而不是 pretend 假装 to have complete information 拥有完整信息,这是 journalistic integrity 新闻诚信

    同类词 declined to specify did not disclose remained vague on offered no details about

  • committed to sustaining P7

    作者 report 报道这个 commitment phrase 承诺短语时保持 neutral framing 中性框架,既不用 'impressively committed' 也不用 'merely claims to commit',让 readers evaluate 读者评估 the statement's credibility 声明的可信度 based on context 基于语境

    同类词 pledged to continue vowed to maintain promised to uphold dedicated to ongoing

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇新闻报道

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇新闻报道?

  1. 首段直陈事件 P1

    议论文的 opening 通常是提出一个 debatable issue 或者 author's viewpoint,说明文则是介绍一个 concept 或 phenomenon。而这篇文章的 第1段 直接说 PepsiCo is to spend billions,这是典型的 newsworthy event reporting,有明确的 agent(PepsiCo)和 action(spend money to reformulate products)。

  2. 高频引语归属 P4 P5 P7

    第4段 和 第5段 出现了 Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo chairman, said...,还有她的 direct quotation 'Society has to change its habits'。议论文很少会这样引用,因为作者想表达自己的 argument;说明文更不会,因为重点是 explaining mechanisms 而非 reporting statements。只有新闻报道会如此频繁地使用 attributed quotes 来 present different perspectives。

  3. 密集具体数据 P1 P2 P3 P6 P7

    文中出现了大量 hard data:10-year plan, 36.5% obesity levels in the US, $754 million R&D budget in 2015, targets by 2025。这些 specific numbers 是 news reporting 的典型特征,因为新闻需要 concrete evidence。议论文可能会用 statistics 作为 supporting evidence,但不会像新闻这样密集;说明文的数字通常是 illustrative examples,而非 recent specific data。

  4. 这篇文章完美展现了 inverted pyramid:第1段 是 most newsworthy element(公司的 major investment plan),第2段-3 提供 industry context 和 background,第4段-5 是 key figure's perspective,第6段-7 补充 implementation details 和 financial specifics。如果是议论文,会采用 thesis-arguments-conclusion 的 logical progression;如果是说明文,会按 definition-classification-illustration 展开。只有新闻采用这种 front-loaded structure。

  5. 将前述四个判断维度整合,形成一个 holistic assessment。单一特征可能 misleading,但当 event-based lead, quotation-heavy content, data-rich reporting, 和 inverted structure 这四者 converge 时,genre identification 就变得非常 reliable。这篇文章在所有四个维度上都表现出典型的 journalistic characteristics,所以可以 definitively 归类为新闻报道。

哪些词暴露了新闻报道体裁?

  • PepsiCo P1 具体企业主体词 The maker of Mountain Dew and Gatorade the company the industry
  • is to spend P1 未来动作宣告词 has been makes clear have forced said pointed out
  • Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo chairman, said P4 权威人士引述词 she pointed out she added She said Dr Mehmood Khan, chief scientific officer, said
  • last week P6 近期时间标记词 in the past five years in 2015 by 2025 new 10-year plan
  • did not say exactly how much P7 信息限制说明词 did not say exactly However But claims was $754 million
  • obesity epidemic P1 社会背景词 regulatory pressure intensifies record obesity levels, which stand at 36.5% overall in the US consumers demand healthier options Shifting eating habits
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FAQ · 常见问题

关于 《百事公司发起了耗资数十亿美元的健康计划》 的常见问题

2018年12月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section C (2) 文章 PepsiCo launches multibillion-dollar health drive 的原文出自哪里?
2018年12月英语四级真题第2套 Part III Section C (2) 文章 PepsiCo launches multibillion-dollar health drive 选自2016年10月17日发表在 www.ft.com(《金融时报》官网)上的一篇标题为“PepsiCo launches multibillion-dollar health drive”(《百事公司发起了耗资数十亿美元的健康计划》)的文章。
2018年12月英语四级真题第2套文章《百事公司发起了耗资数十亿美元的健康计划》的主旨是什么?
百事公司宣布一项重大的十年投资计划,将重新配方产品以减少糖、盐和脂肪含量,以应对消费者对更健康选择的需求以及肥胖率上升带来的监管压力,同时承认更广泛的生活方式因素也导致了健康危机。(英文表述:PepsiCo announces a major 10-year investment plan to reformulate products with reduced sugar, salt, and fat in response to consumer demand for healthier options and regulatory pressure amid rising obesity rates, while acknowledging broader lifestyle factors contribute to the health crisis.)
PepsiCo launches multibillion-dollar health drive(2018年12月英语四级真题第2套文章)是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为新闻报道,作者立场是客观中立(Cautiously optimistic with measured skepticism)。CEFR 难度 C1,全文 350 词、7 段;在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中,C1 级共 163 篇(占 32%)。
2018年12月英语四级真题第2套文章《百事公司发起了耗资数十亿美元的健康计划》的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 7 段按新闻报道骨架分为 7 个意群:第1段——新闻导语:百事公司宣布重大健康转型计划;第2段——背景补充:公司既往努力与未来目标差距;第3段——行业现状:消费趋势变化与肥胖问题持续;第4段——高管表态第一部分:健康产品对公司增长的重要性与肥胖成因分析;第5段——高管表态第二部分:社会习惯改变的必要性与产品改良的突破;第6段——计划依据与环保措施:基于世卫组织指南的多维度目标;第7段——投资细节与研发承诺:具体数据与长期战略。
PepsiCo launches multibillion-dollar health drive 一文的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是客观中立(Cautiously optimistic with measured skepticism)。判断路径:开篇语气识别法 → 转折词平衡术 → 多元证据呈现 → 结尾收束检验 → 整体基调综合判断;文中的态度信号词包括 claims(第2段)、However(第2段)、forced(第3段)、yet to be reflected(第3段)、pointed out(第4段)、contribution(第4段)、did not say exactly(第7段)、committed to sustaining(第7段)。
2018年12月英语四级真题第2套文章 PepsiCo launches multibillion-dollar health drive 中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 5 个:reformulate(重新配方;调整配方)、intensify(加剧;增强;变得更激烈)、sparkling(起泡的;碳酸的(指饮料))、trade-off(权衡;取舍;(为获得某物而作出的)牺牲)、sedentary(久坐不动的;缺乏运动的),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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