2019年12月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A 11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body
CET-4 · 来自 2019年12月英语四级真题第3套 · Part III Section A · 完形填空(选词填空)

11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body

《乘飞机旅行对身体的 11种影响》 —— 2019年12月英语四级真题第3套文章逐层精读

本文选自 2019年3 月19 日发表在 www.thehealthy.com(健康网站)上的一篇标题为"11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body"(《乘飞机旅行对身体的 11种影响》的文章。

本页是 2019年12月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 248 词、4 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%),作者立场为「客观中立」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2019年12月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A 的完形填空(选词填空)原文,共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body

Millions of people travel by plane every single day. If you're planning on being one of them soon, you might not be looking forward to the unpleasant feeling air travel often leaves you with.

Besides the airport crowds and stress, travelling at a high altitude has real effects on the body. Although the pressure of the cabin is adjusted to prevent altitude sickness, you could still experience sleepiness or a headache. The lower oxygen pressure found in an aircraft cabin is equivalent to that at 6,000-8,000 feet of altitude. A drop in oxygen pressure can cause headaches in certain individuals. To help prevent headaches, drink plenty of water, and avoid alcohol and coffee.

Airplane food might not really be as tasteless as you originally thought. The air you breathe in a plane dries out your mouth and nose, which can affect your sense of taste. Perception of sweet and salty foods dropped by almost 30 percent in a simulation of air travel. However, you can make your taste buds active again by drinking water. A dry mouth may reduce taste sensitivity, but taste is restored by drinking fluids.

Although in-flight infections thrive in dry environments like airplanes, your risk of getting sick from an airplane is actually low because of the air filters used. Unless you're sitting next to someone who is coughing or sneezing, you shouldn't worry too much about getting sick. However, bacteria have been shown to live on cabin surfaces, so wash your hands frequently.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2019年12月英语四级真题第3套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Common Discomfort of Air Travel

    Air travel is common but often produces unpleasant physical effects.

    本段在全文中承担 introduction 的作用,先说明航空旅行与普通人密切相关,再提出飞行可能造成不适这一总问题。后面三个段落分别解释 oxygen pressure、dry air 和 infection risk,因此本段为全文的结构展开提供了 topic frame。

    从普遍背景转向身体不适
  2. P2

    Cabin Pressure and Headaches

    Lower oxygen pressure in aircraft cabins can cause headaches and other discomforts, which may be reduced through proper hydration and avoiding certain drinks.

    本段具体展开全文所说的 physiological effects,首先说明 altitude-related condition,再说明 headache 等身体反应,最后给出 prevention advice。它在全文中建立了典型的 cause-effect-solution 模式,为后面两个段落的说明方式提供了结构上的参照。

    低氧压力导致头痛并提出补水建议
  3. P3

    Why Airplane Food Tastes Different

    Dry cabin air can diminish taste perception, but drinking water can restore taste sensitivity.

    本段从身体影响的另一个维度说明飞行体验,即 taste perception,而不是上一段的 oxygen-related discomfort。它进一步证明 airplane environment 会影响人体感官,并通过 drinking water 给出简单的 mitigation strategy,从而服务于全文关于飞行生理影响及应对方法的总主旨。

    干燥空气削弱味觉,饮水恢复敏感度
  4. P4

    Infection Risks on Airplanes

    Although aircraft filters keep the overall infection risk low, close contact and contaminated surfaces still require caution and frequent handwashing.

    本段完成全文对 air travel effects 的第三方面说明,即 infection concerns。它不像前两段那样直接强调一种身体症状,而是通过 risk、protection 和 hygiene advice 说明飞行中的健康问题。该段进一步完善文章的总主旨,告诉读者既不必过度担忧,也不能忽视具体的 preventive actions。

    过滤系统降低风险但仍要防范接触传播
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2019年12月英语四级真题第3套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 planning to travel by plane soon concern

    What concern is suggested for people planning to travel by plane soon?

    • A They are certain to develop altitude sickness during the flight.
    • B They need to take flights every day to avoid discomfort.
    • C They may expect air travel to leave them with an unpleasant feeling.
    • D They will be able to avoid airport crowds completely.
    • E They have already caught an infection on an airplane.
    • F They should expect their flights to be cancelled.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    该项准确保留了 may 的不确定语气,并把 air travel often leaves you with 改写为 expect air travel to leave them with。它既没有把 unpleasant feeling 擅自具体化为 headache、infection 等后文现象,也没有把 often 夸大为必然发生。障碍在于题干用 concern 要求概括,而正确项使用 expect 与 unpleasant feeling 完成同义转述;考生必须识别这种“原文结果表达”到“选项心理预期”的转换。

    语气保真筛选 时间极紧时,直接用题干中的 planning、plane、soon 三个连续信号跳至 第1段,不必通读全文。随后采用“语气保真”法:只比较各项是否保留 may、often 所表达的非绝对预期,并排除带 certain、already、completely 的选项;语气与结果关系同时保真的正确项即可确定。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 prevent headaches alcohol and coffee

    What should air travelers do to help prevent headaches?

    • A They should drink less water before and during the flight.
    • B They should consume more alcohol and coffee.
    • C They should rely on adjusted cabin pressure to eliminate all headaches.
    • D They should drink plenty of water and avoid alcohol and coffee.
    • E They should sleep whenever a headache begins.
    • F They should wait until landing before drinking any water.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    该项完整复现了建议句的两个并列部分:drink plenty of water 与 avoid alcohol and coffee。它既保留了 water 的数量限定 plenty of,也保留了 avoid 对两类饮品的共同支配关系。命题障碍在于 water 还出现在味觉段落中,而 alcohol and coffee 只出现在头痛预防建议中;考生需要依据 prevent headaches 的目的关系,而不是看到 water 就跨段误选。

    祈使动词对齐 时间紧张时,用 prevent headaches 直接定位 第2段 的目的标记 To help,不必重新分析前面的 altitude 数值。随后采用“祈使动词对齐”法,只读取该句的两个 action verbs 及其宾语,再检查正确项是否同时保留两个动作的方向和并列范围;任何反转动词或绝对化结果都立即排除。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 simulation of air travel sweet and salty foods

    What did a simulation of air travel reveal about the perception of sweet and salty foods?

    • A Their perception increased by almost 30 percent.
    • B Only their perception of salty foods was reduced.
    • C The taste of airplane food became completely tasteless.
    • D Drinking water reduced taste sensitivity by 30 percent.
    • E Their perception dropped by almost 30 percent.
    • F The perception of all foods remained unchanged.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    该项准确压缩了原文的 Perception of sweet and salty foods dropped by almost 30 percent,保留了 dropped 的下降方向、almost 的近似程度和 30 percent 的数据核心。障碍在于题干问 perception,许多考生会凭 airplane food tasteless 的常识误以为食品本身变差;正确项严格说明变化的是人的感知,而不是食物质量。

    数据三格校验 直接以题干中最稀缺的 simulation 跳至 第3段,锁住同一句中的动词和数字,不必阅读段落其余句子。随后执行“数据三格校验”:在草稿上快速标记方向、幅度、范围;正确项必须三格全同,其他选项只要有一格变成 increase、exactly、only 或 all 就排除。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 risk of getting sick actually low

    Why is the risk of getting sick from an airplane actually low?

    • A Dry cabin environments prevent infections from spreading.
    • B Bacteria cannot live on cabin surfaces.
    • C All passengers wash their hands frequently.
    • D Cabin pressure removes all harmful bacteria from the air.
    • E Passengers are never seated near people who are coughing or sneezing.
    • F Air filters used on airplanes reduce the risk of infection.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    该项把 because of the air filters used 的原因结构转换为 filters reduce the risk of infection,因果关系、对象和方向均与原文一致。它没有否认 bacteria can live on cabin surfaces,也没有把“不与咳嗽者相邻”误写成普遍的系统性原因。障碍在于段首的 dry environments 和 infections thrive 容易造成负面首因效应,但 actually 与 because of 才界定作者的最终解释。

    转折后抓因果 先用 actually low 在 第4段 直接寻找与其相邻的 because of,而不是从 infections 或 bacteria 开始逐句读。随后使用“转折后因果优先”法:忽略 although 引导的让步背景,锁定 because of 后的名词性原因;能把该原因改写成“降低风险”的正确项即为答案。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引入话题:飞行旅行的普遍性与不适感

    这个 opening paragraph 通过描述 millions of people 每天 travel by plane 的 common scenario,naturally 引出了 air travel 会带来 unpleasant feeling 这个 central issue,为后文 explain 具体的 physiological effects 做好 preparation。

    这个 introductory section 的 function 是 establish context 并 arouse reader interest,通过 relate to 读者的 personal experience(planning a trip),让他们意识到需要 understand 接下来要 explain 的 air travel effects。

    提出问题
  2. 具体说明一:高海拔对身体的影响

    这个 explanatory section 聚焦于 first specific effect,detailed 地 explain 了 high altitude 如何 cause lower oxygen pressure,进而 lead to headaches 和 sleepiness,同时 provide practical solutions like drinking water 和 avoiding alcohol。

    作为 first body paragraph,它 demonstrate 主旨中提到的 physiological effects 的 first instance,通过 scientific explanation(oxygen pressure equivalent to 6,000-8,000 feet)和 practical advice 的 combination,让 abstract concept 变得 concrete and actionable。

    解释首个生理效应
  3. 具体说明二:干燥空气对味觉的影响

    这个 parallel section explain 了 second physiological effect,揭示 airplane food 为什么 seem tasteless 的 scientific reason:dry air 导致 mouth and nose 变干,使 perception of sweet and salty foods drop by 30 percent,并 suggest drinking water 来 restore taste sensitivity。

    这个 section 继续 elaborate 主旨的 core content,通过 explain taste perception changes 这个 relatable phenomenon,进一步 illustrate how air travel affects body functions,并 maintain 了 problem-explanation-solution 的 consistent pattern。

    解释第二个生理效应
  4. 具体说明三:感染风险的实际情况

    这个 final explanatory section address 第三个 physiological concern,clarify 了 infection risk 的 actual level:虽然 dry environments 可能 favor infections,但 air filters 使 actual risk 相当 low,除非 sit next to someone coughing,不过仍需 wash hands frequently 因为 bacteria 可能 exist on surfaces。

    作为 last body paragraph,它 complete 了对 air travel physiological effects 的 comprehensive explanation,并且这个 section 的 reassuring tone(risk is actually low)在 provide information 的同时 ease reader concerns,体现了说明文 both inform and guide 的 dual purpose。

    解释第三个生理效应
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2019年12月英语四级真题第3套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段定位话题与读者 P1

    说明文的 opening paragraph 通常会 establish the context 和 introduce the main subject,这篇文章 第1段 就明确了 air travel 这个 topic 和 millions of travelers 这个 audience,同时用 unpleasant feeling 暗示后文会 explain 具体的 effects

  2. 各段首句提取分论点 P2 P3 P4

    说明文的 body paragraphs 会 elaborate on different aspects of the main topic。第2段 关注 pressure and oxygen effects,第3段 讨论 taste perception,第4段 涉及 infection risks。这些 parallel structures 共同构成对 air travel effects 的 comprehensive explanation

  3. 因果语言定性文体 P2 P3 P4

    这篇文章大量使用 explanatory verbs 和 causal connectors,如 'has real effects'、'can cause'、'can affect'、'dropped by',这些 linguistic features 表明文章的 purpose 是 explain mechanisms 而非 persuade readers。同时配合 practical advice(如 'drink plenty of water')强化了 informative nature

  4. 多段信息综合主题 P2 P3 P4

    虽然三个 body paragraphs 讨论不同的 effects on the body,但它们的 common thread 是:air travel 对 human body 的 various impacts 以及相应的 mitigation strategies。这个 recurring pattern 揭示了文章的 overarching purpose:comprehensive explanation of air travel's bodily effects

  5. 全文要素提炼主旨 P1 P2 P3 P4

    这个 synthesis step 将前面四个步骤的 findings 整合成 coherent main idea。从 第1段 的 general context 到 body paragraphs 的 specific effects,从 explanatory language 的 textual evidence 到 recurring advice pattern 的 structural clue,所有 elements 都 converge 到同一个 central message:comprehensive explanation of air travel's bodily impacts with solutions

主旨信号词 effects P2 can cause P2 However P3 to help prevent P2

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

这篇说明文解释了空中旅行对人体的生理影响,包括氧压降低导致头痛、干燥空气使味觉减退以及感染风险,同时提供了减轻这些飞行不适的实用建议。
This expository article explains the physiological effects of air travel on the human body, including reduced oxygen pressure causing headaches, diminished taste perception due to dry air, and infection risks, while offering practical advice to mitigate these discomforts during flights.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • altitude 海拔高度

    我们来串联一下这些 clues。首先,travelling at a high altitude 会引发身体不适,需要调节 cabin pressure 来预防 altitude sickness;其次,aircraft cabin 的 oxygen pressure 相当于 6,000-8,000 feet of altitude;最后,altitude 可以被 high 修饰。将这三条线索结合:它是一个用 feet 度量的、能被 high 修饰的、与 oxygen pressure 相关的物理量。飞机在飞行时处于什么状态?在空中,距离地面有一定的垂直距离。这个垂直距离越大,oxygen pressure 越 low,人就越容易产生 sickness。

    物理量三要素定位法
  • equivalent 相当于,等同于

    让我们整合这些 evidence。从 sentence structure 看,equivalent 用在 is equivalent to 结构中,连接 aircraft cabin 的 oxygen pressure 和某个 altitude 的 pressure;从 word formation 看,equi- 表示"相等";从 rhetorical purpose 看,作者是在建立两个不同 scenarios 之间的对应关系,让 readers 更容易理解飞机内的 oxygen level。综合来看,equivalent 表达的是一种"相等、对等"的关系。

    比较词三角定位法
  • thrive 繁殖,茁壮成长

    综合这些 clues:although 引导的 clause 表明 infections thrive 是一个对 passengers 不利的 situation,但被 air filters mitigated;thrive 描述的是 infections 在 dry environments 这种特定 conditions 下的 state 或 behavior;需要用 air filters 来 counteract,说明 thrive 让 infections 更具 threat。将这些 pieces 拼在一起:thrive 描述的是 organisms 在 favorable conditions 下 grow well 或 become more active 的状态。

    状态动词三维推理法
  • simulate 模拟

    让我们 connect the dots:从 phrase structure 看,in a simulation of air travel 说明这是一个关于 air travel 的某种 procedure,在其中能 measure perception changes;从 word roots 看,simil- 意为"相似";从 research logic 看,scientists 需要在 controlled environment 中 recreate air travel conditions。综合起来,simulation 是一种"模拟、再现"真实 scenario 的方法。

    科研术语方法论推理法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 列数字

    P1 P2 P3

    文章用 specific numbers 来 quantify 飞行对身体的 impact:机舱 oxygen pressure 相当于 6,000-8,000 feet 的 altitude,taste perception 下降了 almost 30 percent。这些 precise figures 让 abstract physiological effects 变得 concrete and measurable,帮助 readers 更好地 grasp 飞行环境的 severity,从而强化了文章关于 air travel 会带来 real physical discomfort 的 central argument。数字的 objectivity 增强了 credibility。

    信号词 6,000-8,000 feet 30 percent millions of numbers percentage statistics data shows approximately nearly about

    仿写: 当你想 emphasize 某个 phenomenon 的 degree 或 extent 时,问自己:能用 specific measurements 来 replace general adjectives 吗? 比如不说 'many people',而说 'millions of people';不说 'taste changes a lot',而说 'dropped by 30 percent'。模版:[现象] + [具体数值/范围] + [单位/标准],例如:'The temperature in the cabin drops to 18-20°C' 或 'Studies show that 65% of passengers experience dehydration'。

  • 作比较

    P2

    文章将 cabin oxygen pressure 与 ground level altitude 进行 comparison:'equivalent to that at 6,000-8,000 feet'。这个 explicit comparison 让 readers 通过 familiar reference point(高海拔地区)来 understand unfamiliar airplane environment。这种 relatable analogy 帮助 non-technical audience grasp why they might feel uncomfortable,directly support 文章解释 physiological effects 的 purpose。通过 comparison,abstract air pressure concept 变成了 tangible experience。

    信号词 equivalent to similar to like as...as compared with/to in contrast to whereas while than just as

    仿写: 当解释 technical or unfamiliar concepts 时,寻找 analogous situations that readers already know。问自己:这个 phenomenon 类似于 what everyday experience? 使用 'equivalent to', 'similar to', 'like', 'compared with' 等 comparative markers。模版:[陌生概念] + is equivalent to/similar to + [熟悉参照],例如:'The noise level in the cabin is comparable to that of a busy restaurant' 或 'The air quality is similar to that found in desert climates'。

  • 作诠释

    P2 P3 P4

    文章对 key concepts 进行 elaboration 和 clarification:第二段解释 why altitude causes headaches(oxygen pressure drop),第三段诠释 why food tastes bland(dry air affects taste),第四段澄清 infection risk 的 actual level(low because of filters)。每个 paragraph 都遵循 'state phenomenon → explain mechanism → offer solution' 的 pattern。这种 systematic interpretation 让 readers 不仅知道 what happens,更理解 why it happens,完美契合说明文 inform and educate 的 core purpose。

    信号词 because of due to this is because the reason is which can this means in other words that is specifically namely

    仿写: 在 presenting a fact or phenomenon 后,immediately follow with explanatory details。问自己:Why does this happen? What's the underlying mechanism? 使用 explanatory phrases like 'because', 'due to', 'this is because', 'the reason is'。模版:[现象陈述] + [原因/机制解释] + [补充细节/影响],例如:'Passengers feel tired during flights. This is because the body must work harder to circulate oxygen in the pressurized environment, leading to faster energy depletion'。

  • 举例子

    P2 P4

    文章用 concrete examples 来 illustrate abstract concepts:'drink plenty of water, avoid alcohol and coffee' 是 preventing headaches 的 specific instances;'bacteria live on cabin surfaces, wash hands frequently' 是 reducing infection risk 的 practical examples。这些 tangible actions 让 general advice become actionable,transform theoretical knowledge into practical guidance。Examples 让文章不只停留在 explain problems,还提供 real solutions,增强了文章的 practical value。

    信号词 for example such as like for instance including specifically namely e.g. to illustrate

    仿写: 在提出 general advice or principle 后,provide specific, actionable examples。问自己:How can readers actually apply this? What concrete actions illustrate this point? 可以用 'such as', 'for example', 'like' 或直接 list specific items。模版:[一般性建议] + [具体例子1, 例子2],例如:'To reduce jet lag, adjust your schedule gradually. Go to bed 30 minutes earlier each night for three days before departure' 或 'Stay hydrated by drinking water regularly, eating water-rich fruits like oranges and melons'。

  • 下定义

    P2

    虽然文章没有 formal definitions with 'is' structures,但 第2段 中 'The lower oxygen pressure found in an aircraft cabin is equivalent to that at 6,000-8,000 feet of altitude' 实际上 defines what cabin pressure means in relatable terms。这个 implicit definition 通过 equivalent relationship 让 readers understand a technical term。这种 subtle definitional approach 避免了 overly academic tone,同时确保 key concept 被 clearly understood,支撑文章 explain physiological effects 的 main goal。

    信号词 is equivalent to is refers to means is defined as is known as can be understood as represents signifies

    仿写: 当 introducing technical or potentially confusing terms 时,provide clear definitions。可以用 formal structure 'X is Y' 或 relational phrases 'X refers to', 'X means', 'X is defined as'。如果 formal definition 太 rigid,用 'equivalent to' 或 descriptive approaches。模版:[术语] + is/means/refers to + [清晰解释],例如:'Jet lag refers to the temporary sleep disorder that occurs when crossing multiple time zones' 或 'Cabin pressurization is the process of maintaining air pressure inside the aircraft similar to that at lower altitudes'。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

5 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 飞行体验并非完全令人愉快

    P1
    you might not be looking forward to the unpleasant feeling air travel often leaves you with

    委婉表达 might not be looking forward to not exactly pleasant less than ideal somewhat uncomfortable could be better may not enjoy not particularly appealing

    这个 opening statement 表面是说 'you might not look forward to it',但 implication 是 air travel discomfort 是 widespread and expected。用 'often leaves you with' 暗示这是 recurring pattern,不是 isolated incident。这为整篇文章的 purpose 奠定基础:既然 discomfort 是 inevitable,文章就要 explain why it happens 并 offer solutions。这种 gentle lead-in 帮助 establish rapport with readers,承认他们的 concerns 同时 position the article 作为 helpful guide。

  • 机舱压力调节并非完美解决方案

    P2
    Although the pressure of the cabin is adjusted to prevent altitude sickness, you could still experience sleepiness or a headache

    让步类 Although Even though While Despite In spite of Granted that Admittedly

    这句话的 subtext 是:现有的 cabin pressure adjustment 是 incomplete solution。通过说 'adjusted to prevent altitude sickness' 却 'still experience symptoms',暗示 technical measures 有 inherent limitations。这对 main thesis 很关键,因为它 establishes 为什么 passengers 需要 personal strategies(drink water, avoid alcohol)。言外之意是:你不能 solely rely on airplane systems,需要 take personal responsibility for your comfort。这也 justifies 文章后续提供的 actionable advice。

  • 食物本身可能并非问题所在

    P3
    Airplane food might not really be as tasteless as you originally thought

    模糊限制语 might not really be may not actually be not necessarily not quite as...as perhaps not entirely could be less...than expected not strictly

    这句的 underlying meaning 是:问题不在 food quality,而在 your physiological state。通过说 'might not really be as tasteless',暗示 airlines 背负了 undeserved blame。这对文章 thesis 很重要,因为它 shifts responsibility from external factors(food)到 bodily responses(dry mouth),从而 leads to practical solution(drink water)。Subtext 是 empowering readers:once you understand the mechanism,you can take action。这也 reinforces 文章的 overall approach:不是抱怨 air travel problems,而是 understand and manage them。

  • 感染风险实际低于预期担忧

    P4
    your risk of getting sick from an airplane is actually low because of the air filters used

    对比类 actually low actually in fact in reality contrary to popular belief surprisingly as it turns out

    这句的 deeper meaning 是:虽然 conditions seem favorable for infection(dry environment),但 engineering solutions(air filters)effectively mitigate risk,所以 excessive worry 是 unwarranted。Implication 是 distinguish between theoretical risk 和 actual risk。这对文章的 concluding paragraph 很关键,提供 balanced perspective:acknowledge legitimate concerns(bacteria on surfaces)while alleviating exaggerated fears(airborne infection)。Subtext 是 trust technology but maintain basic hygiene — 这是 rational, evidence-based approach 而非 alarmism 或 complacency。这 reinforces 文章整体 tone:informative and reassuring,not fear-mongering。

  • 细菌威胁依然存在于表面接触

    P4
    However, bacteria have been shown to live on cabin surfaces, so wash your hands frequently

    转折类 However But Nevertheless Nonetheless Yet Still On the other hand

    这句的 subtext 是:安心关于 airborne infection 不意味 complete safety,因为 fomite transmission(via surfaces)remains a threat。Deeper implication 是 nuanced risk assessment:不同的 transmission routes 有 different risk levels,需要 tailored responses。这句对整篇文章的 conclusion 至关重要,因为它 prevents false sense of security。言外之意是:informed vigilance(wash hands)胜过 ignorant fear(worrying about air)。这 completes 文章的 educational arc:从 explaining discomforts 到 clarifying risks 再到 empowering actionable behaviors,都围绕 'understanding enables better management' 这个 central message。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:客观中立

结论先行:本文作者态度为客观中立( informative and helpful)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 开篇陈述是否客观 P1

    Opening 段落通常 reveal 作者的 basic stance。如果作者用的是 objective description 而非 judgmental language,那就暗示了 neutral or informative attitude。本文用 'Millions of people travel' 这种 factual observation 开头,而不是 'Air travel is terrible' 这样的 value judgment,说明作者保持了 objectivity。

  2. 问题后是否给出解决方案 P2 P3 P4

    每个 body paragraph 都遵循 'problem + explanation + solution' 的 pattern。比如 headache problem 后面紧跟 'drink plenty of water' 的 solution,taste issue 后面给出 'drinking fluids' 的 remedy。这种 consistent pattern 表明作者不是在 complain,而是在 educate and assist readers。

  3. 是否使用限定性表达 P2 P3 P4

    文章大量使用 hedging expressions 如 'might not', 'could still', 'in certain individuals', 'actually low'。这些 qualifiers 显示作者在 acknowledge limitations 和 individual variations,而不是 make sweeping generalizations。这种 nuanced approach 是 informative writing 的 hallmark,说明作者 respect complexity 而非 oversimplify。

  4. 整体基调是否平衡积极 P1 P2 P3 P4

    综合来看,作者既 acknowledge potential discomforts(headaches, dry mouth, infection risks)又 immediately provide context 和 solutions('adjusted pressure', 'actually low risk', 'drink water')。这种 balance 避免了 fearmongering 也避免了 dismissing concerns。Final tone 是 'here's what happens and here's what you can do',这是 empowering and educational 而非 judgmental or alarmist。

文中的态度信号词

  • help prevent P2

    这个 phrase 直接表明作者的 constructive intent。用 'help' 而不是 'must' 或 'should' 显示出 gentle guidance 而非 authoritarian instruction,体现了 supportive and helpful attitude 而非 commanding or critical tone。

    同类词 can help to assist can make enable facilitate

  • might not really be P3

    这个 hedging expression 展现了作者的 careful and balanced approach。通过 'might not really' 这样的 double hedging,作者在 challenge common perception 的同时保持 tentative tone,避免 making absolute claims,体现了 objective and considerate attitude。

    同类词 might not may not could be possibly perhaps

  • actually low P4

    这个 reassuring phrase 通过 contrast marker 'actually' 来 correct misconceptions,显示作者在 provide accurate information 和 ease concerns。这种 corrective but gentle approach 体现了 informative and reassuring attitude,而不是 dismissive or condescending tone。

    同类词 in fact surprisingly contrary to belief despite concerns

  • shouldn't worry too much P4

    这个 direct reassurance 明确传达了作者的 comforting intent。使用 'shouldn't worry too much' 而不是 'there's nothing to worry about' 显示出 balanced approach—acknowledge some concern 但 put it in perspective,体现 realistic and caring attitude。

    同类词 shouldn't worry don't need to fear no need to panic rest assured can relax

  • However P3

    这个 adversative connector 在说明文中 signal 作者在 present balanced view。它 introduce contrasting information 或 solutions,显示作者不是 one-sided presentation 而是 comprehensive analysis,体现 objective and thorough attitude。

    同类词 But Yet Nevertheless Although While

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文?

  1. 开篇呈现普遍现象 P1

    第1段 直接 describe 了 millions of people travel by plane 这个 everyday phenomenon,没有 express personal opinion 也没有报道 specific event with time and place。这种 neutral description of a common situation 是 expository writing 的典型 opening,而 argumentative essay 会 state a clear stance,news report 会给出 when, where, who 的具体信息。

  2. 分主题并列说明 P2 P3 P4

    第2段 解释 high altitude effects on the body,第3段 说明 airplane food and taste perception,第4段 讨论 in-flight infections and health risks。每段都是 present objective information about a different aspect,没有 build up arguments 来 support a central claim,也没有按 timeline 报道 event development。这种 topic-by-topic explanation 是 expository structure 的 hallmark。

  3. 客观中性表述 P1 P2 P3 P4

    全文使用 neutral descriptive language,比如 'has real effects'、'is equivalent to'、'can affect'、'dropped by almost 30 percent' 等 factual statements,没有出现 'we must'、'should advocate'、'it's crucial that' 这类 persuasive language,也没有 'shockingly'、'unfortunately'、'surprisingly' 这种带 news angle 的 evaluative words。这种 detached, informative tone 是 exposition 的 linguistic marker。

  4. 目的是传递知识 P1 P2 P3 P4

    这篇文章的 overall goal 是 educate readers about the physical effects of air travel,提供 scientific explanations(oxygen pressure, taste perception, infection risks)和 practical tips(drink water, wash hands)。没有试图 convince readers to adopt a position on air travel policy,也没有报道 a recent aviation incident or announcement。Purpose 是纯粹的 informational,符合 expository genre。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁?

  • effects on the body P2 事物属性功能描述词 effects on impact on influence on affect cause
  • equivalent to P2 说明对象定义解释词 equal to similar to is defined as refers to means
  • To help prevent P2 说明顺序与例证词 to help in order to for the purpose of to prevent to avoid
  • might not really be P3 事物属性功能描述词 might not be may not be actually in fact however
  • can affect P3 事物属性功能描述词 can cause may result in could lead to is able to has the ability to
  • However, you can make P3 说明顺序与例证词 however but yet nevertheless on the other hand
  • because of P4 事物属性功能描述词 due to owing to as a result of thanks to on account of
  • Unless P4 说明顺序与例证词 unless except provided that as long as on the condition that
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

3 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 《乘飞机旅行对身体的 11种影响》 的常见问题

2019年12月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A 文章 11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body 的原文出自哪里?
2019年12月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A 文章 11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body 选自 2019年3 月19 日发表在 www.thehealthy.com(健康网站)上的一篇标题为"11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body"(《乘飞机旅行对身体的 11种影响》的文章。
2019年12月英语四级真题第3套文章《乘飞机旅行对身体的 11种影响》的主旨是什么?
2019年12月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A 文章 11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body 说明文解释了空中旅行对人体的生理影响,包括氧压降低导致头痛、干燥空气使味觉减退以及感染风险,同时提供了减轻这些飞行不适的实用建议。(英文表述:This expository article explains the physiological effects of air travel on the human body, including reduced oxygen pressure causing headaches, diminished taste perception due to dry air, and infection risks, while offering practical advice to mitigate these discomforts during flights.)
11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body(2019年12月英语四级真题第3套文章)是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为说明文,作者立场是客观中立(informative and helpful)。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 248 词、4 段;在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 234 篇(占 46%)。
2019年12月英语四级真题第3套文章《乘飞机旅行对身体的 11种影响》的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 4 段按说明文骨架分为 4 个意群:第1段——引入话题:飞行旅行的普遍性与不适感;第2段——具体说明一:高海拔对身体的影响;第3段——具体说明二:干燥空气对味觉的影响;第4段——具体说明三:感染风险的实际情况。
11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body 一文的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是客观中立(informative and helpful)。判断路径:开篇陈述是否客观 → 问题后是否给出解决方案 → 是否使用限定性表达 → 整体基调是否平衡积极;文中的态度信号词包括 help prevent(第2段)、might not really be(第3段)、actually low(第4段)、shouldn't worry too much(第4段)、However(第3段)。
2019年12月英语四级真题第3套文章 11 Things Traveling on a Plane Does to Your Body 中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 4 个:altitude(海拔高度)、equivalent(相当于,等同于)、thrive(繁殖,茁壮成长)、simulate(模拟),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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