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2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2)
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2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2)

议论文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的精读视角页——这篇议论文全文 230 词、4 段，CEFR 难度 B2（B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%），作者立场为「消极批判」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 的听力原文，共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

Workers at Mexican oil company will receive a healthy incentive of almost $300 a year if they meet certain body weight standards. To qualify for the bonus, they must maintain a healthy weight. For those who are overweight or obese, they could receive the bonus if they reduce their weight by 10% during the year.

Some applaud the policy as fair, because it rewards both the individuals who maintain a healthy weight and those who are working towards achieving it.

But critics say the policy contradicts recommendations by many health experts, who warn that a person's weight is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. That means weight can be hard for individuals to control, which makes the bonus unfair.

Some experts say the policy is inconsistent with the science of what we know about body weight regulation. These experts argue that focusing on wage is the wrong approach. A more productive method of encouraging health among employees is to promote healthy behaviors. For example, companies can give workers gym memberships, or encourage participation in lectures on healthy eating and living. They can also reduce sweets and provide healthier snacks in the office and healthier meals at the company canteen. Or they can give employees more time during their lunch break to exercise. These are much better and much more productive ways for companies to move forward on their employees' wellbeing.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    Weight-Based Bonus Policy Introduction

    A Mexican oil company introduces a $300 annual bonus tied to employees meeting weight standards through maintenance or 10% reduction.

    这个 paragraph 作为 exposition 为整篇 debate 奠定 factual foundation。它deliberately avoids任何evaluative language，让readers先understand the policy objectively before encountering different perspectives。从文章主旨来看，这个段落provides the "what"——the specific policy that "sparks debate"。它的value在于establishing common ground：无论supporters还是critics，他们debate的都是同一个clearly defined policy。段落的neutral tone也reflects好的argumentative writing——present facts first，evaluate later，这样readers can form informed opinions based on complete information。

    定位政策细节并评估呈现客观性
  2. P2

    Supporters' Fairness Perspective

    Supporters view the policy as fair because it rewards both those maintaining healthy weight and those working to achieve it.

    这个 paragraph 在整体 debate structure 中serves as the first perspective presentation。从文章主旨"supporters view it as fair incentive"来看，这个段落directly delivers that viewpoint，但deliberately keeps it concise。这种brevity是strategic的——作者isn't fully developing this argument，suggesting这不是essay的main focus。段落的value在于establishing balance的appearance：before diving into criticism，先acknowledge有人support this policy。但它的short length相比后续的longer critical paragraphs，already hints at作者的sympathies可能lean towards critics。这种structural asymmetry是argumentative writing的subtle technique——给opposing view a voice，但通过space allocation暗示preferred stance。

    提取价值主张及其核心理由
  3. P3

    Critics' Scientific Objection

    Critics argue the policy is scientifically flawed and unfair because weight is influenced by genetic and environmental factors beyond individual control.

    这个 paragraph 是 debate 的 critical turning point，从文章主旨"critics argue it's scientifically flawed"可见其重要性。段落strategically positions criticism as science-backed，giving it more weight than前段brief supportive viewpoint。通过invoking"health experts"和"genetic factors"，critics shift debate from subjective fairness to objective scientific accuracy，这是更powerful的argumentative ground。段落also introduces the key concept of controllability——如果weight largely beyond personal control，那么weight-based incentive fundamentally misguided。这为final paragraph的alternative recommendations提供logical foundation：if you can't control weight directly，focus on controllable behaviors instead。段落的critical stance，combined with its longer development compared to 第2段，signals作者的sympathies，preparing readers for expert-endorsed alternatives in 第4段。

    追溯反驳的证据基础与逻辑链条
  4. P4

    Expert-Recommended Alternative Approach

    Experts argue focusing on weight is scientifically inconsistent and recommend promoting healthy behaviors like gym access, nutrition education, and workplace wellness initiatives instead.

    这个 paragraph 是整个 essay 的 culmination，从文章主旨"experts recommend promoting healthy behaviors instead"可见它delivers the endorsed position。段落通过extensive detail（相比前面segments）shows作者clearly favors this expert perspective。它的strategic value在于providing concrete path forward——不止说policy wrong，更重要是demonstrating what right looks like。这些alternatives directly address earlier controllability concerns：与其penalize people for genetic factors，不如empower them with resources和environment支持。段落also shifts focus from individual responsibility到organizational responsibility——companies should create supportive infrastructure rather than just dangle financial incentives。从argumentative structure看，这个concluding paragraph的length和detail相比第2段的brevity，creates structural imbalance that subtly guides readers toward accepting expert recommendations。整体上，这个段落transforms debate from abstract fairness discussion到practical implementation guidance，giving readers actionable takeaways beyond just understanding the controversy。

    评估解决方案的具体性与可行性
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2021年12月英语四级真题第1套这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 overweight or obese qualify for the bonus

    What must overweight or obese workers do to qualify for the bonus?

    • A Maintain the same body weight throughout the year.
    • B Reach a healthy weight before the year begins.
    • C Reduce their weight by 10% during the year.
    • D Attend lectures on healthy eating and living.
    • E Prove that their weight is not influenced by genes.
    • F Pay part of the cost of their gym memberships.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    该项完整对应特殊群体获得 bonus 的条件：动作是 reduce，幅度是 10%，时间范围是 during the year，三个信息点均未改变。命题人设置的关键障碍是让考生把 maintain a healthy weight 误当成所有人的唯一要求；但 maintain 对应的是一般资格，而此题已用 overweight or obese 缩小对象。正确项以原文近乎同义复现的方式保留条件链，属于典型的“对象限定后精确回原文”题。

    三槽切片核验 时间紧张时，直接用题干中的 overweight or obese 和 qualify for 进行“双锚点”定位，迅速进入 第1段。随后采用“条件槽位切片法”：不通读全部句子，只提取特殊对象之后紧跟的动词、百分比和时间表达，并用这三个槽位筛选选项。只有正确项同时填满 action、quantity、time；其余选项通常会缺失、篡改或移植其中至少一个槽位。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 policy as fair rewards

    Why do some people regard the policy as fair?

    • A It gives every worker the same amount of money regardless of weight.
    • B It allows employees to ignore their body weight.
    • C It follows the recommendations of health experts.
    • D It rewards both those who maintain a healthy weight and those working toward achieving one.
    • E It removes genetic and environmental influences on weight.
    • F It replaces unhealthy office food with healthier meals.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    该项忠实概括了支持者的因果理由：政策同时 rewards 两类 individuals，一类 maintain a healthy weight，另一类 working towards achieving it。选项没有把“正在努力”夸大成已经达成，也没有遗漏任何一类人。其主要障碍在于 one 指代 a healthy weight，考生需要看清 both ... and ... 的并列覆盖范围。

    双对象并列筛选 最快的做法是把 Why 与 policy as fair 组合成“评价—理由”检索指令，直达 第2段，并从 because 开始读取一个完整逻辑单元。采用“并列完整性淘汰法”：凡是不能同时对应 both ... and ... 两端，或转去谈专家、基因、食物的选项，立即删除；保留能完整复现双对象奖励关系的正确项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 critics bonus unfair

    Why do critics consider the bonus unfair?

    • A Most employees are unwilling to adopt healthy habits.
    • B The bonus is too small to motivate workers effectively.
    • C Only workers at a healthy weight can receive any reward.
    • D Companies should provide more sweets in their offices.
    • E Weight is influenced by genetic and environmental factors and can be hard for individuals to control.
    • F Healthy employees deserve more recognition than others.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    该项准确整合了反方论证：weight 受到 genetic and environmental factors 影响，因此对 individuals 而言可能 hard to control，进而使 bonus unfair。can be hard 保留了原文的可能性和程度，没有夸大为个人完全无法控制。障碍在于正确项把相邻句子的证据与推论合并表达，考生需识别完整的因果概括，而不能只寻找单一词语的重复。

    逆推可控性链 高压时间下，用 critics 和 bonus unfair 定位到 第3段 后，实施“尾结论逆推法”：先从 makes the bonus unfair 逆向追问“是什么 makes it unfair”，再只抓紧邻的 hard for individuals to control 及其上游原因。以“可控性”作为筛选阀门：不能说明 individual control 受限的选项全部排除，保留正确项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 more productive healthy behaviors

    What do experts suggest as a more productive way to improve employees' health?

    • A Base employees' wages directly on their body weight.
    • B Require all employees to lose 10% of their weight each year.
    • C Give gym memberships as the only health measure.
    • D Ask employees to prove that they have healthy genes.
    • E Increase the annual cash bonus for healthy workers.
    • F Promote healthy behaviors among employees.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    该项直接对应专家提出的 more productive method，且能够统领后续所有实例：gym memberships、healthy eating lectures、healthier snacks 和 exercise time 都是 promote healthy behaviors 的具体实现。设置的障碍在于选项表述较概括，考生可能偏爱某个看起来更具体的措施；但题干问的是 way 的总体方案，正确项的概括层级与原文主张一致。

    例证上提总纲 最省时的路径是用 more productive 这一比较级表达直达 第4段，随后执行“例证上提法”：看到 For example 时不逐一比较例子，而是向前回跳一句，寻找能覆盖所有例子的上位概念。再测试每个候选项能否同时包容 gym、lectures、food 和 exercise；只有正确项具备这种统摄范围。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的议论文骨架

按议论文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引言 P1

    墨西哥石油公司体重奖金政策

    这个 introductory paragraph 引出了一个 controversial policy，即 Mexican oil company 推出的 weight-based bonus scheme。Employees 如果 maintain healthy weight 或者 reduce weight by 10%，就能获得接近 $300 的 annual incentive。这是 topic introduction，直接呈现 the issue at hand。

    作为 introduction，这个 paragraph 的 function 是 present the specific policy，为后续的 debate 和 expert recommendations 奠定 factual foundation。它提供 concrete details（$300 bonus, 10% weight reduction），让 readers 了解 what is being debated。

    提出争议政策本身
  2. 分论点 P2

    支持者观点：政策公平合理

    这个 supporting argument 呈现 the positive perspective，supporters 认为 this policy is fair，因为它 rewards 两类人：those who maintain healthy weight 和 those working towards it。这是 pro side 的 concise statement，用 applaud 和 fair 这些 positive evaluative terms 表明 stance。

    作为 first body paragraph，它的 role 是 present one side of the debate。虽然 brief，但它 establishes the fairness argument，为 balanced presentation 提供 positive viewpoint。这符合 argumentative essay 的 structure requirement：present multiple perspectives before reaching conclusion 或 dominant view。

    呈现支持方立场
  3. 分论点 P3

    批评者观点：政策不公且违背科学

    这个 counterargument 呈现 opposing view，critics 指出 the policy contradicts health expert recommendations。Key reasoning 是 weight is influenced by genetic and environmental factors，这使得 weight control difficult，因此 bonus becomes unfair。这是 con side 的 scientifically-grounded objection。

    作为 second body paragraph，它 presents the opposing perspective，specifically focusing on scientific evidence (genetic and environmental factors)。这个 counterargument 不仅 challenges the fairness claim，还 introduces authority (health experts)，strengthening the critique。它为 subsequent expert recommendations 铺垫 logical foundation。

    呈现反对方科学论据
  4. 结论 P4

    专家建议：推广健康行为而非关注体重

    这个 concluding paragraph 通过 expert opinion 明确 reject the weight-focused approach，declaring it 'inconsistent with science'。然后 propose alternative solutions：promoting healthy behaviors 而非 focusing on weight outcomes。Concrete examples 包括 gym memberships, health lectures, healthier food options, extended lunch breaks for exercise。这是 resolution paragraph，providing constructive recommendations。

    作为 conclusion，这个 paragraph 不仅 reinforces the critique，还 moves beyond criticism 到 solution-oriented recommendations。通过 listing specific alternatives（gym memberships, lectures, healthier snacks），它 provides practical pathway forward。这种 problem-solution structure 是 effective argumentation 的 hallmark，showing that criticism is constructive，not merely negative。

    提出替代解决方案
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 锁定争议话题 P1

    议论文的 opening paragraph 通常会 introduce the controversial topic 或者 present the issue to be debated。首段不仅告诉我们 what the policy is，还暗示了这是个值得讨论的 initiative，为后续的 arguments 铺垫。

  2. 捕捉对立观点 P2 P3

    议论文的 body paragraphs 常用 contrast markers（如 but, however, while）来 organize opposing viewpoints。当你看到 some...but others 这种结构时，说明作者在 presenting a balanced view 或者 setting up a debate，这直接关系到 the article's stance。

  3. 定位权威立场 P4

    议论文的 final paragraph 往往 reveals the author's stance 或 presents the recommended approach。当作者用 experts 来 back up an argument，并提供 specific, actionable alternatives，这说明作者在 advocating for this position over the previous one。

  4. 整合论证要素 P1 P2 P3 P4

    议论文的主旨通常不是 simply stating the topic，而是 capturing the debate's essence 和 the preferred resolution。通过整合 the issue, the conflict, and the recommended stance，你能 formulate a complete main idea statement。

主旨信号词 applaud P2 contradicts P3 experts P3 better P4 argue P4

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

墨西哥一家石油公司基于体重的奖金政策引发争议:支持者认为这是鼓励健康体重管理的公平激励,而批评者认为这在科学上存在缺陷且不公平,因为体重受不可控因素影响。专家建议促进健康行为而非关注体重结果。
A Mexican oil company's weight-based bonus policy sparks debate: supporters view it as fair incentive for healthy weight management, while critics argue it's scientifically flawed and unfair since weight is influenced by uncontrollable factors. Experts recommend promoting healthy behaviors instead of focusing on weight outcomes.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

5 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • incentive 激励(性奖金)

    现在我们把 all the clues 串联起来:首先,workers receive 这个东西加上 $300 的具体数字,确立了 financial reward 的基本属性;其次,文中用 bonus 进行 synonym replacement,进一步 confirm 了它是一种 payment;第三,conditional structure 'if they meet standards' 揭示了它的 functional purpose — 不是 unconditional salary,而是 performance-based reward;最后,suffix -ive 提示了它的 motivational quality。综合这些 evidence,我们可以 conclude: incentive 是一种 '用来激励特定行为的奖金或报酬'。

    金钱语境+同义替换+条件结构分析
  • qualify 取得资格,符合条件

    让我们 integrate all evidence: sentence structure 'to qualify for X, must do Y' 建立了 qualification framework;discourse connection 把 qualify 和 'meet standards' 并置,revealing semantic similarity;morphological analysis 的 -ify suffix 提示了 'become' 的 process meaning。Combining these layers,我们可以 determine: qualify 表示 'through meeting requirements to become eligible for something',中文就是 '取得资格,符合条件'。

    句式功能+语篇关联+词缀验证
  • obese 肥胖的(医学意义上的严重超重)

    整合 multiple clues: 'overweight or obese' 的 parallel structure 建立了 weight spectrum,obese 在更 extreme end;10% reduction requirement 说明这是 significant health concern;medical framing in later paragraphs 确认了它的 clinical nature。这些 evidence 共同指向:obese 是比 overweight 更严重的 weight condition,是 medical terminology for severe overweight。

    梯度定位+严重性标记+领域框架
  • contradict 与...相矛盾,相抵触

    现在 synthesize: discourse structure 用 'But' 建立了 opposing camps (supporters vs critics);semantic content 显示 policy 和 expert recommendations 是 logically incompatible;morphological analysis 的 contra- prefix confirms opposition meaning。这三层 evidence converge on same meaning: contradict 表示 '与...相矛盾,相抵触'。

    语篇对立+逻辑关系+前缀确认
  • inconsistent 不一致的,相矛盾的

    把 clues 整合:discourse position 显示 inconsistent 在 critics' argument 中扮演和 contradict similar role;semantic context 表明它描述 policy 和 scientific knowledge 的 misalignment;morphological structure in- + consistent 直接告诉我们是 negation of agreement。这些 evidence 清晰地指向: inconsistent 表示 '不一致的,相矛盾的',强调 lack of compatibility。

    否定前缀+语境推基础词义
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 举例论证

    P4

    第四段通过列举了一系列具体的 healthy behaviors promotion methods，像是 gym memberships、lectures on healthy eating、healthier snacks 和 more exercise time 等例子，来支撑 promoting healthy behaviors 比 focusing on weight 更有效的核心论点。这些 concrete examples 让抽象的 alternative approach 变得 tangible and convincing，directly 服务于文章批判 weight-based policy 的主旨。

    信号词 For example For instance Such as including like Take... for example A case in point To illustrate Specifically

    仿写： 写作时要思考：我的 main point 是什么？能否找到 2-3 个 specific examples 来 illustrate 它？建议采用 progressive structure，从 simple examples 到 complex ones。模版可以是：'For example, companies can [具体措施1], or [具体措施2]. They can also [具体措施3]. Or they can [具体措施4].' 注意使用 parallel structure 让 examples 形成 cohesive chain。

  • 对比论证

    P2 P3

    第二段和第三段构成了典型的 opposing views presentation，通过 'applaud' 和 'criticize' 这两个 contrasting verbs，作者展现了 policy 的 two-sided nature。这个 structural contrast 不仅 highlights the controversy，还通过 'but' 这个 strong adversative marker 引导读者偏向 critical perspective，为后续的 expert recommendations 做好 rhetorical preparation，服务于文章反对 weight-based incentive 的整体立场。

    信号词 But However On the other hand In contrast While Whereas Conversely Nevertheless Yet Although Despite

    仿写： 构建对比时要确保 two sides 有 clear demarcation。可以用 'Some... but others...' 或 'On one hand... on the other hand...' 的 framework。关键是让 contrasting elements 在 content and tone 上都形成 opposition。模版：'Some [支持方] argue/believe/claim [观点A], because [理由]. But critics/opponents say/warn [观点B], as [反驳理由].' 注意第二方往往承载作者的 intended message。

  • 引用论证

    P3 P4

    第三段和第四段中多次出现 'experts say/warn/argue' 这样的 attribution phrases，引用了 health experts 和 scientific experts 的 professional opinions。这些 expert voices 作为 authoritative sources 来支撑 criticism of the weight-based policy，特别是关于 genetic and environmental factors 以及 body weight regulation science 的论述。这种 appeal to authority 大大增强了 argument 的 credibility，让批评显得 well-grounded in scientific consensus，直接服务于否定 weight-focused approach 的主旨。

    信号词 experts say experts warn experts argue according to research shows studies indicate scholars believe authorities suggest evidence suggests reports claim

    仿写： 使用引用论证时要明确 who is being cited 和 why they are credible。可以用 'Experts/Studies/Research shows/indicates/suggests that...' 的 pattern。建议先 establish the authority ('health experts', 'scientists')，再 present their view。模版：'[Authority group] say/warn/argue that [核心观点], which means/indicates [implications].' 或 'According to [experts], [观点].' 记得要让 cited content 紧密服务于你的 main argument，而不是 isolated facts。

  • 因果论证

    P3

    第三段中出现了明确的 causal chain：'weight is influenced by genetic and environmental factors' (cause) → 'weight can be hard to control' (effect) → 'bonus unfair' (ultimate consequence)。这个 cause-effect reasoning 构建了反对 weight-based policy 的 logical foundation。通过揭示 weight 的 uncontrollable nature 和 policy fairness 之间的 causal link，作者让批评变得 logically compelling，直接支撑了文章主旨中关于 policy being flawed 的论断。

    信号词 That means which means Therefore Thus As a result Consequently Because Since leads to causes results in due to so

    仿写： 构建因果论证要确保 cause and effect 之间有 logical connection。可以用 explicit connectors 让 causal relationship 清晰可见。模版：'[Cause/Condition], which means/indicates [Direct effect]. That makes/leads to [Ultimate consequence].' 或 'Because [原因], [结果].' 写作时要避免 false causation，确保你的 causal claims 能 withstand scrutiny。可以使用 'chain reasoning'，即一个 effect 成为下一个 cause。

  • 排比修辞

    P4

    第四段中连续使用了 'They can...' 和 'Or they can...' 的 parallel structures，列举了 reduce sweets, provide healthier snacks, provide healthier meals, give more exercise time 等一系列 alternative measures。这种 repetitive syntactic pattern 创造了强烈的 rhythmic effect，让 recommendations 显得 comprehensive and forceful。这个 parallelism 不仅增强了 readability，还通过 cumulative effect 强化了 'behavior-focused approaches are better' 这个核心主张，有力支撑了文章主旨。

    信号词 They can We can You can Companies should Organizations must To [verb]... to [verb]... to [verb] Not only... but also Either... or

    仿写： 创建排比时要保持 consistent grammatical structure across items。可以重复 sentence starters ('They can...', 'We should...', 'Companies must...') 或使用 same verb forms。模版：'[主语] can [动词1 + 宾语1], or [动词2 + 宾语2]. [主语] can also [动词3 + 宾语3]. Or [主语] can [动词4 + 宾语4].' 建议至少用 three parallel elements 来创造 strong effect，并注意 logical progression from simple to complex 或 specific to general。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

6 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 政策公平性存疑

    P2
    Some applaud the policy as fair

    限定词弱化类 Some applaud some certain people a few several a number of some experts

    作者用 some 来 modify applaud，表面上是 present 支持者的 perspective，实际上是在 signal 这个 viewpoint 并非 widely accepted。这为 第3段 的 critics 做了 foreshadowing，暗示作者的 sympathies 更倾向于 critical side。对 main argument 的作用是：通过 weakening 支持声音来 strengthen 后续的 criticism，最终 support 文章主旨中 the policy is flawed 的 conclusion。

  • 政策与科学相悖

    P3
    But critics say the policy contradicts recommendations by many health experts

    转折类 But but however yet nevertheless nonetheless on the contrary

    But 标志着 discourse shift，从 superficial fairness 转向 deeper scientific problems。作者通过 contradicts recommendations by many health experts 这个 expression 来 undermine 政策的 legitimacy，暗示 the policy lacks scientific foundation。对主旨的作用是：directly support the claim that the policy is scientifically flawed，为 第4段 的 expert recommendations 做 logical bridge，强化 focusing on weight is wrong approach 的 central argument。

  • 体重难以控制导致不公

    P3
    That means weight can be hard for individuals to control, which makes the bonus unfair

    因果推理类 That means that means therefore thus as a result consequently hence

    That means 将 genetic and environmental factors 的 scientific fact 转化为 moral judgment（unfair），这是 argumentation 的 critical move。作者通过这个 causal link 来 justify 为什么 weight-based policy 是 problematic，essentially arguing：judging people on uncontrollable factors violates fairness principle。对主旨的贡献是：provides ethical foundation for the criticism，making the argument both scientifically and morally compelling，为最终 recommend behavior-focused approach 提供 rationality。

  • 政策与科学认知脱节

    P4
    the policy is inconsistent with the science of what we know about body weight regulation

    对比否定类 inconsistent with contradicts contrary to at odds with incompatible with conflicts with runs counter to

    Inconsistent with the science 是 devastating critique，因为它 questions the policy's epistemic foundation。作者通过 invoke scientific authority 来 completely undermine 政策的 rationality，暗示 decision-makers ignored established knowledge。对主旨的作用是：这是 turning point，从 describing the debate 转向 clearly taking sides，explicit 地 label 该 policy 为 wrong approach，directly paving the way for 第4段 后半段的 better alternatives（healthy behaviors）。

  • 应关注行为而非体重

    P4
    focusing on weight is the wrong approach

    明确否定类 wrong approach misguided flawed ineffective inappropriate mistaken incorrect focus

    Wrong approach 是 categorical rejection of weight-focus，而 a more productive method 引出 behavior-based alternatives。这个 sharp contrast 将 entire argument crystalize：不仅要 criticize the policy，更要 provide viable solutions。对主旨的作用是：complete the argumentative arc from problem identification 到 solution proposal，体现 experts recommend promoting healthy behaviors instead of focusing on weight outcomes 这个 core message，使文章从 pure criticism 升华为 constructive policy advice。

  • 替代方案更优越

    P4
    These are much better and much more productive ways for companies to move forward on their employees' wellbeing

    程度强化类 much better and much more productive much better far more effective significantly superior considerably more productive vastly preferable dramatically better

    Much better and much more productive 的 double intensification 是 essay 的 rhetorical climax，通过 emphatic language 来 cement 作者的 position：behavior-focused interventions 不仅是 alternative，而是 vastly superior choice。对主旨的作用是：provide persuasive closure，将整篇 essay 的 critique 和 analysis 归结为 clear actionable recommendation，强化 promoting healthy behaviors 这个 central solution，使 argument 既具有 critical depth 又有 practical value，完整实现 debate → critique → solution 的 argumentative structure。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：消极批判

结论先行：本文作者态度为消极批判（ Critical and Disapproving）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 识别中立陈述段 P1

    在 argumentative essays 中，opening paragraph 如果只是 factual description without evaluative language，说明作者在 setting up the context，真正的 attitude 会在后面的 paragraphs 中 emerge。这种 neutral opening 是作者 building up 到 critical stance 的常见 structure。

  2. 观点篇幅分配对比 P2 P3 P4

    在议论文中，作者 devotes more space 给某一 viewpoint，通常 indicates 作者 leans towards 那个 position。这里 critical voices 占据两个完整段落，而 supportive view 只有一句，这个 imbalance 就是 attitude 的 strong indicator。

  3. 权威背书差异 P2 P3 P4

    当作者 cite experts 来 support 某个 argument，这 demonstrates 作者认为那个 position has more credibility。相反，用 generic 'some people' 引出的观点往往是作者想要 downplay 或 challenge 的。这种 differential treatment of sources 直接 reflects 作者的 evaluative stance。

  4. 替代方案详述 P4

    在议论文结尾，如果作者不仅 point out problems 还 propose alternatives，说明作者的 criticism is principled 而非 merely negative。这里连续使用 comparative structures 'more productive', 'better', 'much more productive' 来 contrast with 原 policy，clearly indicates 作者 disapproves of 原方案同时 advocates for 更科学的 approach。

  5. 多维度态度整合 P1 P2 P3 P4

    作者的 attitude 不是通过 explicit statements like 'I think' or 'in my opinion' 表达的，而是通过 how information is organized, which voices are amplified, and what solutions are proposed 这些 rhetorical strategies 来 convey。把前面几个步骤的 findings 串联起来，可以看到一个 coherent pattern pointing to critical disapproval with constructive intent。

文中的态度信号词

  • But critics say P3

    这个 transitional phrase 是 pivotal signal，'But' 表示 turning point，'critics' 引入 opposing voices。在议论文中，这种 adversative transition 往往 introduces 作者真正 want to emphasize 的 viewpoint，因为它 contrasts with 前面 briefly mentioned 的 position。

    同类词 but critics say however opponents argue critics point out skeptics warn detractors claim

  • contradicts P3

    这个 strong negative verb 直接 indicates 原 policy 与 expert recommendations 之间的 fundamental incompatibility。在 critical analysis 中，'contradicts' 比 'differs from' 更 forceful，它 suggests 原政策 violates established principles，这是作者 disapproval 的 explicit linguistic marker。

    同类词 conflicts with opposes goes against runs counter to is inconsistent with

  • unfair P3

    这是一个 explicit evaluative adjective 表达 moral judgment。'Unfair' 不是 descriptive 而是 judgmental，它 attributes ethical problems to the policy。虽然这个词出现在 'critics say' clause 中，但作者 chose to include and elaborate this criticism，说明作者 endorses this negative evaluation。

    同类词 unjust inequitable biased discriminatory unreasonable

  • inconsistent with the science P4

    这个 phrase 是 damning criticism in academic context，因为它 questions 原 policy 的 scientific legitimacy。说某个做法 'inconsistent with science' essentially 意味着它是 irrational or ignorant，这是 intellectual criticism 的 strongest form。作者 dedicating 整句话来 elaborate this point shows deep agreement with this scientific critique。

    同类词 contradicts research lacks scientific basis not evidence-based scientifically unsound defies data

  • wrong approach P4

    这个 direct negative assessment 明确宣判原 policy 的 fundamental direction is mistaken。'Wrong' 是 unambiguous judgment word，没有 hedging or qualification。作者把这个 strong condemnation 放进 experts' mouths，但选择 prominently feature it without rebuttal，显然 endorses this harsh evaluation。

    同类词 incorrect strategy misguided method flawed approach inappropriate focus mistaken direction

  • more productive P4

    这个 comparative structure 明确 contrast alternative approaches with 原 policy，implicit message 是原方法 less productive。作者不止一次使用 comparatives ('better', 'much better', 'much more productive')，这种 repetition intensifies the contrast，强化了对原 policy 的 negative evaluation through favorable comparison with alternatives。

    同类词 more effective better superior more beneficial more successful

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇议论文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇议论文？

  1. 争议性政策引入 P1

    说明文会 objectively explain facts,新闻报道会 focus on reporting events,但议论文会 introduce a debatable issue 来引发后续的 arguments。这个 weight-based bonus policy 本身就是个 controversial practice,为后文的 different perspectives 埋下伏笔

  2. 对立观点标记 P2 P3

    说明文通常 present information in a neutral way,新闻报道可能 quote different sources 但重点在 reporting facts。而议论文必然会 explicitly present multiple sides 并用 'but', 'however', 'critics', 'supporters' 这类 transitional phrases 来 signal opposing views

  3. 方案优劣评判 P4

    说明文会 explain how things work,新闻报道会 report what happened,但议论文会 advocate for solutions 并用 comparative language like 'better', 'more productive', 'should' 来 push a viewpoint。这段不是在 neutrally describe options,而是在 argue which approach is superior

  4. 三层结构验证 P1 P2 P3 P4

    说明文是 neutral information delivery,新闻报道是 event-focused factual reporting,而议论文必须包含 thesis (explicit or implicit), multiple perspectives, 和 argumentative conclusion。这篇文章的 structure 清晰展现了 'issue → different opinions → preferred solution' 的 argumentative pattern,每个 paragraph 都在 serve the purpose of building an argument

哪些词暴露了议论文体裁？

  • applaud P2 立场表态词 praise commend support advocate endorse
  • But critics say P3 观点引导词 critics say opponents argue skeptics contend proponents claim advocates maintain
  • contradicts P3 论证逻辑连接词 conflicts with opposes challenges refutes undermines
  • unfair P3 立场表态词 unjust inappropriate unreasonable problematic flawed
  • argue P4 观点引导词 contend maintain assert claim insist
  • the wrong approach P4 立场表态词 a misguided strategy a flawed method an ineffective way a problematic solution an inappropriate response
  • A more productive method P4 立场表态词 a more productive method a better approach a superior strategy a more effective way a preferable solution
  • much better and much more productive P4 立场表态词 much better far superior significantly more effective considerably more useful vastly preferable
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

5 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 的常见问题

2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的主旨是什么？
墨西哥一家石油公司基于体重的奖金政策引发争议:支持者认为这是鼓励健康体重管理的公平激励,而批评者认为这在科学上存在缺陷且不公平,因为体重受不可控因素影响。专家建议促进健康行为而非关注体重结果。（英文表述：A Mexican oil company's weight-based bonus policy sparks debate: supporters view it as fair incentive for healthy weight management, while critics argue it's scientifically flawed and unfair since weight is influenced by uncontrollable factors. Experts recommend promoting healthy behaviors instead of focusing on weight outcomes.）
2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为议论文，作者立场是消极批判（Critical and Disapproving）。CEFR 难度 B2，全文 230 词、4 段；在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中，B2 级共 234 篇（占 46%）。
2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 4 段按议论文骨架分为 4 个意群：引言 · 第1段——墨西哥石油公司体重奖金政策；分论点 · 第2段——支持者观点：政策公平合理；分论点 · 第3段——批评者观点：政策不公且违背科学；结论 · 第4段——专家建议：推广健康行为而非关注体重。
2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是消极批判（Critical and Disapproving）。判断路径：识别中立陈述段 → 观点篇幅分配对比 → 权威背书差异 → 替代方案详述 → 多维度态度整合；文中的态度信号词包括 But critics say（第3段）、contradicts（第3段）、unfair（第3段）、inconsistent with the science（第4段）、wrong approach（第4段）、more productive（第4段）。
2021年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (2) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 5 个：incentive（激励(性奖金)）、qualify（取得资格,符合条件）、obese（肥胖的(医学意义上的严重超重)）、contradict（与...相矛盾,相抵触）、inconsistent（不一致的,相矛盾的），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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