2022年12月英语四级第1套真题句子解析： For example, they showed the students photographs of people's faces and asked them to what extent feelings such as happiness or disgust were being expressed.

to what extent (程度疑问短语)

to what extent

"to what extent" 是询问程度、范围的标准疑问短语,意为"在多大程度上"。此处用于间接疑问句(embedded question)中,跟在动词 "asked" 之后,引导宾语从句。这个短语在学术写作和正式表达中极为常见,尤其在描述研究方法、调查问卷时高频出现。注意 "extent" 前必须用 "what" 而非 "how",这是固定搭配;"to what degree" 是近义表达,但 "to what extent" 更常用。中文学习者易误写成 "how extent" 或 "what extent"(漏掉 "to")。

• ✓ asked them to what extent feelings were expressed ✗ asked them how extent feelings were expressed "extent" 是名词,需要用 "what" 修饰,而非 "how"。
• ✓ to what extent ✗ what extent / in what extent 介词 "to" 不可省略,也不可替换为 "in"。

such as (例举短语)

such as

"such as" 是标准的例举短语,意为"例如、诸如",用于引出具体例子。此处 "such as happiness or disgust" 举例说明 "feelings" 的具体类型。该短语在书面语中极为常用,比口语化的 "like" 更正式。注意 "such as" 后直接跟名词或名词短语,无需加逗号(美式英语惯例;英式有时加逗号但非必需)。中文学习者常与 "for example" 混淆:"for example" 通常引出完整例句,而 "such as" 只引出名词性例子,且二者不可连用("for example such as" 是错误的)。

• ✓ feelings such as happiness or disgust ✗ feelings for example such as happiness "for example" 与 "such as" 不可连用,选其一即可。
• ✓ such as happiness or disgust ✗ such as like happiness or disgust "such as" 已含"例如"之意,不需再加 "like"。

show somebody something (双宾语结构)

showed the students photographs

"show" 是典型的双宾语动词,结构为 "show + 间接宾语(人)+ 直接宾语(物)",意为"给某人看某物"。此处 "showed the students photographs" 中,"the students" 是间接宾语,"photographs" 是直接宾语。该动词也可用 "show something to somebody" 结构,但本句采用的双宾结构在口语和书面语中都更简洁常见。类似的双宾动词还有 "give, tell, teach, send" 等。中文学习者易受母语影响,误以为必须加介词 "to"(如 "showed to the students photographs"),这是不符合英语习惯的。

• ✓ showed the students photographs ✗ showed to the students photographs 双宾语结构中,间接宾语直接置于动词后,不加介词 "to"(若用 "to",则需改为 "showed photographs to the students")。

ask somebody + 疑问词引导的从句

asked them to what extent feelings were being expressed

"ask" 后接间接宾语 "them",再接由疑问词 "to what extent" 引导的间接疑问句,构成 "ask somebody + wh-clause" 结构。此处完整结构为 "asked them [to what extent feelings were being expressed]"。这种结构在描述调查、问卷、访谈等研究方法时极为常见。注意间接疑问句中语序为陈述句语序("feelings were"),而非疑问句倒装语序(不是 "were feelings")。中文学习者易受直接引语影响,误用疑问语序。

• ✓ asked them to what extent feelings were being expressed ✗ asked them to what extent were feelings being expressed 间接疑问句中用陈述句语序,主语 "feelings" 在助动词 "were" 之前。

be being expressed (被动语态的进行时)

were being expressed

"were being expressed" 是被动语态的过去进行时,结构为 "were + being + 过去分词"。这里表示"(情感)正在被表达"。该时态用于强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行中,且主语是动作承受者。"express" 的核心义是"表达、表现",此处 "feelings were being expressed" 指面部表情正在表现出情感。中文学习者对被动进行时较陌生,常误简化为一般被动("were expressed"),从而丧失"正在进行"这一时态含义;或受母语影响,误以为表情"表达"情感应是主动,实则英语惯用被动表述(情感是被表情所表达的)。

• ✓ feelings were being expressed ✗ feelings were expressed 一般被动只表示"被表达",进行时被动 "were being expressed" 强调"正在被表达",时态含义不同。
• ✓ feelings were being expressed (by the faces) ✗ feelings were expressing 情感是被(面部表情)表达的,应用被动,而非主动。

people's faces (所有格表示所属)

people's faces

"people's faces" 使用所有格 "'s" 表示所属关系,意为"人们的面孔"。"people" 是复数名词,其所有格为 "people's"(而非 "peoples'"),因为 "people" 本身已是 "person" 的复数。这是英语中表示所属的基本方式,在中文学习者看来可能觉得繁琐(中文只需"人们 的 面孔"),但英语必须用所有格标记。注意 "people" 作"民族"解时复数是 "peoples",所有格才是 "peoples'",但本句指"人们",单用 "people"。

• ✓ people's faces (人们的面孔) ✗ peoples' faces "people" 指"人们"时本身已是复数,所有格为 "people's";"peoples" 是"民族"的复数。

photographs of people's faces (of 短语作后置定语)

photographs of people's faces

"of people's faces" 是介词短语,作后置定语修饰 "photographs",说明照片的内容是"人们的面孔"。英语中名词修饰名词常用 "of" 结构表示内容、所属或特征,如 "a photo of a cat, the color of the sky"。中文习惯前置定语("人脸的照片"),英语则多用后置,这是中文学习者需适应的语序差异。注意这里既有所有格("people's")又有 "of" 短语,二者层级不同:"people's" 修饰 "faces","of people's faces" 修饰 "photographs"。

• ✓ photographs of people's faces ✗ people's faces photographs 英语名词修饰名词多用后置 "of" 结构,而非前置并列。

happiness or disgust (or 表选择/列举)

happiness or disgust

"or" 在此处连接两个名词 "happiness" 和 "disgust",表示"或者……或者",用于列举可能的情感类型。这里的 "or" 不是"非此即彼"的排他选择,而是开放式列举(类似 "such as" 的例举功能,暗示还有其他情感,只是举了两个例子)。英语中 "or" 可用于并列两个或多个同类成分,此处并列的是两个抽象名词。中文学习者需注意,这里 "or" 不译为"或",而应理解为"以及"等列举义;若误解为"二选一",会曲解句意(研究可能问了多种情感,不只这两种)。

• ✓ feelings such as happiness or disgust (列举多种情感,包括快乐或厌恶等) ✗ 误将 "or" 理解为"只能选快乐或厌恶其中之一" 此处 "or" 是开放列举,暗示还有其他情感,不是排他选择。

For example 引出具体例证

For example

"For example" 位于句首,引出前文某个论点或概括的具体例证。这是学术写作和说明文中极为常见的逻辑连接手段,表明本句将提供一个实例来支撑或阐释前述内容。注意 "For example" 后通常跟完整句子,且需用逗号隔开(或单独成句)。在阅读理解中,见到 "For example" 应意识到这是例证,需向前寻找其支撑的主论点。中文学习者易忽略例证与论点的层级关系,或误以为例证本身就是重点,实则例证服务于论点。

• ✓ 识别 "For example" 引出的是例证,需结合前文论点理解 ✗ 将例证句当作独立重点,忽略其例证功能 例证是为了说明前文论点,阅读时应上下文联系。

实验描述的典型句式(showed...and asked...)

showed the students photographs asked them to what extent

本句采用 "showed...and asked..." 并列结构,描述实验的两个步骤:先展示材料("showed photographs"),再提问测试("asked to what extent")。这是心理学、认知科学等领域实验报告的典型句式,简洁地概述实验程序。两个动词 "showed" 和 "asked" 并列,共用主语 "they"(研究者)。这种并列结构在学术写作中高频出现,用于串联实验步骤或研究方法。中文学习者需熟悉这类描述实验的句式特征,以便快速把握研究方法部分的核心信息。

feelings (情感/感受)

feelings

"feelings" 在此处指"情感、感受",是 "feeling" 的复数,涵盖各种情绪状态(如快乐、厌恶等)。英语中 "feeling" 既可指具体的某种情感,也可泛指感受能力或情感体验。此处用复数 "feelings" 强调多种情感类型。需注意与 "emotion" 区分:"emotion" 更侧重强烈的情绪反应(如愤怒、恐惧),"feeling" 更宽泛,也包括较温和的感受(如舒适、无聊)。在学术文献中两者常互换,但 "emotion" 稍正式。中文学习者易将 "feeling" 只理解为"感觉"(physical sensation),忽略其"情感"义。

• ✓ feelings such as happiness or disgust (情感,如快乐或厌恶) ✗ 将 "feelings" 只理解为身体感觉(如疼痛、冷热) "feeling" 既可指身体感觉,也可指情感;此处是情感义。

disgust (厌恶/反感)

disgust

"disgust" 是名词,意为"厌恶、反感、恶心",指对某事物强烈的反感情绪,常与不洁、不道德或令人不快的事物相关。该词也可作动词("disgust somebody",使某人厌恶)。在情感研究中,"disgust" 是基本情感之一(与快乐、悲伤、愤怒等并列)。中文学习者可能对这个词较陌生,易与 "hate" 混淆:"hate" 侧重仇恨、憎恨,"disgust" 侧重恶心、反感(通常与感官或道德体验相关)。注意读音为 /dɪsˈɡʌst/,重音在第二音节。

• ✓ disgust (厌恶、恶心,常指对不洁或不道德事物的反感) ✗ 将 "disgust" 等同于 "hate" (仇恨) "disgust" 侧重恶心、反感,"hate" 侧重憎恨;二者情感基调不同。

express (表达/表现)

expressed

"express" 作动词,意为"表达、表现",指将内心想法、情感通过言语、表情、动作等外显出来。此处 "were being expressed" 用被动语态,表示情感被(面部表情)表现出来。该词在学术写作中高频,既可接具体内容("express an opinion, express gratitude"),也可接抽象概念("express feelings, emotions")。需注意其形容词形式 "expressive"(富有表现力的)和名词形式 "expression"(表达、表情)。中文学习者易受母语影响,误以为表情"表达"情感应是主动,实则英语习惯用被动(情感是被表情所表达的)。

• ✓ feelings were being expressed (情感被表达) ✗ feelings were expressing (情感在表达) 英语中情感是动作承受者,应用被动语态。