2018年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2)
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2018年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2)

对话 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2018年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 文章的精读视角页——这篇对话全文 318 词、8 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语六级文章中占 39%);英文原文之外,本篇已有的 6 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

8 段英文原文

以下为2018年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 的听力原文,由懒笔记按试卷原文逐段核对收录,共 8 段。左侧 P1–P8 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

M: Good evening and welcome to Physics Today. Here we interview some of the greatest minds in physics as they help us to understand some of the most complicated theories. Today, I'm very pleased to welcome Dr. Melissa Phillips, professor of theoretical physics. She's here to tell us a little about what it is she studies. Dr. Phillips, you seem to study everything.

W: I guess that would be fair to say I spend most of my time studying the Big Bang theory and where our universe came from.

M: Can you tell us a little about that?

W: Well, I'm very interested in why the universe exists at all. That may sound odd, but the fact is at the moment of the Big Bang, both matter and anti-matter were created for a short time, and I mean just a fraction of a second. The whole universe was a super-hot soup of radiation filled with these particles. So What's baffled scientists for so long is "why is there a universe at all?"

M: That's because matter and anti-matter are basically opposites of each other. They are exactly alike, except that they have opposite electrical charges. So when they collide, they destroy each other?

W: Exactly. So during the first few moments of the Big Bang, the universe was extremely hot and very small. Matter and the now more exotic anti-matter would have had little space to avoid each other. This means that they should have totally wiped each other out, leaving the universe completely barren.

M: But a recent study seems to point to the fact that when matter and anti-matter were first created, there were slightly more particles of matter, which allowed the universe we all live in to form?

W: Exactly. Because there was slightly more matter, the collisions quickly depleted all the anti-matter and left just enough matter to create stars, planets, and eventually us.

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

8 个意群的对话骨架

按对话 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 节目开场与嘉宾介绍

    主持人在 opening 环节通过 welcome 和 introduce 引出今天的 guest Dr. Melissa Phillips,她是 professor of theoretical physics,研究范围 broad 且 comprehensive,为后续的 scientific discussion 做好铺垫和 contextualization。

    这个 opening segment 建立了 credibility 和 authority,通过 introduce 专家身份来为接下来关于 Big Bang theory 的深度 explanation 提供 legitimate foundation,让 audience 知道 information source 是 reliable 的。

    引入研究者身份
  2. 确立核心研究方向

    Phillips 教授在 response 中明确自己的 primary research focus 是 Big Bang theory 和 universe origin,通过简洁的 self-description 将 broad research scope 聚焦到 specific area,为 subsequent explanation 确定 central topic。

    这个 brief response 起到 topic-setting 作用,直接 mention 了 Big Bang theory 这个 key concept,为整个 interview 的 thematic development 定下基调,让 audience 明确接下来的 discussion direction。

    点明研究核心
  3. 引导性提问

    主持人用简短的 elicitation question 来 prompt 更详细的 explanation,这个 minimal turn 体现了 interviewer 的 facilitating role,通过 open-ended question 给 interviewee 提供 elaboration space。

    这个 short question 起到 transitional function,从 topic identification 过渡到 detailed explanation,是 interview flow 中的 pivotal point,虽然 simple 但对推动 discourse progression 很关键。

    请求展开说明
  4. 核心理论问题阐述

    Phillips 教授展开 elaborate explanation,介绍 Big Bang moment 时 matter 和 anti-matter 同时 created 的 scenario,特别强调这个 paradox:既然它们 annihilate each other,为什么 universe still exists?这个 extended turn 包含 background information 和 central puzzle 的 articulation。

    这个 sense group 是整个 interview 的 theoretical core,它 establish 了需要 解答的 fundamental question。通过描述 Big Bang 初期的 physical conditions 和随之而来的 puzzle,为后续的 solution explanation 创造 necessity 和 anticipation。

    提出核心矛盾
  5. 主持人确认理解

    主持人通过 paraphrase 和 confirmation check 来 demonstrate understanding,解释 matter 和 anti-matter 的 opposite nature 以及它们 collide 时会 destroy each other。这个 turn 既是 comprehension display 也是为 audience 提供 clarification。

    这个 sense group 服务于 pedagogical purpose,通过主持人的 reformulation 确保 audience 理解 annihilation mechanism 这个 crucial concept。它也体现了 dialogue 的 collaborative nature,两位 interlocutors 共同 construct understanding。

    解释关键机制
  6. 矛盾后果推演

    Phillips 用 Exactly 确认主持人的 understanding 后,进一步 elaborate Big Bang 早期的 physical constraints:极高温、极小 space 导致 matter 和 anti-matter 无法 avoid collision,理论上应该 completely annihilate,留下 barren universe。这是对 paradox 的 consequence analysis。

    这个 sense group 通过 logical reasoning 强化了 problem 的 severity,说明如果按照 symmetrical annihilation 逻辑,universe 根本不应该 exist。这为后续的 solution reveal 制造 dramatic tension 和 explanatory necessity。

    推导理论困境
  7. 主持人引入研究发现

    主持人用 But 引出 recent study 的 finding:matter 略多于 anti-matter 的 asymmetry 是 universe formation 的 key。这个 turn 既是 introducing new information 也是 seeking confirmation,体现了 interviewer 对 research 的 awareness。

    这个 sense group 是 turning point,从 problem exposition 转向 solution presentation。虽然是主持人 articulate 的,但它引出了整个 interview 的 resolution,direct address 主旨中的 slight excess of matter 这个 crucial concept。

    提出解决方案
  8. 专家确认与机制解释

    Phillips 用 Exactly 确认后,提供 detailed mechanism explanation:slightly more matter 导致 collisions 快速 deplete all anti-matter,剩余的 matter 足够 create cosmic structures。这个 closing explanation 完成了整个 theoretical account 的 final piece。

    这个 final sense group 提供 complete resolution,解释了从 initial asymmetry 到 universe formation 的 causal chain。它 wrap up 整个 discussion,给 audience 一个 satisfying closure,directly answer 开头提出的 fundamental question。

    阐明形成机制
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2018年12月英语六级真题第2套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 开场定位话题领域 P1 P2

    对话类文章的 opening remarks 通常会直接 reveal 核心 topic。在这篇文章中,host 在 第1段 就明确说 'interview some of the greatest minds in physics' 并介绍 guest 是 'professor of theoretical physics',这立刻把 topic 框定在 physics theory 范畴内。

  2. 专家研究核心问题 P2 P4

    在 第2段 和 第4段 中,guest 明确说 'I spend most of my time studying the Big Bang theory' 和 'I'm very interested in why the universe exists at all',这两句话把 general topic(Big Bang theory)具体化为 specific puzzle(为什么 universe 存在)。这就是文章的 core question。

  3. 理论矛盾的构建 P4 P5 P6

    第4段 到 第6段 构成了 problem elaboration:matter 和 anti-matter 在 Big Bang 时 simultaneously created,它们是 opposites 会 collide and destroy each other,那 universe 应该 completely barren。这个 contradiction(universe 应该不存在 vs. universe 确实存在)是文章的 central tension,也是 thesis 要 resolve 的核心。

  4. 问题解决方案 P7 P8

    第7段 和 第8段 提供了 resolution:host 说 'a recent study seems to point to the fact that there were slightly more particles of matter',guest 用 'Exactly' confirm 并 elaborate 说 'Because there was slightly more matter... left just enough matter to create stars, planets, and eventually us'。这个 'slight excess of matter' 就是 paradox 的 solution,也是 thesis 的 concluding point。

  5. 这篇文章完整展现了这个 flow:opening 定 topic(physics/Big Bang),guest statement 提 question(why universe exists),problem elaboration 建 paradox(matter vs. anti-matter),final exchange 给 resolution(slight excess of matter)。主旨就是这个完整 narrative arc 的 compressed version。

主旨信号词 baffled P4 exactly P6 should have P6 because P8 slightly more P7

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

一位物理学教授解释了大爆炸理论,重点讨论了为什么宇宙会存在——尽管物质和反物质同时产生本应相互湮灭,但由于物质略微过量,使得宇宙得以形成。
A physics professor explains the Big Bang theory, focusing on why the universe exists despite matter and anti-matter being created simultaneously, which should have annihilated each other, but a slight excess of matter allowed the universe to form.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • baffle 使困惑、使迷惑不解

    让我们把这些 clues 串联起来。首先,context 告诉我们这是一个长期未解的 scientific mystery;其次,syntax 显示 baffled 描述了一个持续作用于 scientists 的 action;最后,rhetorical logic 表明这是对 paradox 的某种 response。综合这三条 evidence,我们可以推断:baffled 表示"使困惑、使迷惑不解"。Scientists 被这个 paradox 长期困扰,无法 figure out 答案,这正是 baffled 的核心含义。

    心智动词的三重验证法
  • deplete 耗尽、使枯竭

    整合三条 clues:首先,causal logic 表明 depleted 是 collision 的直接 result,与 destruction 同义;其次,quantitative contrast 显示 depleted 意味着 complete removal (all anti-matter);最后,morphology 的 "de-" prefix 确认了 removal 的含义。三条 evidence 共同指向:depleted 表示"耗尽、消耗殆尽"。这个词在 scientific context 中常用来描述 resources、substances 或 materials 的 complete consumption。

    过程动词的多层次验证
  • barren 贫瘠的、荒芜的、不毛的

    综合三条 evidence:首先,result inference 表明 barren 是 total destruction 的 outcome,应该是 empty state;其次,contrast 显示 barren universe 与充满 stars 和 life 的 universe 对立,说明 barren 意味着 lifeless;最后,modification analysis 确认这是一个 absolute、complete condition。三个 angles 汇聚于同一个 conclusion:barren 表示"贫瘠的、荒芜的、不能生育的"。在 cosmology context 中,指 universe 无法产生任何 matter、structure 或 life。

    状态词的假设对比强度法
  • exotic 奇异的、罕见的、异乎寻常的

    整合三条 clues:首先,temporal comparison 显示 anti-matter 随时间变得 "more exotic",即越来越 rare;其次,narrative logic 解释了这种 rarity 的 origin (被 depleted);最后,modification pattern 确认 exotic 用来标记 special、unusual things。综合判断:exotic 表示"奇异的、罕见的、不寻常的"。在 physics context 中,特指那些在当前 universe 中 extremely rare 或 difficult to observe 的 substances 或 phenomena。

    比较级的时间维度分析法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

4 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 反问

    P4

    在 第4段 中,Dr. Phillips 使用了 rhetorical question "why is there a universe at all?",这个问题并不期待 immediate answer,而是用来 emphasize 一个核心的 scientific puzzle。通过这个反问,她成功地将 abstract physics concept 转化为一个让 audience 感到 intriguing 的问题,directly 指向文章的 central theme:matter 和 anti-matter 本应 mutual annihilation,但 universe 却 exist,这个 paradox 正是她研究的 focus。这种 questioning approach 让复杂的 theoretical physics 变得更 accessible 和 engaging。

    信号词 why how what isn't it wouldn't you say don't you think right

    仿写: 当你想在 dialogue 中 emphasize 一个 paradoxical situation 或 fundamental question 时,可以采用 rhetorical question。建议的 approach 是:先 present 一些 background facts,然后用 "why..." 或 "how..." 开头的 question 来 highlight the puzzle。模版:'The fact is [describe situation]. So what's [puzzled/baffled/intrigued] [people/scientists/us] is "[why/how] [core question]?"' 这样的结构能让你的 point stand out,同时 invite audience 去 think deeply。

  • 重复

    P6 P8

    在 第5段 和 第6段 中,"Exactly" 这个词被 repeated 两次作为 response opening。在 第8段 中又再次出现。这种 repetition 不是 accidental,而是 strategic。它 serves multiple functions:首先 confirm 主持人的 understanding 是 correct,建立 rapport;其次 create rhythm 和 coherence in the dialogue;最重要的是,每次 "Exactly" 之后都 followed by further elaboration,这个 pattern 帮助 structure the explanation progressively。这种 repetitive affirmation 让 complex scientific concepts 的 explanation 显得更 organized 和 easier to follow。

    信号词 Exactly Right Precisely Indeed Absolutely Correct Yes

    仿写: 在构建 academic dialogue 时,strategic repetition 可以是 powerful tool。当你想 affirm someone's statement 并 expand on it 时,可以用同一个 agreement word 来 create pattern。建议的 template:'[Affirmation word]. [Expand previous point]. ... [Same affirmation word]. [Further elaboration].' 选择像 "Exactly"、"Precisely"、"Indeed"、"Right" 这样的 words,但要确保每次 repetition 后都 add new information,避免 mere redundancy。这样的 repetition 能让你的 explanation 显得 structured 而不是 monotonous。

  • 语气词

    P2 P4

    在 第2段 中,"I guess" 和 "would be fair to say" 这些 hedging expressions 展现了 academic discourse 中的 modesty 和 caution。在 第4段 中,"I mean" 作为 clarification marker 出现,用来 emphasize "just a fraction of a second" 这个 crucial detail。这些 discourse markers 虽然看似 casual,实际上 serve important functions:它们 soften statements,show epistemic humility,create conversational tone,并 guide listener's attention to important qualifications。特别是 "I mean" 的使用,它 signals 即将到来的是 more precise explanation,帮助 audience grasp the extreme brevity of the time scale being discussed。

    信号词 I guess I mean you know I suppose sort of kind of basically actually well

    仿写: 在 academic conversations 中恰当使用 discourse markers 能让你的 speech 显得 natural 和 thoughtful。使用 hedging expressions 如 "I guess"、"it would be fair to say"、"I suppose" 来 introduce generalizations,用 "I mean" 来 introduce clarifications 或 emphasize important details。模版:'[Hedging expression] [general statement]' 或 '[Statement], and I mean [clarification/emphasis]'。但要 avoid overuse,每个 paragraph 或 turn 用 1-2 个即可,过多会让你 sound uncertain 或 unfocused。

  • 省略

    P3 P7

    在 第3段 和 第7段 中,主持人的 questions 使用了 省略结构。第3段 的 "Can you tell us a little about that?" 中的 "that" 指代 Dr. Phillips studies 的内容,避免了 repetition of "the Big Bang theory and where our universe came from"。第7段 更明显:"But a recent study seems to point to the fact that..." 这个 long sentence 用 ellipsis of repeated elements 来 maintain flow。这种 省略 makes dialogue more efficient 和 natural,避免 redundancy,同时 test 和 demonstrate shared understanding between speakers。它 reflects real conversational dynamics where participants build on common ground。

    信号词 that it this they so there

    仿写: 在 constructing academic dialogues 时,使用 ellipsis 要确保 omitted information 能够 easily recovered from context。在 follow-up questions 中,用 pronouns 或 demonstratives 如 "that"、"it"、"this" 来 refer back to previously mentioned concepts。模版:'Can you tell us more about [that/it/this]?' 或 'What does [that/it] mean for [related topic]?'。在 complex sentences 中,avoid repeating subject 或 verb phrases when continuing same topic。但要注意:only omit what's truly recoverable,否则会 cause confusion rather than efficiency。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

7 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 研究范围的广泛性暗示

    P1
    Dr. Phillips, you seem to study everything.

    夸张类/概括类表达 everything all nothing always never completely totally

    主持人说 you seem to study everything,这个 implication 是 Dr. Phillips 的 research interests 非常 broad and diverse,这是一种 complimentary statement 来 establish her credibility as an expert。对于 article theme 的 value 在于:它 sets up 一个 contrast——虽然她 research scope 很广,但接下来会 focus on 一个 specific question about the Big Bang,这样的 framing 让后续讨论显得更 focused and significant,因为即使是 such a broad researcher 也会 dedicate time to this particular mystery

  • 让步式承认暗含研究聚焦点

    P2
    I guess that would be fair to say I spend most of my time studying the Big Bang theory

    让步类/委婉表达 I guess that would be fair to say to some extent in a way you could say that that's partially true I suppose in some sense

    Dr. Phillips 说 I guess that would be fair to say 是在 politely accepting 主持人的 compliment,但紧接着 I spend most of my time studying the Big Bang theory 这个 specification 才是 real message——她的 primary focus 其实很 specific。这个 implication reveals:虽然她 research interests 可能很广,但 Big Bang theory 是她的 core expertise。对 article theme 的作用是:它 establishes credibility for the specific topic 即将讨论,同时 this subtle correction 也 demonstrates academic rigor——精确描述自己的 research scope 而非接受过于 general 的描述,为后续 detailed technical explanation 奠定了 authoritative tone

  • 反常性引出核心疑问

    P4
    That may sound odd, but the fact is at the moment of the Big Bang, both matter and anti-matter were created

    转折类/预期管理类 That may sound odd, but This might seem strange, but It may appear unusual, but Surprisingly Counterintuitively You might not expect this, but Oddly enough

    说 that may sound odd 这个 implication 是:询问 why the universe exists at all 虽然听起来像 philosophical rather than scientific question,但实际是 legitimate physics puzzle。这里的 subtext 是:这个问题比 layperson 想象的更 profound and technical。对 article theme 的价值极大:它 frames the central mystery that整篇对话要解决——universe 的存在本身就是一个 anomaly 需要 scientific explanation。这个 framing 让后续关于 matter-antimatter asymmetry 的讨论变得 necessary and exciting,因为它 positions 这个 technical detail 为解决 fundamental existential question 的 key

  • 科学困惑的核心悖论

    P4
    So What's baffled scientists for so long is 'why is there a universe at all?'

    强调类/问题突出类 What's baffled scientists for so long what's baffled scientists has puzzled researchers remains a mystery long-standing question has eluded scientists perplexing problem

    What's baffled scientists for so long 这个表达 implies:这个问题不仅 intellectually challenging,而且是 fundamental physics 的 major unsolved mystery,科学界投入了 considerable effort but still没有完全解决。The subtext 是:Dr. Phillips 的 research addresses 这个 long-standing puzzle,因此她的 work 很 significant。对 article theme 的作用是:它 elevates the discussion from simple explanation to cutting-edge research territory,同时 creates anticipation——既然这么 difficult,那接下来的 answer (matter-antimatter asymmetry) 一定是 recent scientific insight,这 validates the整个 interview 的 premise 即我们在 learning about forefront of physics research

  • 完全毁灭的理论预期

    P6
    This means that they should have totally wiped each other out, leaving the universe completely barren.

    情态词/反事实表达 should have totally wiped each other out should have would have ought to have were supposed to expected to were meant to

    Should have totally wiped each other out 这个表达的 implication 非常关键:按照基本 physics laws,matter 和 anti-matter 的 annihilation 应该导致 universe 完全 empty,但显然 we exist,所以 something prevented this total annihilation。The subtext 是:这就是 puzzle 的 crux——理论预测和 observed reality 之间有 critical gap。对 article theme 的作用是 pivotal:它 creates maximum dramatic tension right before revealing the solution (matter excess),这种 build-up makes 后续的 answer 更加 impactful and memorable。这也 reinforces 前面提到的 why universe exists is a baffling question,现在 audience 真正 understands why it's so puzzling

  • 研究成果的确认性引导

    P7
    But a recent study seems to point to the fact that when matter and anti-matter were first created, there were slightly more particles of matter

    转折类/证据引入类 But a recent study seems to point to the fact that but a recent study however, research shows but evidence suggests recent findings indicate but scientists discovered however, data reveals

    主持人说 but a recent study seems to point to 这个 implication 有几层:1) 他 has done homework,知道 latest research;2) 他在 giving Dr. Phillips a perfect setup to explain the solution;3) seems to point to 的 hedging 显示 scientific literacy——不 claim certainty 而是 present evidence。The subtext 是这是 collaborative dialogue where interviewer 帮助 structure the narrative。对 article theme 的价值是:它 provides smooth transition from problem to solution,而且通过 there were slightly more particles of matter 直接 introduces 解决整个 cosmic mystery 的 key asymmetry。这种 interviewer-led transition 让 complex science 更 accessible,因为 audience 看到 logical flow from puzzle to evidence to explanation

  • 确认与扩展的教学时刻

    P8
    Exactly. Because there was slightly more matter, the collisions quickly depleted all the anti-matter

    确认类/因果扩展类 Exactly. Because Precisely. Since That's right. As Correct. The reason is Indeed. This is because Absolutely. Since Yes. Because

    Dr. Phillips 说 exactly 的 implication 是:主持人的 summary 准确抓住了 research finding 的 essence,这种 validation 很重要,它 signals to audience that 如果他们理解了主持人的 statement,他们就理解了 core concept。紧接着 because 引出的 explanation 是 pedagogical move——她 takes 这个 correct understanding 并 adds the causal mechanism (collisions depleted antimatter, left enough matter for universe formation)。对 article theme 的作用是 brings closure:这个 exactly-because structure 完成了整个 logical arc from puzzle (why universe exists) through evidence (matter excess) to outcome (our universe formed)。这种 clear pedagogical structure makes complex physics accessible,perfectly serving 这个 educational interview 的 purpose

SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

3 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2018年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 的常见问题

2018年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 文章的主旨是什么?
一位物理学教授解释了大爆炸理论,重点讨论了为什么宇宙会存在——尽管物质和反物质同时产生本应相互湮灭,但由于物质略微过量,使得宇宙得以形成。(英文表述:A physics professor explains the Big Bang theory, focusing on why the universe exists despite matter and anti-matter being created simultaneously, which should have annihilated each other, but a slight excess of matter allowed the universe to form.)
2018年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 文章是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为对话。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 318 词、8 段;在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 233 篇(占 39%)。
2018年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 8 段按对话骨架分为 8 个意群:第1段——节目开场与嘉宾介绍;第2段——确立核心研究方向;第3段——引导性提问;第4段——核心理论问题阐述;第5段——主持人确认理解;第6段——矛盾后果推演;第7段——主持人引入研究发现;第8段——专家确认与机制解释。
2018年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 4 个:baffle(使困惑、使迷惑不解)、deplete(耗尽、使枯竭)、barren(贫瘠的、荒芜的、不毛的)、exotic(奇异的、罕见的、异乎寻常的),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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