懒笔记
2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3)
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2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3)

说明文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 411 词、8 段，CEFR 难度 B2（B2 级在英语六级文章中占 39%），作者立场为「积极支持」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

8 段英文原文

以下为2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 的听力原文，共 8 段。左侧 P1–P8 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

Skin may seem like a superficial human attribute, but it's the first thing we notice about anyone we meet. As a zoologist focusing on the studies of apes and monkeys, I've been studying why humans evolved to become the naked ape, and why skin comes in so many different shades around the world.

We can make a very good estimate from the fossil record that humans probably evolved naked skin around a million and a half years ago, and meanwhile they mostly lost their coat of fur. Today we have a few patches of hair remaining on various parts of our bodies, but compared with apes and monkeys, we have very little. Basically, we turned our skin darker to serve as a natural sun protector in the place of the hair we lost.

We think we lost this hair because of the need to keep ourselves cool when we were moving around vigorously in a hot environment. We can't really lose heat by breathing quickly and loudly like dogs. We have to do it by sweating. So we evolved the ability to sweat plentifully and lost most of our fur.

Most animals protect themselves from the sun with fur. What we did in our ancestry was to produce more permanent natural coloring in our skin cells.

This was really an important revolution in human history because it allowed us to continue to evolve in equatorial environments. It really made it possible for us to continue along the path toward modern humans in Africa.

For most of human history we all had dark skin. What we see today is the product of evolutionary events resulting from the dispersal of a few human populations out of Africa around 60,000 to 70,000 years ago.

Our species originated around 200,000 years ago and underwent tremendous diversification—culturally, technologically, linguistically, artistically—for 130,000 years. After that, a few small populations left Africa to populate the rest of the world. These early ancestors of modern Eurasians dispersed into parts of the world that had more seasonal sunshine and much lower levels of sun radiation. It's in these populations that we begin to see real changes in the genetic makeup of natural coloring.

Today, skin color is evolving via new mixtures of people coming together and having children with new mixtures of skin color genes. We can see this in almost every large city worldwide. Not only the coloring genes, but lots of other genes are getting mixed up, too.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

8 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    Questions About Human Skin

    The author introduces the evolutionary questions of human hairlessness and skin color diversity.

    本段承担 introduction 的作用，它把全文主旨拆分为 hairlessness 和 skin color diversity 两条解释线索，后文将依次说明其形成原因与演化过程。

    锁定开篇问题
  2. P2

    Dark Skin Replaced Lost Fur

    After losing most body hair, humans evolved darker skin as natural sun protection.

    本段开始回答全文第一个问题，即人类为何既少毛又常有深色皮肤，并提出“体毛减少—肤色加深”的基本适应关系。

    抓住替代关系
  3. P3

    Hair Loss and Cooling by Sweating

    Humans lost fur and evolved abundant sweating to cool their bodies in hot environments.

    本段为 第2段 中“人类失去毛发”补充了根本原因，即 thermoregulation；它使后文关于深色皮肤防晒的解释更完整，因为失毛之后才需要新的保护方式。

    串起散热因果链
  4. P4

    Skin Pigmentation as Sun Protection

    Humans evolved permanent skin pigmentation to replace fur's protective role against the sun.

    本段把“深色皮肤”的形成进一步落实到 permanent pigmentation 这一生物学机制，从而承接失毛问题，并为下一段说明其历史意义作铺垫。

    比较后锁定人类
  5. P5

    A Crucial Adaptation in Africa

    Protective skin pigmentation enabled humans to continue evolving in equatorial Africa.

    本段总结深色皮肤防晒的价值：它保障了人类在强日照的非洲环境中持续演化，并完成了全文关于早期深色肤色形成原因的第一部分论证。

    追问适应的结果
  6. P6

    Migration and Skin Color Diversity

    Modern skin color diversity began after some human populations migrated out of Africa.

    本段是全文论述重心的转折点：文章从解释人类为何原本有深色皮肤，转向解释现代世界为何会出现不同 skin colors。

    从深色到多样
  7. P7

    Sunlight Differences Changed Pigmentation Genes

    Migration to regions with lower and more seasonal sunlight led to genetic changes in skin pigmentation.

    本段具体说明 第6段 所说的“走出非洲”为什么会造成肤色变化：不同地区的 solar radiation 改变了自然着色相关基因，因此它是全文解释肤色多样性的关键论证段。

    环境驱动基因变化
  8. P8

    Ongoing Evolution Through Genetic Mixing

    Human skin color is still evolving through widespread genetic mixing in modern populations.

    本段以现代 genetic mixing 收束全文，说明肤色多样性并非固定不变，而是在全球人口流动和通婚中继续发展，从过去的演化历史自然延伸到当下。

    由混合看持续演化
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

8 道逐段细节自检题

针对2019年6月英语六级真题第1套这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 zoologist studying

    What questions has the zoologist been studying?

    • A Why apes and monkeys have retained thick fur.
    • B How people first learned to protect themselves from the sun.
    • C Why humans became naked and why human skin has many shades.
    • D Why modern cities contain people from different parts of the world.
    • E How fossil records prove the exact age of the human species.
    • F Why cultural and technological diversification stopped in Africa.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    正确项完整对应两个并列的 why questions：一项关于 naked ape，另一项关于 different shades。命题障碍在于把 evolved to become 改写为 became，并把 skin comes in many shades 压缩为 has many shades；这是六级常见的同义改写，不改变因果探究对象。

    双槽并列核验 时间极紧时，直接以题干中的 zoologist 反向扫描至 第1段，不必通读全文。随后只读 studying 后的两个并列 why 分句，并用“二槽位核验”：答案项必须同时填满“无毛变化”和“肤色差异”两个槽位；只有正确项符合。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 darker a few patches of hair

    What function did darker human skin serve after most fur was lost?

    • A It enabled humans to lose heat by breathing quickly.
    • B It produced a few patches of hair on the body.
    • C It made sunshine more seasonal in new environments.
    • D It acted as a natural protector against the sun.
    • E It allowed humans to develop cultural diversity for 130,000 years.
    • F It prevented the mixing of coloring genes in large cities.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    正确项同义复现 natural sun protector，并准确保留 darker skin 对 lost fur 的替代关系。障碍在于原文使用 serve as，选项改为 acted as；考生必须识别功能同义而非拘泥于原词。

    替代箭头填空 以 darker 为锚点直接进入 第2段，跳读到含功能标记的句子。不要逐项做全文比对，只画一条“lost fur -> replacement”箭头；能够填入箭头终点的只有正确项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 hot environment vigorously

    Why did humans lose most of their fur?

    • A To absorb more sunshine in places with lower sun radiation.
    • B To make their skin a permanent natural coloring.
    • C To breathe quickly and loudly like dogs.
    • D To prepare for the dispersal out of Africa.
    • E To keep cool while moving vigorously in a hot environment.
    • F To create new mixtures of skin color genes.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    该项准确压缩了 because of the need to keep ourselves cool when we were moving around vigorously in a hot environment。命题障碍是删去了 because of 和 ourselves，并把长定语压缩为 while 短语；核心因果没有改变。

    因果前置截取 直接用 hot environment 与 vigorously 扫描至 第3段，然后优先寻找核心动作附近的 because of。将因果标记后的完整意群视为答案范围，不被后续机制和类比细节分散；对应这一意群的是正确项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 permanent natural coloring skin cells

    How did human ancestors protect themselves from the sun?

    • A They grew a thicker coat of fur than other animals.
    • B They moved only during seasons with less sunshine.
    • C They breathed quickly and loudly to release heat.
    • D They developed fewer patches of hair on their bodies.
    • E They mixed coloring genes with populations outside Africa.
    • F They produced more permanent natural coloring in their skin cells.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    正确项保留 produced、permanent natural coloring 和 skin cells 三个关键事实，完整回答人类的防晒方式。障碍是原文用 What we did 的第一人称叙述，选项改为 They，要求考生还原指代对象。

    对比后半句截取 看到题干中的保护功能后，立即锁定 第4段 的对比结构，并只读转入人类方案的后半句。把前半句的一般动物策略暂时排除，答案项便只剩正确项所表达的人类机制。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 equatorial modern humans

    What was the major evolutionary significance of this change?

    • A It enabled humans to continue evolving in equatorial Africa toward modern humans.
    • B It caused all humans to leave Africa 60,000 years ago.
    • C It made human skin lighter in areas with low sun radiation.
    • D It allowed humans to cool themselves by breathing like dogs.
    • E It stopped the cultural and linguistic diversification of the species.
    • F It created the modern mixing of genes in every large city.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：A

    正确项合并了 allowed us to continue to evolve in equatorial environments 与 continue along the path toward modern humans in Africa。障碍在于将两句结果压缩为一项，并把 Africa 与 equatorial environments 合并，信息方向仍完全一致。

    双结果动词拼接 用 equatorial 与 modern humans 进行组合扫描，直接进入 第5段，随后只抓 allowed 和 made it possible 两个动词后的宾语。将两处宾语合并，恰好对应正确项。

  6. 第 6 段 定位词 dispersal out of Africa

    What gave rise to the variety of human skin colors seen today?

    • A The original development of naked skin a million and a half years ago.
    • B The dispersal of a few human populations out of Africa 60,000 to 70,000 years ago.
    • C The ability to sweat plentifully in hot environments.
    • D The permanent natural coloring shared by all animals.
    • E The cultural and artistic diversification of the human species.
    • F The recent mixing of people in large cities worldwide.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：B

    正确项忠实复现 product of evolutionary events resulting from the dispersal of a few human populations out of Africa，并保留时间范围和数量限定。障碍是把长因果短语压缩为核心历史事件，考生需识别 resulting from 的因果中心。

    因果标记截因 先以 dispersal 和 out of Africa 组合定位 第6段。紧接着扫描 product of 与 resulting from，把因果标记之后的历史名词组整体取出；与之同义的正确项即为答案。

  7. 第 7 段 定位词 genetic makeup of natural coloring modern Eurasians

    Where did real changes in the genetic makeup of natural coloring begin to appear?

    • A Among all human populations that remained in equatorial Africa.
    • B Among apes and monkeys with much more fur than humans.
    • C Among early ancestors of modern Eurasians living in areas with more seasonal sunshine and lower sun radiation.
    • D Among dogs that released heat by breathing quickly and loudly.
    • E Among people in every large city worldwide.
    • F Among the first humans with naked skin one and a half million years ago.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    正确项准确还原 these populations 的指代，并保留 modern Eurasians、seasonal sunshine 与 lower sun radiation 三项限定。障碍在于答案不直接重复一个地名，而需要通过 these populations 的回指完成信息整合。

    末句回指倒查 直接用完整术语 genetic makeup of natural coloring 定到 第7段 的末句，然后执行一次复数代词向前回指。只取该回指名词组及其环境定语，正确项便可被唯一识别。

  8. 第 8 段 定位词 skin color having children

    How is skin color evolving today?

    • A Through humans losing most of their fur in hot environments.
    • B Through darker skin acting as a natural sun protector.
    • C Through populations moving out of Africa 60,000 years ago.
    • D Through people from different backgrounds having children with new mixtures of skin color genes.
    • E Through increasing levels of sun radiation in seasonal environments.
    • F Through the complete disappearance of all coloring genes.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    正确项同义概括 via new mixtures of people coming together and having children with new mixtures of skin color genes。障碍在于将两次 mixtures 分别整合为人群背景和基因组合，考生需把社会过程与遗传结果连接起来。

    三环机制核验 以 skin color 与 having children 组合锁定 第8段，随后截取方式介词引出的完整机制链。用“人群结合 -> 生育 -> 基因新组合”三环核验，完整覆盖三环的正确项即为答案。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

8 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. P1

    研究切入与核心问题提出

    作者以 zoologist 的身份 introduce 了研究的 focus：人类为什么 evolved 成为 naked ape，以及 skin color 为什么会有 diversity。这个 opening 通过 personal perspective 建立了 credibility，同时用 superficial 和 first thing we notice 的对比来 highlight skin 的重要性。

    这个 sense group 在 expository text 中起到 problem statement 的作用，它 set up 了整篇文章要 explain 的两个 central questions：hairlessness 和 skin color variation，为后续的 evolutionary explanation 做好 preparation。

    提出待解释现象
  2. P2

    毛发消失的时间与直接原因

    这个 sense group 提供了 naked skin evolution 的 timeline（around 1.5 million years ago）和 immediate cause：darker skin 作为 natural sun protector 来 replace 失去的 fur。通过 fossil record 建立 scientific credibility，并用 comparison with apes and monkeys 来 emphasize human uniqueness。

    在 expository structure 中，这是 first layer of explanation，它 establish 了 what happened 和 when it happened，为 subsequent paragraphs 中更深层的 why it happened 铺垫 foundation。这种 layered explanation 是 scientific exposition 的典型 pattern。

    时间节点与替代机制
  3. P3

    毛发消失的深层机制

    这部分 explain 了 hair loss 的 physiological reason：humans need to keep cool through sweating 而非 breathing quickly like dogs。这个 sense group 通过 thermoregulation mechanism 来 answer 为什么 evolve naked skin，体现了 expository text 从 surface phenomenon 到 underlying biology 的 analytical depth。

    这个 sense group 在 causal chain 中起 crucial role，它 bridge 了 environmental pressure（hot climate, vigorous movement）和 evolutionary outcome（hairlessness）。在 expository structure 中，这种 mechanistic explanation 是 core argumentative layer，让 readers understand not just what evolved but why it was necessary。

    体温调节机制
  4. P4

    肤色加深的保护策略

    这个简短的 sense group 通过 contrast（animals use fur, humans use pigmentation）来 clarify 人类独特的 sun protection strategy。用 permanent natural coloring 这个概念 highlight 了 evolutionary solution 的 distinctiveness，为下一 sense group 关于这个 adaptation 的 significance 做 transition。

    在 expository flow 中，这个 sense group 起 clarifying role，它用 comparative approach 来 emphasize human evolutionary path 的 uniqueness。虽然 brief，但它 serve 为 connecting link，从 biological mechanism 过渡到 historical significance。

    防护方式对比
  5. P5

    深色皮肤的进化意义

    这个 sense group evaluate 了 dark skin evolution 的 historical importance，称其为 important revolution，因为它 allowed humans to continue evolving in equatorial environments and made possible the path toward modern humans in Africa。这里 shift 从 mechanism 到 evolutionary consequence 和 broader significance。

    在 expository structure 中，这个 sense group 起 significance framing 的作用，它 elevate 前面的 biological explanations 到 evolutionary milestone 的 level。这种 from mechanism to meaning 的 progression 是 scientific exposition 的 classic pattern，帮助 readers appreciate the broader implications。

    演化里程碑
  6. P6

    肤色差异的起源时间

    这个 sense group introduce 了文章的 second major topic：skin color diversity。它 establish 了关键 temporal fact（for most of human history, all dark skin）和 turning point（dispersal out of Africa 60,000-70,000 years ago）。用 product of evolutionary events 这个概念 set up 后续更详细的 explanation。

    在 expository structure 中，这个 sense group mark 了文章的 major pivot point，从 explaining hairlessness 转向 explaining color variation。它 serve as mini-introduction for the second half of the exposition，providing essential context（original uniformity + migration trigger）for subsequent detailed explanation。

    变异起点标定
  7. P7

    肤色分化的详细过程

    这个 sense group 提供了 skin color variation 的 detailed evolutionary narrative：species originated 200,000 years ago，经历了 130,000 years 的 diversification，然后 small populations left Africa 并 dispersed 到 regions with different sun radiation levels，导致 genetic makeup changes in natural coloring。这个 chronological account 是 expository text 的 detailed explanation layer。

    这个 sense group 是文章关于 skin color variation 的 core explanatory section，它 provide 了 complete causal chain：geographic dispersal → different sun radiation → genetic changes。在 expository structure 中，这种 detailed process description 是 argumentative backbone，给 readers full understanding of how variation emerged。

    迁徙与变异历程
  8. P8

    当代肤色演化趋势

    这个 concluding sense group shift 到 present-day evolution，描述 skin color 如何 continue evolving through new mixtures of populations and genes in large cities worldwide。用 today 和 ongoing processes（coming together, having children）强调 evolution 不是 finished history 而是 continuing process，为整篇 exposition 提供 forward-looking closure。

    在 expository structure 中，这个 final sense group serve dual purpose：它 complete 了 evolutionary narrative（从 ancient origins 到 contemporary developments），同时 provide broader perspective（not just skin color but genetic mixing in general）。这种 broadening conclusion 是 effective expository ending，让 topic 延伸到 larger context。

    现代混合趋势
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 首段定位研究对象 P1

    说明文的 opening paragraph 通常会 introduce the main subject，第一段第二句 'I've been studying why humans evolved to become the naked ape' 直接点明了 research focus，这是典型的 expository writing pattern，作者会在开头就 reveal 要 explain 什么现象

  2. 时间线索串联演化 P2 P6 P7

    第2段 出现 'a million and a half years ago'，第6段 提到 '60,000 to 70,000 years ago'，第7段 说明 '200,000 years ago'，这些 time references 构建了完整的 evolutionary timeline，说明文常用 chronological order 来 organize explanations of processes

  3. 因果关系定位机制 P3 P5

    第3段 的 'because of the need to'，第5段 的 'because it allowed us to' 以及 'made it possible for' 都是 explicit causal language。说明文的 core function 就是 explain why things happen，所以 causal markers 往往 lead to main points

  4. 重要性标记筛选 P5

    第5段 中的 'really an important revolution' 和 'really made it possible' 使用了 emphatic language，这种 evaluative expressions 表明作者在 highlight certain aspects as particularly significant，这些往往是 main thesis 的 key components

  5. 多维要素整合主旨 P1 P2 P3 P5 P6 P7

    说明文的 main idea 通常是 multi-dimensional 的，包括要 explain 的 phenomenon (hairlessness and skin color), the causes (thermoregulation, sun protection, migration), 和 the broader significance (human evolution in different environments)。把前面步骤识别的 key elements 整合起来，就能 formulate the complete thesis

主旨信号词 evolved P1 because P3 important revolution P5 around P2 allowed P5

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

这篇说明文解释了人类体毛脱落和肤色多样性的进化起源。人类在约150万年前为了通过出汗调节体温而失去体毛,进化出深色皮肤作为天然防晒保护。当人群在6万至7万年前从非洲迁徙到阳光条件不同的地区时,肤色差异开始出现。
This expository text explains the evolutionary origins of human hairlessness and skin color diversity. Humans lost body hair approximately 1.5 million years ago for thermoregulation through sweating, developing darker skin as natural sun protection. Skin color variation emerged when populations migrated from Africa 60,000-70,000 years ago to regions with different sunlight levels.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

6 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • superficial 表面的;肤浅的

    让我们把这些 clues 串联起来思考：sentence structure 中的 but 转折告诉我们，superficial 描述的特征与 important、noticeable 形成对比；word formation 分析显示这个词字面意思是'在表面上的'；而 semantic context 中'第一眼注意到'这个表达又强化了'表面'这层含义。三条线索共同指向同一个方向：superficial 表示'表面的、肤浅的、不深入的'。

    转折标记+构词拆解+语义呼应三重验证
  • vigorously 剧烈地;用力地;精力充沛地

    让我们整合这些 evidence：从 causal chain 看，vigorously 的 moving 导致需要 cooling mechanism，说明这种运动产生大量 heat；从 syntactic parallelism 看，vigorously 对应 plentifully，强度对应数量；从 morphology 看，这是个从'活力'概念派生的 adverb。三条线索都指向同一个 conclusion：vigorously 表示'有力地、剧烈地、精力充沛地'。

    因果溯源+平行对应+词缀识别
  • plentifully 大量地;充分地;丰富地

    综合这些 clues：从 comparative logic 看，plentifully 的 sweating 必须足以补偿无法通过 breathing 散热的不足；从 word formation 看，plenty 的 adverbial form 天然携带'大量'的含义；从 contextual coherence 看，它与 vigorously 形成强度与数量的对应关系。所有 evidence 都指向：plentifully 表示'大量地、充足地、丰富地'。

    对比定位+词族关联+逻辑一致性检验
  • equatorial 赤道的;赤道附近的

    串联这些 threads：从 evolutionary logic 看，equatorial environments 是能够产生 dark skin adaptation 的地方，必然是 sun radiation 极强的区域；从 morphology 看，这是个地理相关的 adjective；从 historical context 看，human origin in Africa 与 equatorial 的地理位置完全吻合。所有 evidence 共同指向：equatorial 表示'赤道的、赤道附近的'。

    背景知识+构词分析+文本证据三角定位
  • dispersal 扩散;分散;散布

    让我们整合这些 insights：从 contextual meaning 看，dispersal 描述的是人群 out of Africa 的 movement pattern，是一种 spreading process；从 morphology 看，dis- prefix 携带'分散'的核心含义；从 word family 看，动词 dispersed 在后文出现，验证了'扩散到各地'的准确理解。所有 clues 一致指向：dispersal 表示'扩散、分散、散布'。

    情境把握+前缀解码+词族互证
  • diversification 多样化;多元化

    综合这些 threads：从 textual structure 看，破折号后的多领域列举具体解释了 diversification 的表现形式；从 morphology 看，词根 divers- 加上 process suffix -ification 明确指向'多样化过程'；从 conceptual contrast 看，与后文的 mixing 相比，diversification 特指从单一起源向多样化发展的 historical process。所有 evidence 汇聚：diversification 表示'多样化、多元化'。

    标点线索+后缀识别+时空对比
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 列数字

    P2 P6 P7

    文章中使用了多个 precise temporal markers 来建立 evolutionary timeline，比如 "a million and a half years ago" 表明人类失去体毛的时间点，"around 60,000 to 70,000 years ago" 标注了人类走出非洲的关键时期，"around 200,000 years ago" 则定位了现代人类物种的起源时刻。这些 numerical data 为 human evolution 提供了 concrete chronological framework，让抽象的 evolutionary process 变得可追溯、可验证，强化了说明文的 scientific credibility 和 explanatory power。通过 quantifiable time points，读者能够清晰地理解 skin pigmentation 是一个跨越百万年的 gradual adaptation process。

    信号词 a million and a half years ago around 60,000 to 70,000 years ago around 200,000 years ago 130,000 years approximately roughly about nearly over more than less than between...and...

    仿写： 在写作 scientific exposition 时，思考哪些关键 claims 需要 quantitative support。不要停留在 "很久以前" 这样的 general expression，而要追问：能否提供 specific timeline？涉及 quantity、scale、frequency、duration 的地方都是 potential insertion points。仿写模版：【主题】+ occurred/emerged + 【具体数字+时间/数量单位】+ ago/later，例如 "The technology breakthrough happened approximately 50 years ago" 或 "The population increased by 300% over two decades"。

  • 作比较

    P2 P3

    文章通过 explicit contrast 将 humans 与其他 primates 进行对比："compared with apes and monkeys, we have very little [hair]"，突出人类 hairlessness 的独特性。同时对比 different cooling mechanisms：humans 通过 sweating 而 dogs 通过 panting（breathing quickly and loudly），这个 physiological comparison 解释了为什么人类必须 evolve naked skin。这种 comparative strategy 让读者通过 familiar reference points（猴子、狗）来理解人类的 evolutionary uniqueness，将 anthropological knowledge 置于 broader biological context 中，使 specialized information 更加 accessible and relatable。

    信号词 compared with unlike in contrast to whereas while on the other hand however but rather than instead of different from similar to

    仿写： 写作时识别需要 contextualization 的 specialized features，问自己：读者对什么 object 更熟悉？哪个 comparison 能最有效地 illuminate the contrast？选择具有 clear differentiating traits 的对比对象。仿写模版：【对象A】+ compared with/unlike + 【对象B】+ 【核心差异】，例如 "Unlike traditional methods, this approach reduces processing time by half" 或 "Compared with mammals, birds have a fundamentally different respiratory system"。注意 comparison 必须服务于 explanatory purpose，避免 irrelevant contrasts。

  • 作诠释

    P3 P5 P7

    文章运用 interpretive elaboration 来解释 complex evolutionary mechanisms。例如 第3段 中，先提出 phenomenon（人类失去毛发），然后用 "because of the need to keep ourselves cool" 进行 causal interpretation，接着通过 "We can't really lose heat by breathing...We have to do it by sweating" 来 elaborate the physiological constraint，最后用 "So we evolved..." 总结 adaptive outcome。这种 layered explanation 将 biological fact 转化为 logical reasoning chain，不仅告诉读者 what happened，更解释了 why it happened 和 how it works。这种 interpretive depth 是说明文从 descriptive 升华到 analytical 的关键。

    信号词 because of this is because the reason is due to as a result therefore thus consequently in other words that is to say specifically what this means is

    仿写： 写作时区分 description 和 interpretation，问自己：这个 fact 背后的 reason 是什么？How does it work？What are the implications？建立 interpretive layers：现象层→原因层→机制层→意义层。仿写模版：【现象陈述】+ This is because + 【直接原因】+ Specifically/In other words + 【机制解释】+ As a result/Therefore + 【结果或意义】。例如 "The reaction accelerates at higher temperatures. This is because heat increases molecular kinetic energy. Specifically, faster-moving molecules collide more frequently. As a result, reaction rates double with every 10°C increase"。

  • 下定义

    P1 P4

    虽然文章没有使用 formal dictionary-style definitions，但 第1段 中 "the naked ape" 这个 term 通过 contextual definition 被界定：humans 相比其他 primates 失去了大部分体毛。第4段 的 "permanent natural coloring in our skin cells" 定义了人类 skin pigmentation 的本质。这些 definitional statements 为后续 explanation 建立 conceptual foundation，确保读者对 key terms 有 precise understanding。在 expository writing 中，clear definitions 防止 ambiguity，让 complex biological concepts 有 operational clarity。

    信号词 is refers to means is defined as is called is known as consists of involves describes represents

    仿写： 写作时识别需要 explicit definition 的 technical terms 或 specialized concepts。定义策略包括：formal definition（A is B that/which...）、functional definition（A refers to the process of...）、operational definition（A means when...）。仿写模版：【术语】+ is/refers to/means + 【broader category】+ that/which + 【distinguishing characteristics】。例如 "Photosynthesis is the biochemical process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy" 或 "Machine learning refers to algorithms that improve automatically through experience"。

  • 分类别

    P7

    文章在 第7段 中使用 categorical division 来展现人类 diversification 的多个维度："culturally, technologically, linguistically, artistically"。这个 four-fold categorization 将 abstract concept of "diversification" 分解为 concrete domains，让读者理解人类 evolution 不仅是 biological，更是 multifaceted development。通过 parallel structure 的 adverbial categories，文章展示了 comprehensive scope of human achievement，为后续讨论 genetic mixing 提供了 cultural context。这种 systematic classification 体现了说明文的 organizational rigor。

    信号词 can be divided into includes consists of falls into...categories types of kinds of such as including namely for example

    仿写： 写作时识别 multifaceted concepts 需要 categorical breakdown。选择 classification criterion（按功能、按类型、按时间、按空间等），确保 categories 之间 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive。仿写模版：【整体对象】+ can be divided into/includes + 【类别1】, 【类别2】, and 【类别3】。例如 "Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, and hydroelectric power" 或 "Communication occurs verbally, non-verbally, and through written forms"。使用 parallel structure 增强 categorical clarity。

  • 举例子

    P3 P8

    第3段 中 "like dogs" 是一个 concrete biological example，用来说明不同物种的 thermoregulation strategies。第8段 中 "in almost every large city worldwide" 提供了 contemporary observable examples of genetic mixing。这些 examples 将 abstract evolutionary concepts 锚定在 tangible reality 中，让读者能够通过 familiar observations 来理解 scientific principles。特别是 dog example，它利用读者的 everyday knowledge，使 complex physiological difference immediately graspable。Examples 的作用是 bridge the gap between theory and reality。

    信号词 like for example for instance such as including namely take...for example consider as in as seen in illustrated by

    仿写： 写作时识别哪些 abstract claims 需要 concrete illustration。选择 examples 时考虑：是否 typical and representative？读者是否 familiar？是否能 effectively demonstrate the point？仿写模版：【抽象陈述】+ For example/For instance/Such as + 【具体例子】+ 【例子如何体现观点】。例如 "Many animals use camouflage for survival. For example, chameleons change color to match their surroundings, making them nearly invisible to predators" 或 "Cities are adopting smart technologies. For instance, Barcelona uses sensors to optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion"。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

8 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 皮肤表面属性的重要性被低估

    P1
    Skin may seem like a superficial human attribute, but it's the first thing we notice about anyone we meet.

    让步转折类 may seem might appear seems like looks as if appears to be gives the impression at first glance

    这个 implication 是皮肤虽然 seems superficial,但实际上 carries profound significance。这种 opening strategy 为整篇文章 establishes justification——即研究 skin evolution 不是 trivial pursuit,而是 understanding human development 的 crucial aspect。对 main idea 的 contribution 在于它 frames 后续关于 hairlessness 和 pigmentation 的 scientific explanation 为 important evolutionary topic,而非 merely descriptive content

  • 毛发丧失估计的不确定性

    P2
    We can make a very good estimate from the fossil record that humans probably evolved naked skin around a million and a half years ago

    模糊限制语 very good estimate reasonable assumption fairly certain quite confident relatively sure pretty reliable largely accurate

    这个 implication 揭示虽然 evolutionary timeline 有 solid fossil evidence 支撑,但仍存在 inherent uncertainty。这种 cautious language 对 article's credibility 至关重要——它 demonstrates 作者的 scientific objectivity,避免 overstate findings。对 main idea 的 support 在于它 establishes 后续 explanations 的 evidence-based foundation,同时 acknowledges limitations,使 evolutionary account 更加 trustworthy 和 academically sound

  • 人类散热方式的独特性

    P3
    We can't really lose heat by breathing quickly and loudly like dogs. We have to do it by sweating.

    否定对比类 can't really don't have unable to cannot lack the ability not equipped to incapable of

    此处的 implication 是 humans 与其他 mammals 在 thermoregulation 上存在 fundamental difference,这种 inability 迫使 unique evolutionary path。这个 contrast 对 main idea 极为 critical——它 explains WHY humans lost fur (sweating requirement) 而非 merely stating THAT we lost it。通过 emphasize biological constraint,作者 establishes causal logic chain:vigorous movement → heat generation → inability to pant → sweating necessity → fur loss,使 evolutionary explanation 更加 compelling 和 coherent

  • 人类防晒策略的特殊性

    P4
    Most animals protect themselves from the sun with fur. What we did in our ancestry was to produce more permanent natural coloring in our skin cells.

    对比强调类 What we did What humans developed Our approach was Instead, we Rather than While others Whereas most

    这个 implication 是 humans 采用了与 most mammals fundamentally different 的 sun protection strategy。这种 contrast 对 article's argument 至关重要——它 connects 前文的 fur loss 和后文的 skin pigmentation,展示 evolutionary problem-solving:失去 physical barrier (fur) 后 develop chemical barrier (melanin)。对 main idea 的 contribution 是它 demonstrates human evolution 的 adaptive complexity,不是简单 feature change 而是 coordinated biological system 的 reorganization

  • 皮肤色素的革命性意义

    P5
    This was really an important revolution in human history because it allowed us to continue to evolve in equatorial environments.

    强调情态词 really truly indeed certainly absolutely definitely clearly

    这个 implication 是 melanin production 不只是 minor adaptation,而是 transformative evolutionary breakthrough。通过 really 和 revolution 的 combination,作者 signals 这是 entire human evolutionary trajectory 的 turning point。对 main idea 的 value 在于它 elevates 前文 technical descriptions (sweat, fur loss, pigmentation) 到 macro historical significance,展示这些 biological changes enabled human survival and diversification in Africa,ultimately 使 modern human emergence possible

  • 肤色多样性的近期起源

    P6
    For most of human history we all had dark skin. What we see today is the product of evolutionary events resulting from the dispersal of a few human populations out of Africa around 60,000 to 70,000 years ago.

    时间对比类 What we see today Currently Now At present These days In modern times Today's

    此处 implication 是 human skin color diversity 是 relatively recent phenomenon,并非 inherent human feature。这个 revelation 对 main idea 至关重要——它 establishes 当前肤色 variation 的 specific historical causality (migration out of Africa),而非 random diversity。对文章 coherence 的 contribution 在于它 transitions 文章 focus 从 why we lost fur (thermoregulation) 转向 why we have different colors (geographical adaptation),preparing 读者理解后续 latitude-based pigmentation explanation

  • 非洲内部发展的重要性常被忽视

    P7
    Our species originated around 200,000 years ago and underwent tremendous diversification—culturally, technologically, linguistically, artistically—for 130,000 years. After that, a few small populations left Africa

    时间序列强调类 After that Only then Subsequently Following that Not until It wasn't until Only after

    这个 implication 是 human diversification 的 bulk (130,000 years) 发生在 Africa 而非 dispersal 之后,挑战 common narrative 过度 focus on out-of-Africa migration。对 main idea 的 significance 在于它 contextualizes skin color variation:虽然 pigmentation diversity 源于 migration,但 human cultural and biological complexity 早已在 Africa 形成。这 reinforces 文章 core message——skin color 只是 recent geographical adaptation,不 reflect fundamental human differences

  • 现代肤色进化的持续性

    P8
    Today, skin color is evolving via new mixtures of people coming together and having children with new mixtures of skin color genes.

    进行时态隐含类 Today is evolving is changing is happening is occurring are mixing continues to

    这个 implication 是 skin color evolution 不是 finished historical process 而是 continues in present through interracial reproduction。这 challenges common perception that evolution 只是 ancient history。对 main idea 的 contribution 是它 brings entire evolutionary explanation full circle——从 ancestral fur loss 到 modern genetic mixing,展示 evolution 是 continuous process。最 subtle 的 implication 在 not only coloring genes, but lots of other genes,暗示 skin color 只是 broader genetic exchange 的 visible marker,reinforcing 它 not fundamental human divider

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：积极支持

结论先行：本文作者态度为积极支持（ Informative and appreciative of evolutionary adaptation）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 观察开篇的专业身份介绍 P1

    说明文的 opening tone 往往决定了整篇文章的 attitude baseline。如果作者用 first-person narrative 结合 professional background，通常意味着 objective explanation 而非 subjective criticism。

  2. 识别关键事件的修饰词 P5 P7

    说明文虽然以 explain 为主，但作者在描述 scientific facts 时选择的 modifiers 会透露其 underlying attitude。Positive modifiers 表明 admiration，negative modifiers 表明 concern 或 criticism。

  3. 主题的功能性描述 P2 P3 P4 P5

    说明文作者如何 frame the central phenomenon 直接反映其 attitude。Positive framing 强调 benefits 和 functionality，negative framing 强调 risks 和 limitations。

  4. 全文语调一致性验证 P1 P5 P8

    说明文的 overall attitude 需要综合 opening、body 和 conclusion 的 tone consistency。如果三部分都保持 informative 且对 subject matter 持 positive 或 neutral view，就能确认作者的 supportive-informative stance。

文中的态度信号词

  • important revolution P5

    这个 phrase 明确表达了作者对 skin pigmentation evolution 的 positive evaluation。用 "revolution" 这样的 strong positive noun 配合 "important" 这个 evaluative adjective，显示作者认为这是 human evolution 中的 major positive event。

    同类词 significant development crucial turning point remarkable achievement major breakthrough vital innovation

  • really made it possible P5

    这个 phrase 用 "really" 加强了 emphasis，表明作者认为 skin pigmentation 是 enabling factor 而非 incidental feature。这种 causal language 配合 positive outcome ("continue along the path toward modern humans") 显示 supportive attitude。

    同类词 made it possible enabled us to allowed us to facilitated permitted

  • tremendous diversification P7

    "Tremendous" 是个 strong positive intensifier，作者选择这个词而不是 neutral 的 "significant" 或 "considerable"，表明对 human diversification 持 admiring attitude。配合列举的多个 dimensions (culturally, technologically, etc.)，强化了 positive framing。

    同类词 remarkable diversity extraordinary variety impressive range substantial variation considerable differentiation

  • natural sun protector P2

    用 "protector" 而不是简单的 "pigmentation" 或 "coloring"，将 skin color framing 为 beneficial feature。这种 functional framing 配合 "natural" 这个词，强调了 evolutionary process 的 positive nature。

    同类词 natural protector biological defense adaptive mechanism protective function evolutionary advantage

  • evolving via new mixtures P8

    在 concluding paragraph 用 "new mixtures" 这个 neutral-to-positive phrase 来描述 contemporary skin color changes，而不是用 potentially loaded terms。配合 "getting mixed up" 这种 casual、accepting 的表达，显示作者对 genetic diversity 持 open、non-judgmental 甚至 positive 的态度。

    同类词 new mixtures genetic blending population mixing gene flow genetic exchange

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他英语六级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文？

  1. 开篇引入研究对象 P1

    第1段 开门见山地提出 skin 这个 human attribute 和作者作为 zoologist 研究的 topic，这是在 present 一个 scientific subject，而不是在 argue 某个观点或者 report 某个新闻事件。议论文会直接亮出 thesis statement 表明立场，新闻报道会用 lead paragraph 交代 5W1H，但说明文是在 introduce 一个要 explain 的对象。

  2. 时间线索组织信息 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

    第2段 到 第7段 展现了明显的 evolutionary timeline：从 a million and a half years ago，到 200,000 years ago，再到 60,000-70,000 years ago，这是典型的 chronological explanation。议论文会用 point-counterpoint 或 claim-evidence 结构，新闻报道用 inverted pyramid 把最重要的 information 放在前面。

  3. 客观陈述科学事实 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    全文充斥着 scientific facts 比如 'evolved naked skin around a million and a half years ago'、'populations left Africa around 60,000 to 70,000 years ago'，使用了 zoologist、fossil record、genetic makeup 等 technical terms，语气是 neutral 和 explanatory 的。议论文会用 emotive language、rhetorical questions 来 persuade，新闻报道会用 quotations 和 attributions。

  4. 解释演化机制 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    整篇文章的 central purpose 是 explain why and how human skin evolved（为什么人类 evolved naked skin，为什么 skin color diversified），这是典型的 explanatory writing。文章没有试图 convince 读者接受某个 controversial position，也没有 report 任何 breaking news，而是系统地 clarify 一个 complex process。

  5. 系统解释客观现象 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    本文完美符合说明文的所有 characteristics：第1段 introduces the topic of skin evolution，第2段-7 按照 evolutionary timeline 系统 explain the process，全文使用 scientific language 和 factual statements，整体 purpose 是让读者 understand 人类皮肤的 evolution，而不是 persuade 读者或 report news。这种 integrated pattern 就是说明文的 signature。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁？

  • As a zoologist P1 说明对象定义解释词 focusing on the studies of is defined as refers to means
  • I've been studying why P1 说明对象定义解释词 I've been studying research shows studies indicate investigation reveals analysis demonstrates
  • We can make a very good estimate from the fossil record that P2 事物属性功能描述词 estimate from based on evidence according to data the record shows observations suggest
  • probably evolved P2 事物属性功能描述词 probably likely possibly evolved developed over time
  • because of P3 说明顺序与例证词 due to as a result of owing to caused by the reason is
  • So P3 说明顺序与例证词 so therefore thus consequently as a consequence
  • What we did in our ancestry was to P4 事物属性功能描述词 what...was to the function is to serves to works by operates through
  • because it allowed P5 说明顺序与例证词 enabled made it possible permitted facilitated gave rise to
  • What we see today is the product of P6 事物属性功能描述词 is the product of results from is the outcome of derives from originates from
  • Our species originated around 200,000 years ago and underwent P7 说明顺序与例证词 originated underwent began started emerged
  • It's in these populations that we begin to see P7 说明顺序与例证词 begin to see start to observe witness the emergence of notice changes in detect
  • is evolving via P8 事物属性功能描述词 changes through develops by means of occurs through happens via takes place by
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

3 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 的常见问题

2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的主旨是什么？
2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章说明文解释了人类体毛脱落和肤色多样性的进化起源。人类在约150万年前为了通过出汗调节体温而失去体毛,进化出深色皮肤作为天然防晒保护。当人群在6万至7万年前从非洲迁徙到阳光条件不同的地区时,肤色差异开始出现。（英文表述：This expository text explains the evolutionary origins of human hairlessness and skin color diversity. Humans lost body hair approximately 1.5 million years ago for thermoregulation through sweating, developing darker skin as natural sun protection. Skin color variation emerged when populations migrated from Africa 60,000-70,000 years ago to regions with different sunlight levels.）
2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为说明文，作者立场是积极支持（Informative and appreciative of evolutionary adaptation）。CEFR 难度 B2，全文 411 词、8 段；在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中，B2 级共 233 篇（占 39%）。
2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 8 段按说明文骨架分为 8 个意群：第1段——研究切入与核心问题提出；第2段——毛发消失的时间与直接原因；第3段——毛发消失的深层机制；第4段——肤色加深的保护策略；第5段——深色皮肤的进化意义；第6段——肤色差异的起源时间；第7段——肤色分化的详细过程；第8段——当代肤色演化趋势。
2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是积极支持（Informative and appreciative of evolutionary adaptation）。判断路径：观察开篇的专业身份介绍 → 识别关键事件的修饰词 → 主题的功能性描述 → 全文语调一致性验证；文中的态度信号词包括 important revolution（第5段）、really made it possible（第5段）、tremendous diversification（第7段）、natural sun protector（第2段）、evolving via new mixtures（第8段）。
2019年6月英语六级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 6 个：superficial（表面的;肤浅的）、vigorously（剧烈地;用力地;精力充沛地）、plentifully（大量地;充分地;丰富地）、equatorial（赤道的;赤道附近的）、dispersal（扩散;分散;散布）、diversification（多样化;多元化），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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