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2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A
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2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A

说明文 · 完形填空（选词填空） · 真题文章逐层精读

BBC网站2018.01.23文章:Up, up and away(远走高飞)。

本页是 2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 277 词、5 段，CEFR 难度 C1（C1 级在英语六级文章中占 58%），作者立场为「积极支持」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

5 段英文原文

以下为2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A 的完形填空（选词填空）原文，共 5 段。左侧 P1–P5 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

The dream of personalised flight is still vivid in the minds of many inventors, some developing cycle-powered craft, others pouring money into jetpacks(喷气飞行背包). However, the flying car has always remained the ultimate symbol of personal transport freedom.

Several companies around the world have produced prototypes that can drive on roads and fly. Airbus has a futuristic modular(组件式的) concept involving a passenger capsule that can be detached from the road-going chassis(底盘) and picked up by a helicopter-type machine.

But all these concepts are massively expensive, require safety certification standards for road and air, need dual controls, involve complex folding wings and propellers, and have to be flown from air-strips. So they are likely to remain rich people's playthings rather than practical transport solutions for the masses.

"A car that takes off from some London street and lands in another random street is unlikely to happen," says Prof. Gray, a leading aeronautical engineer. "Sky taxis are much more likely." But that won't stop inventors from dreaming up new ways to fly and trying to persuade investors to back their sometimes outrageous schemes.

Civilian aviation is being disrupted, not by the age-old desires for speed, romanticism and glamour, but by the pressing need to respond to a changing climate. New electric engines coupled with artificial intelligence and autonomous systems will contribute to a more efficient, integrated transport system that is less polluting and less noisy. That may sound simple, but as Prof. Gray says, "When I travel somewhere I like this notion that when I finish my journey I feel better than when I started it. That's completely at odds with how I feel today." Now that would be progress.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

5 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Persistent Dream of Flying Cars

    The flying car remains an enduring dream and symbol of personal transport freedom despite ongoing but varied inventor efforts.

    作为 opening paragraph,这段通过 establish flying car 作为 personal freedom 的 ultimate symbol,为全文的 central argument 奠定基础。它呈现了一个 idealistic vision,但通过 'dream' 和 'still' 等词暗示 reality gap,这为后续段落讨论 practical challenges 和 alternative solutions 做了 strategic preparation。这段的 function 是 set up expectation,然后让后文来 challenge 这个 expectation。

    识别引入性陈述与核心概念的对比关系
  2. P2

    Current Prototypes and Industry Efforts

    Multiple companies globally, including industry leader Airbus, have developed flying car prototypes with various technical approaches.

    这段在 article structure 中起 evidence presentation 的作用,回应第一段的 dream 并展示 concrete progress。通过列举 real prototypes 和 major company involvement,段落看似 support flying car 的 feasibility。但这正是 setup for the next paragraph 的 critical turn,where all these efforts 会被 questioned。在 overall argument 中,这段制造了 tension between achievement and practicality,为文章的 central thesis 做 necessary contrast。

    从概括陈述到具体实例的证据层级
  3. P3

    The Insurmountable Practical Barriers

    Flying car prototypes face prohibitive costs and complex regulatory, technical, and infrastructure requirements that make them impractical for mass adoption.

    这段是 article 的 critical turning point,彻底 dismantle 前两段建立的 positive outlook。通过系统列举 obstacles,段落为文章的 main thesis 提供 essential justification:flying cars are not viable for mass transport。它将 discussion 从 technical possibility 转向 practical feasibility,这个 shift 为第四段引入 alternative solution (sky taxis) 做了 logical preparation。在 argumentative structure 中,这是 refutation paragraph,clearing the ground for the author's preferred approach。

    识别转折词引导的论点转向与证据堆积
  4. P4

    Expert Verdict and Alternative Vision

    Expert analysis rules out traditional flying cars for urban use but identifies sky taxis as a more viable alternative, though inventor ambitions persist.

    这段在 article architecture 中是 transitional pivot,从 problem analysis 转向 solution proposal。通过 expert voice 明确 reject flying cars 的 urban application,然后提出 sky taxis 作为 realistic alternative。但 paragraph 不详细 elaborate sky taxis,而是 leave it for the final paragraph。最后一句关于 inventors 的评论 softens the criticism,承认 human innovation drive,这种 balanced tone 体现 author 的 measured approach。这段为 article 的 concluding vision 做 strategic setup。

    识别专家引证与对比方案的提出
  5. P5

    A Climate-Driven Aviation Future

    The future of civilian aviation lies in electric, AI-driven integrated systems prioritizing environmental sustainability and passenger wellbeing over speed and glamour.

    作为 concluding paragraph,这段完成了 article 的 argumentative arc。它不仅提出 concrete alternative (electric/AI sky taxis),更重要的是 reframe entire discussion:从 personal flying car dream 到 systemic sustainable aviation。通过 climate necessity 和 passenger wellbeing,段落将 focus 从 individual freedom 转向 collective responsibility 和 quality of life。Prof. Gray 的 personal reflection 让 technical vision 变得 human and aspirational。这段与开头的 dream 形成 echo but with transformed meaning:progress 不是 personal flying cars,而是 better integrated, sustainable transport system。

    识别价值重构与愿景陈述的结合
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

5 道逐段细节自检题

针对2019年6月英语六级真题第2套这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 ultimate symbol personal transport freedom

    How is the flying car characterized in relation to personal transport?

    • A As a vehicle relying on cycle-powered technology.
    • B As the main target of investment in jetpacks.
    • C As the ultimate symbol of personal transport freedom.
    • D As a proven means of reducing travel costs.
    • E As an answer to public demand for quieter aircraft.
    • F As an established part of an integrated transport network.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    原文直接把 flying car 界定为 personal transport freedom 的 ultimate symbol。正确项保留了这一完整的评价关系，没有将它改写成未经说明的成因、技术优势或现实功能。障碍在于同一信息区还出现 cycle-powered craft、jetpacks 和 inventors，考生若只依靠主题相关性，容易把相邻的发明尝试误当成目标对象的核心特征。

    评价事实二分法 时间极紧时，可直接用题干和选项中的 ultimate symbol 作原词回扫，迅速锁定 第1段；随后只做一个 relation check：正确项必须复现目标对象与其评价性定位之间的关系，而不是描述采用何种技术或发生何种投资行为。把选项按“评价性界定”和“事实碎片”二分，即可快速缩小范围。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 Airbus modular

    What is a distinctive feature of Airbus's modular transport concept?

    • A Its entire road chassis is transformed into a helicopter.
    • B Its wings and propellers fold automatically during road travel.
    • C It needs no separate machine for airborne travel.
    • D Its passenger capsule can be separated from the road chassis and lifted by a helicopter-type machine.
    • E It is designed exclusively for road transport.
    • F It allows passengers to pilot the vehicle after detachment.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    该项完整保留了原文的两步机制：passenger capsule can be detached from the road-going chassis，随后被 helicopter-type machine picked up。separated 对 detached 构成同义改写，lifted 概括 picked up。命题障碍在于原句信息密度高，考生若只记住 helicopter，可能误以为整辆车由直升机运输；正确项准确限定了被分离并接载的是 passenger capsule。

    实体动作三栏表 直接扫描题干中的 Airbus，锁定 第2段，不必先理解 surrounding background。随后采用“实体、动作、对象”三栏速记，核对哪个部件发生什么动作以及另一设备承担什么角色。只要正确项的三栏关系全部吻合，即可判定；其余选项即便含有 helicopter、road 或 wings，也可能在角色、方式或条件上失配。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 practical transport solutions for the masses

    Why are the proposed flying-car concepts unlikely to become practical transport solutions for the masses?

    • A They are prohibited from flying over all urban areas.
    • B They cannot meet any road safety standards.
    • C They have attracted little interest from wealthy investors.
    • D They are less environmentally friendly than conventional cars.
    • E They are too costly and operationally complex to be widely accessible.
    • F They are intended only for emergency services.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    该项将 massively expensive 概括为 too costly，并把 safety certification、dual controls、folding wings and propellers、air-strips 等条件归纳为 operationally complex；widely accessible 对应 for the masses。它没有机械罗列全部障碍，却完整保留“高成本与高复杂度导致无法大众化”的因果骨架。障碍在于原文列举项多，考生可能执着于其中一个细节，忽略 So 之后的总体判断。

    结论倒推归类 看到 unlikely、practical 和 masses，可立即在 第3段 寻找结论触发词 So，并向前回读一个长句。采用“结论倒推法”：不必逐条翻译所有 technical nouns，而是先把并列限制压缩成少数上位类别。能够覆盖主要类别并解释推广结论的正确项，比只放大单个细节的选项更可靠。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 Prof. Gray more likely

    According to Prof. Gray, which form of urban air transport is more likely to emerge?

    • A Cars taking off from and landing on random London streets.
    • B Cycle-powered personal aircraft.
    • C Jetpacks funded by private investors.
    • D Helicopter-type machines carrying detachable capsules.
    • E Autonomous electric cars operating on city streets.
    • F Sky taxis.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    教授明确将 sky taxis 置于 much more likely 的判断之后，因此它是相对于 street-to-street flying cars 更可能出现的形式。题目障碍很典型：前一句对 car taking off from a London street 的描写生动具体，容易造成记忆残留；但它被 unlikely 否定。正确项极简，却精确抓住比较级后的预测对象。

    引语正负号判读 用 Prof. Gray 直接定位 第4段，然后不必细读整段，只在引语内执行“符号判读”：给 unlikely 支配的对象标负号，给 much more likely 支配的对象标正号。题干询问预测对象时，正确项应与正号所支配的名词短语一致；这种方法可以避开引语中生动但被否定的信息。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 civilian aviation

    What is the main force driving the current disruption of civilian aviation?

    • A The urgent need to address climate change.
    • B The age-old desire for greater speed.
    • C The romantic image and glamour of flying.
    • D The rapid development of artificial intelligence.
    • E Passengers' demand to feel better after every journey.
    • F The need to make air travel more glamorous.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：A

    原文通过 not by the age-old desires... but by the pressing need to respond to a changing climate，明确将 changing climate 的 pressing need 置于对比后的强调位置。正确项将 respond to a changing climate 凝练为 address climate change，并以 urgent 对应 pressing。障碍在于 electric engines、AI 和 autonomous systems 紧随其后，十分醒目，但它们是 contribute to 所引出的技术路径，不是 driving force。

    转折箭头分层法 先以 civilian aviation 锁定 第5段，再不按句序逐字翻译，而是给 not...but... 画一条重心箭头，箭头指向 but 后的原因成分。然后按“动因、手段、结果”给选项快速贴标签；处于动因层且位于逻辑重心上的正确项，才符合 main force driving 的提问。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

5 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. P1

    飞行汽车的理想与现实

    这个意群引入了 personalised flight 这个 dream，指出很多 inventors 在开发各种 flying vehicles，尤其是 flying car 作为 ultimate symbol 代表着 personal transport freedom，为全文的 topic 奠定基础。

    作为说明文的 introduction part，这个意群通过描述 inventors 的 dream 和 efforts，引出 flying car 这个 central concept，为后文分析其 practical challenges 和 alternative solutions 搭建框架。

    引出飞行汽车作为大众交通方案的可能性
  2. P2

    飞行汽车的原型开发

    这个意群从 dream 进入 reality，列举了 several companies 已经 produced prototypes，包括 Airbus 的 modular concept，展示了 flying car 从 ideal 到 concrete development 的 progression。

    作为说明文的 supporting details section，这个意群提供 factual evidence 表明 flying car 确实有 real-world attempts，为下一意群分析 why they won't become mass solutions 提供 concrete basis。

    展示飞行汽车原型开发与大众交通目标的差距
  3. P3

    飞行汽车的实际障碍

    这个意群用 But 引出 sharp contrast，列举了 flying cars 面临的 multiple obstacles，包括 expensive cost、safety certification、complex mechanisms 等，最后得出 conclusion 说它们只能是 rich people's playthings 而非 practical solutions for the masses。

    这是说明文 problem analysis 的 critical section，通过 enumerate practical challenges 来 support 主旨中的 unlikely as mass transport solutions 这个 key claim，构成文章的 argumentative core。

    论证飞行汽车难以成为大众交通方案
  4. P4

    专家观点与替代方案

    这个意群引入 Prof. Gray 的 expert opinion，指出 street-to-street flying car 是 unlikely，但 sky taxis 更 promising，同时提到 inventors 仍会 pursue their schemes，体现出 realistic assessment 和 ongoing innovation 的并存。

    在说明文的 transition section 中，这个意群通过 authority voice (leading engineer) 强化前面的 negative assessment，同时 introduce alternative concept (sky taxis) 来 bridge 到最后一段的 future vision，起到 pivotal connecting role。

    引入天空出租车作为替代大众交通方案
  5. P5

    航空业的未来方向

    最后这个意群 shift focus 到 broader picture，指出 civilian aviation 的 disruption 不是来自 speed 和 glamour，而是 climate change response，强调 electric engines、AI 和 autonomous systems 将带来 more efficient, less polluting 的 integrated transport system，最终回到 passenger experience 的 improvement。

    作为说明文的 conclusion section，这个意群把 discussion 从 specific flying car debate 提升到 aviation industry transformation，用 environmental sustainability 和 AI-driven innovation 来 echo 主旨中的 future lies in electric, AI-driven sky taxis，完成 thematic closure。

    阐明环保型AI驱动天空出租车的技术方向
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 首尾定位主旨 P1 P5

    说明文的 structural pattern 非常明显，首段通常 set up the context 引出 topic，尾段则 consolidate the message 或 point to future direction。这两个 positions 是最 concentrated 的地方，能最快 capture the essence of the article。

  2. 对比转折定调 P3 P4

    本文通过 presenting flying cars 作为 initial topic，然后用 'however', 'but', 'unlikely' 等 contrastive language 来 shift the focus。这种 rhetorical pattern 表明作者的 true position 往往在 contrast 之后，而非之前。识别这些 turning points 能帮助我们 distinguish between background information 和 actual thesis。

  3. 态度词汇定向 P3 P4 P5

    作者通过 carefully chosen vocabulary 来 convey their position。'Massively expensive', 'rich people's playthings', 'unlikely to happen' 等 phrases 明显 carry negative judgment，而 'more efficient', 'less polluting', 'progress' 则 indicate positive evaluation。这些 attitudinal markers 直接 point to 作者认为什么是 viable 什么是 not。

  4. 问题方案框架 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    说明文的 main idea 往往是 multi-faceted，需要 synthesize 不同 sections 的信息。本文通过 problem-solution framework 展开：present an appealing concept → expose its limitations → propose a viable alternative。只有把这三个 components 连接起来，才能 capture 完整的 thesis：flying cars are impractical, but electric sky taxis represent the real future。

主旨信号词 unlikely P3 but P3 much more likely P4 pressing need P5 progress P5

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

尽管人们持续努力开发飞行汽车和个人飞行器,但实际挑战使其不太可能成为大众交通解决方案。民用航空的未来在于电动、人工智能驱动的空中出租车,它们优先考虑环境可持续性和乘客舒适度,而非传统的飞行汽车概念。
Despite ongoing efforts to develop flying cars and personal aerial vehicles, practical challenges make them unlikely as mass transport solutions. The future of civilian aviation lies in electric, AI-driven sky taxis that prioritize environmental sustainability and passenger comfort over traditional flying car concepts.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

3 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • capsule 封闭舱室

    让我们把这些 clues 串联起来。首先,这个 passenger capsule 具有 detachable 的特性,能从 chassis 上分离;其次,它的主要功能是容纳 passengers;最后,从整个 modular concept 的语境看,它是一个封闭的、可独立运输的单元。将这三条线索结合,我们可以得出:capsule 指的是一种封闭的、可分离的乘客舱。

    功能形态双向推理
  • outrageous 极其大胆的;荒诞的

    通过三个维度的分析,我们可以建立这样的 logical chain:从 word formation 看,out- 表示超越边界;从 collocation 看,它修饰那些需要说服 investors 的不现实方案;从 contextual contrast 看,这些方案与 Prof. Gray 指出的实际困难形成鲜明对比。综合这些线索,outrageous 应该描述某种超出常理、极度大胆甚至荒诞的特质。

    态度词的三角验证
  • disrupt 颠覆;彻底改变

    将三条线索整合:从 morphological 角度,dis- 和 -rupt 暗示破坏或打断;从 syntactic structure 看,not by...but by 强调 transformative force 的来源;从 contextual logic 看,新技术正在 fundamentally changing the industry。这些线索共同指向一个含义:disrupt 表示彻底改变或颠覆某个领域的既有模式。

    变化类动词的双轴定位
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 举例子

    P1

    作者通过 cycle-powered craft 和 jetpacks 这两个 concrete examples 来 illustrate 个人飞行器的多样性。这些 specific instances 让 abstract concept 变得 tangible，帮助 readers 理解 personalised flight 的 various forms。同时这些 examples 也在 build up 对比，为后文强调 flying car 作为 ultimate symbol 做铺垫，supporting 主旨中关于 ongoing efforts 的论述。

    信号词 some...others for example for instance such as including like take...as an example a case in point

    仿写： 当你需要 explain 一个 broad concept 时，问自己：能否找到 2-3 个 representative examples？这些 examples 应该 familiar 又 diverse。模版：Many [群体] are pursuing [目标], some [例子1], others [例子2]。比如：Many students improve English skills, some watching movies, others reading novels。

  • 举例子

    P2

    Airbus 的 modular concept 作为 detailed example 展示了 flying car prototypes 的 technological sophistication。这个 specific case 用 technical details（passenger capsule, chassis, helicopter-type machine）让 readers visualize 当前的 development stage。Example 也为 第3段 的转折做准备，showing 即使 advanced companies 的 solutions 仍然面临 practical barriers，reinforcing 主旨中 practical challenges 的论点。

    信号词 for example for instance such as including like take...as an example a case in point some...others

    仿写： 当描述 multiple attempts 或 various solutions 时，select 一个 most representative case 进行 detailed illustration。模版：Several [群体] have [行动]. [具体例子] has [详细描述]。比如：Several tech giants have developed AI assistants. Google has a conversational system involving natural language processing that can understand context and provide personalized responses。

  • 列数字

    P3

    虽然文中没有 direct numerical data，但 'massively expensive' 和 'dual controls' 等表达 quantify 了 flying cars 的 complexity。这种 implicit enumeration 通过 listing multiple requirements（safety certification, dual controls, folding wings, propellers, air-strips）来 demonstrate 技术和成本的 magnitude，supporting 主旨中 practical challenges 使其 unlikely as mass transport 的核心论点。

    信号词 number percent times over up to as many as statistics show data indicates

    仿写： 当需要 emphasize complexity 或 cost 时，即使没有 exact figures，也可以 enumerate specific requirements 或 components。模版：[主题] require [多个具体要求的并列]。比如：Electric vehicles require battery technology advancement, charging infrastructure expansion, cost reduction, and range improvement。关键是用 parallel structure 来 create 数量感。

  • 引资料

    P4 P5

    Prof. Gray 作为 leading aeronautical engineer 的 direct quote 为文章提供 authoritative support。第一处 quote 否定了 random street takeoff 的 possibility，establishing expert consensus 来 validate 前文的 practical challenges。第二处关于 journey experience 的 quote 则 humanize 技术讨论，connecting 主旨中 passenger comfort 和 sustainable future 的 vision，让 professional perspective 变得 relatable。

    信号词 according to says states notes points out argues claims research shows studies indicate experts believe as [人] puts it

    仿写： 当 present 一个可能 controversial 或 technical 的 point 时，integrate expert voice 来 strengthen your position。模版："[专家观点]," says [专家身份]. 记住在 quote 前 establish 专家的 credentials，让 quotation 与你的 argument flow naturally。比如："AI will transform education fundamentally," says Dr. Li, a senior researcher in educational technology. 确保 quote 是 support 而非 replace 你的 analysis。

  • 作比较

    P5

    文章通过 contrast traditional flying cars 与 electric sky taxis 来 highlight 未来发展方向。'Not by...but by' structure 明确对比了 old desires（speed, romanticism, glamour）和 new priorities（climate response, efficiency, sustainability）。这个 sharp contrast 直接 support 主旨：practical flying cars 不太可能实现，而 AI-driven sustainable alternatives 才是 future。Comparison 让 paradigm shift 变得 crystal clear。

    信号词 not...but rather than unlike in contrast whereas while compared to on the other hand instead of as opposed to

    仿写： 当要 present 一个 paradigm shift 或 two competing approaches 时，用 'not by...but by' 或 'rather than...focus on' 的 structure。模版：[领域] is being transformed, not by [旧因素], but by [新因素]。比如：Modern education is being reshaped, not by traditional lecture methods, but by interactive digital platforms and personalized learning algorithms。确保 contrast 的两方面 clear and meaningful，pointing to your central argument。

  • 下定义

    P1 P5

    虽然没有 formal definition structure，'ultimate symbol of personal transport freedom' 实质上是 define flying car 的 cultural significance。这个 definition 不是 technical 而是 symbolic，establishing 为什么 flying car remains attractive despite impracticality。最后 'That would be progress' 也 redefine progress：不是 speed 和 glamour，而是 feeling better after journey。这些 definitions shape readers' understanding，supporting 主旨的 paradigm shift。

    信号词 is means refers to is defined as represents is called in other words that is namely

    仿写： 当 introduce 关键 concept 时，consider providing definition 即使不是 dictionary-style。模版：[主体] + is/represents/means + [本质描述]。或用 'That is' / 'In other words' 来 rephrase and clarify。比如：True innovation represents solutions that improve user experience fundamentally, not just technological complexity。记住 definitions 可以 functional（what it does）或 symbolic（what it represents）。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

6 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 个人飞行器难以普及的现实困境

    P1
    However, the flying car has always remained the ultimate symbol of personal transport freedom.

    转折类 However But Yet Nevertheless Nonetheless Although Though

    这个 however 表面上在 highlight flying car 的 symbolic status，但 implicitly 在说：尽管有这么多 inventors 投入 effort，flying car 依然 only remains a symbol 而不是 tangible reality。这为全文的 main thesis 奠定基础，暗示 personal flying vehicles 从 dream 到 practical solution 之间存在 significant gap。这个 implication 对 article's argument 至关重要，因为它 sets up 后续段落要 explain 的 practical barriers 和 why mass adoption 不太可能 happen。

  • 原型存在不等于实用可行

    P3
    But all these concepts are massively expensive, require safety certification standards for road and air, need dual controls, involve complex folding wings and propellers, and have to be flown from air-strips.

    转折类 But However Yet Still Nevertheless On the contrary In contrast

    表面上这句话在 list practical challenges，但 underlying message 是：这些 prototypes 虽然 technically exist，但 too many insurmountable barriers 使它们无法成为 mass transport solution。紧接着的结论 'remain rich people's playthings rather than practical transport solutions' 直接 confirms 这个 implication。这对 main thesis 的 contribution 是 explain why，尽管技术上 possible，flying cars 不会成为 普通大众的 transportation option，thus supporting 文章后面转向 sky taxis 和 electric aviation 的 argument。

  • 专家委婉否定随机起降可能性

    P4
    A car that takes off from some London street and lands in another random street is unlikely to happen

    模糊限制语 unlikely to happen unlikely probably not doubtful questionable seems difficult hardly possible

    Prof. Gray 的 'unlikely to happen' 表面是 cautious prediction，实际是在 authoritatively state 这种 point-to-point random flying car scenario 不会 materialize。作为 leading aeronautical engineer，他的 judgment carries weight。这个 implication 直接 supports main thesis：traditional flying car dream 不 realistic，future 在于 more structured solutions like sky taxis。通过 expert voice 的 endorsement，article 从 technical analysis 转向 credible prediction，strengthening 其 argument that 未来 lies in regulated aerial taxi systems 而非 personal flying cars。

  • 发明家的坚持与现实的脱节

    P4
    But that won't stop inventors from dreaming up new ways to fly and trying to persuade investors to back their sometimes outrageous schemes.

    让步转折类 But that won't stop won't stop... from will continue to... despite persist in... although keep trying... even though remain committed... regardless still attempt... in spite of

    表面上这句 acknowledges inventors' ongoing efforts 和 persistence，但通过 'outrageous schemes' 这个 phrase，author 暗示这些 attempts 虽然会 continue，但本质上是 unrealistic 和 unlikely to succeed。这个 implication reinforces 前面 Prof. Gray 的 expert opinion，通过 different rhetorical strategy（concession with criticism）达到 same effect：flying car dream 尽管 persistent，remains impractical。这为 paragraph 5 的 transition 做铺垫，说明 real disruption 不来自这些 outrageous schemes，而来自 fundamentally different approach（electric, AI-driven systems）。

  • 真正变革来自环保而非浪漫情怀

    P5
    Civilian aviation is being disrupted, not by the age-old desires for speed, romanticism and glamour, but by the pressing need to respond to a changing climate.

    对比类 not by... but by not... but rather than instead of as opposed to contrary to not so much... as

    这个 contrast 明确表达：aviation 的 disruption 不源于 traditional motivations（那些 driving flying car development 的 romantic ideals），而源于 climate crisis 的 urgent demands。Implication 是：前面讨论的 flying cars 代表 wrong priorities，true innovation 需要 focus on sustainability。这是 article 的 turning point，从 critique flying cars 转向 present the real solution。通过这个 stark contrast，author 将 environmental sustainability 确立为 guiding principle，directly supporting main thesis that 未来在于 electric, efficient, environmentally-friendly sky taxis 而非 glamorous personal flying cars。

  • 理想与现实的情感落差

    P5
    That's completely at odds with how I feel today.

    对比强化类 completely at odds with at odds with completely at odds contrary to contradicts in stark contrast to diametrically opposed to

    Prof. Gray 的 personal frustration（'completely at odds with how I feel today'）表面是 individual complaint，实际在说：entire current aviation system needs overhaul 因为它 fails to deliver positive passenger experience。这个 emotional appeal strengthens 前面的 technical argument，将 sustainability 和 passenger comfort 都 position as reasons to embrace new electric, AI-driven systems。The final 'Now that would be progress' confirms：这不是 incremental improvement，而是 necessary transformation。这个 implication 为 article 的 conclusion 提供 emotional resonance，reinforcing main thesis that 未来在于 fundamentally different approach（electric sky taxis）that addresses both environmental 和 human needs，而非 impractical flying car fantasies。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：积极支持

结论先行：本文作者态度为积极支持（ cautiously optimistic about practical innovation）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 识别理想与现实的对比 P1

    Opening paragraph 的 tone 往往 establish 了 baseline attitude，这里 vivid dream 和 ultimate symbol 显示作者 acknowledge 这个 ideal 的 appeal，但用 still 暗示 reality gap，这是 expository writing 中常见的 setup 手法。

  2. 定位批判性评价集中段 P3 P4

    说明文 author 在 present facts 时会 use strong negative descriptors 来 highlight constraints。第3段 的 massively expensive 和 rich people's playthings 以及 第4段 的 unlikely to happen 都是 clear signals，表明作者 critically assess 当前 approaches 的 practicality。

  3. 捕捉结尾的方向转折 P4 P5

    Concluding paragraph 的 But that won't stop inventors 和 第5段 开头的 being disrupted... but by the pressing need 显示 pivot point。作者 move from critiquing impractical ideas 到 highlighting promising alternatives，final sentence 的 that would be progress 是 explicit endorsement。

  4. 梳理论证弧线 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    整体 architecture 显示作者 not rejecting innovation 本身，而是 guiding readers away from flashy but flawed solutions toward genuinely transformative ones。这种 structure 在 academic 和 professional expository writing 中 signal measured optimism——批判是为了 clear the path for better approaches。

文中的态度信号词

  • dream P1

    这个 aspirational term 在 opening 建立了 idealistic context，让 readers understand 作者 recognize the appeal of flying cars，但它也 set up contrast——dreams 往往和 reality 有 gap。

    同类词 vivid ultimate symbol freedom romanticism glamour

  • massively expensive P3

    这个 intensified negative phrase 直接 convey 作者对 current flying car concepts 的 skepticism，massively 作为 amplifier 表明 not just expensive but prohibitively so，这是 clear critical stance。

    同类词 complex unlikely outrageous impractical prohibitively costly

  • rich people's playthings P3

    这个 dismissive phrase 用 playthings 这个 trivializing term 来 characterize flying cars，暗示它们 lack serious utility。Contrast with practical transport solutions 进一步 reinforce 作者认为 these aren't real innovations。

    同类词 playthings toys vanity projects status symbols luxury gadgets

  • unlikely to happen P4

    这个 probability assessment 由 expert Prof. Gray 给出，作者 cite 权威来 bolster 他的 skeptical view。Unlikely 是 direct dismissal of the random-street scenario，reinforcing 作者的 pragmatic stance。

    同类词 unlikely improbable unrealistic far-fetched won't happen

  • pressing need P5

    这个 urgency phrase 标志 tonal shift——作者从 critique impractical ideas 转到 champion climate-driven innovation。Pressing 传达 moral and practical weight，显示作者 align with this direction。

    同类词 urgent necessity critical requirement imperative essential demand

  • progress P5

    Final word progress 是 explicit positive evaluation，作者用 that would be 构建 conditional endorsement，但 tone 明确 hopeful。结尾用 such a strong positive term 显示 ultimate optimism about the right kind of innovation。

    同类词 advancement improvement breakthrough innovation

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他英语六级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文？

  1. 首段引入待解释对象 P1

    第1段 开头提到 'The dream of personalised flight'，这是在 introducing 一个 concept 或 phenomenon（个人飞行的梦想），而不是 arguing for 某个立场，也不是 reporting 某个具体的新闻事件。这种 presentation style 是 expository writing 的典型特征。

  2. 中间段提供事实细节 P2 P3

    第2段 和 第3段 都在 providing concrete examples 和 technical details（比如 Airbus prototypes、safety certification、folding wings），这些是 factual information 而非 persuasive arguments。它们在 explaining 'how things work' 和 'what exists'，而不是 convincing readers 接受某个 viewpoint。

  3. 专家引述增强解释 P4

    第4段 引用了 Prof. Gray 的话，但这个 quotation 不是为了 prove 作者的 argument，而是为了 provide expert perspective 来 explain 'what is likely to happen'。这种 use of sources 是 expository 而非 argumentative 的标志。

  4. 结尾综合展望信息 P5

    第5段 在 discussing future trends（electric engines、AI systems）和 providing broader perspective on 'what progress means'。它的 tone 是 reflective 和 informative，用 'That may sound simple' 这种 neutral language，而不是 'We must' 或 'breaking news just announced'。这种 conclusion style 是 expository 的。

  5. 整体解释性意图 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    这篇文章从头到尾都在 explaining 'what flying cars are'、'why they haven't succeeded'、'what the future holds'，而不是 arguing 'we should/shouldn't develop them' 或 reporting 'a flying car crashed yesterday'。整体 tone 是 educational 和 objective，这就是 expository writing 的本质。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁？

  • prototypes P2 事物属性功能描述词 modular concept passenger capsule chassis helicopter-type machine dual controls
  • involving P2 说明对象定义解释词 consists of is defined as refers to is known as that is
  • require P3 事物属性功能描述词 need must have to depend on rely on
  • coupled with P5 说明顺序与例证词 combined with along with in addition to together with as well as
  • contribute to P5 说明对象定义解释词 lead to result in give rise to produce generate
  • being disrupted P5 事物属性功能描述词 is being disrupted is undergoing is experiencing is shifting is evolving
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

5 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A 的常见问题

2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章 的原文出自哪里？
BBC网站2018.01.23文章:Up, up and away(远走高飞)。
2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章的主旨是什么？
尽管人们持续努力开发飞行汽车和个人飞行器,但实际挑战使其不太可能成为大众交通解决方案。民用航空的未来在于电动、人工智能驱动的空中出租车,它们优先考虑环境可持续性和乘客舒适度,而非传统的飞行汽车概念。（英文表述：Despite ongoing efforts to develop flying cars and personal aerial vehicles, practical challenges make them unlikely as mass transport solutions. The future of civilian aviation lies in electric, AI-driven sky taxis that prioritize environmental sustainability and passenger comfort over traditional flying car concepts.）
2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为说明文，作者立场是积极支持（cautiously optimistic about practical innovation）。CEFR 难度 C1，全文 277 词、5 段；在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中，C1 级共 343 篇（占 58%）。
2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 5 段按说明文骨架分为 5 个意群：第1段——飞行汽车的理想与现实；第2段——飞行汽车的原型开发；第3段——飞行汽车的实际障碍；第4段——专家观点与替代方案；第5段——航空业的未来方向。
2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是积极支持（cautiously optimistic about practical innovation）。判断路径：识别理想与现实的对比 → 定位批判性评价集中段 → 捕捉结尾的方向转折 → 梳理论证弧线；文中的态度信号词包括 dream（第1段）、massively expensive（第3段）、rich people's playthings（第3段）、unlikely to happen（第4段）、pressing need（第5段）、progress（第5段）。
2019年6月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section A 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 3 个：capsule（封闭舱室）、outrageous（极其大胆的;荒诞的）、disrupt（颠覆;彻底改变），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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