懒笔记
2023年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part III Section A Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic
CET-6 · 来自 2023年12月英语六级真题第3套 · Part III Section A · 完形填空（选词填空）

Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic

2023年12月英语六级真题第3套文章逐层精读

www.green-technology.org刊登的一篇标题为“Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic”的文章。

本页是 2023年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part III Section A 文章的精读视角页——这篇议论文全文 274 词、4 段，CEFR 难度 C1（C1 级在英语六级文章中占 58%），作者立场为「积极支持」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2023年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part III Section A 的完形填空（选词填空）原文，共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic

Modern U.S. cities were designed to make exercise unnecessary. Cars and elevators once symbolized urban areas as machines for more efficient living. Now it is clear that these improvements provide great benefits but also impose health costs. Recent studies show that urban sprawl encourages more driving and is associated with heavier weight. This correlation suggests that the layout and design of cities can hinder or promote healthier lifestyle choices and it is imperative that urban planners bear this in mind.

Unfortunately, urban planning still centers in large part on solving the problems of the past. Of course cities still need to foster standard public health practices, such as separating toxic facilities from homes and restricting heavy truck traffic through dense residential areas. But it's also important to create healthier cities—and the discussion is already underway. More and more city planners are paying increasing attention to encouraging physical activity by making it easier and safer for people to recreate, walk, bike and take public transportation. Many studies of longevity show that people live the longest in environments where physical activity is part of everyday life.

Providing more walkable spaces, better protected bike lanes and more recreational spaces are important steps. But even smaller changes can be effective.

Cities can close off streets on weekends to encourage communities to get out and walk. They also can provide more seating in public places, so that less-fit residents can rest during their journeys. Using public spaces in cities as places where people can exercise promotes equity, rather than allowing physical activity to become restricted to private gyms with often-expensive monthly fees that deter less wealthy people from joining.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2023年12月英语六级真题第3套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Health Costs of Modern Urban Design

    Modern urban design reduces physical activity and creates health risks, so urban planners must consider public health.

    本段承担的是提出问题和确立中心论点的作用，because it explains why urban planning should become a public-health concern。它把全文的讨论方向从传统的城市效率引向 physical activity and healthy lifestyles，为后文提出具体规划措施作铺垫。

    从城市便利追踪到健康代价
  2. P2

    A New Focus for Urban Planning

    Urban planning should move beyond traditional public health concerns and create environments that make daily physical activity easier and safer.

    本段把第一段提出的总体责任具体化为规划方向，so it functions as the article's main policy transition。它说明城市规划不能只防止污染和交通危害，还应主动创造有利于运动和长寿的生活环境，从而推动全文进入解决问题的阶段。

    承认旧任务转向新重点
  3. P3

    Big Plans and Small Changes

    Both major facilities and small urban changes can effectively encourage physical activity.

    本段是承上启下的过渡段，it connects the general planning direction with the practical examples in the next paragraph。它降低了改革的实施门槛，说明改善公共健康不一定依赖昂贵工程，为下一段介绍周末封路和增加座椅等具体措施作准备。

    设施清单后锁定小改变
  4. P4

    Accessible Exercise for Everyone

    Low-cost public-space changes can make physical activity more accessible and promote health equity.

    本段完成了全文的具体论证和价值升华，showing how practical urban changes can serve both health and equality。它不仅回应了前文关于 physical activity 的主张，还补充了 public health equity 这一重要维度，使文章主旨从“鼓励运动”扩展为“通过公平可及的城市设计改善全民健康”。

    封路加座椅落实全民运动
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2023年12月英语六级真题第3套这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 recent studies urban sprawl

    What do recent studies suggest about urban sprawl?

    • A It makes elevators more efficient for city residents.
    • B It guarantees healthier lifestyle choices for residents.
    • C It is linked to more driving and greater body weight.
    • D It reduces the health costs of urban development.
    • E It eliminates the need for urban planners.
    • F It encourages residents to use public transportation.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    正确项完整对应研究句中的两个并列结果：more driving 与 heavier weight。linked to 准确保留了 associated with 的关联强度，没有擅自升级为 cause。障碍在于 greater body weight 是对 heavier weight 的同义改写，考生若只做原词匹配，容易漏掉这一正确的 paraphrase。

    三格压缩核验 时间极紧时，不必先通读所有选项。用题干中的 urban sprawl 直接扫读 第1段，再把该句压缩为“对象—行为—结果”的三格信息。随后只找能同时覆盖后两格、且语气与关联词一致的正确项；任何只覆盖一个词、改变方向或使用绝对语气的选项都可快速排除。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 city planners increasingly

    What are more city planners increasingly focusing on?

    • A Separating toxic facilities from all city centers.
    • B Replacing public transportation with private cars.
    • C Restricting recreational activities in dense areas.
    • D Making everyday physical activity easier and safer.
    • E Solving only the public health problems of the past.
    • F Keeping physical activity separate from daily life.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    该项概括了 recreate、walk、bike 和 take public transportation 四项并列行为的共同目标，即降低日常 physical activity 的参与门槛并提升安全性。障碍在于原文没有重复 everyday physical activity 这一完整短语，而是以多个具体行为呈现；考生需要完成由例证到上位概念的归纳。

    趋势词后截取 直接抓题干中的 increasingly，不要先找 planners。扫描 第2段 中所有“变化信号”，看到 more and more 和 paying increasing attention 后，立即读取其后的不定式目的结构。把 walk、bike、recreate、public transportation 用一个上位动作归类，再以正确项检验是否完整概括该类动作。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 smaller changes bike lanes

    What point does the author make about improving urban spaces?

    • A Only large-scale construction can improve public health.
    • B Bike lanes are more useful than walkable spaces.
    • C Recreational spaces should replace public transportation.
    • D Cities should avoid making changes to their streets.
    • E Improving walkability, bike lanes, and recreational spaces is important, but smaller changes can also be effective.
    • F Protected bike lanes are ineffective for most residents.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    正确项保留了原文完整的让步—转折结构：walkable spaces、protected bike lanes 和 recreational spaces 被视为 important steps，而 smaller changes can be effective。improving walkability 是对 more walkable spaces 的自然改写，can also be effective 则准确保留了原文的可能性语气。障碍在于选项需要同时核对措施列举和转折判断，不能只匹配其中一半。

    转折骨架判题 在 第3段 中，先不逐一分析三个措施名词，而是优先识别逻辑连接词和评价词构成的判断框架。六级短段的高价值信息常集中在这种“逻辑标记 + 评价表达”中。确定前后信息的关系后，再回看选项，利用正确项核验其是否完整保留两层判断。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 promote equity public spaces

    Why can public spaces for exercise promote equity?

    • A They ensure that every resident receives free gym membership.
    • B They prevent heavy truck traffic in residential areas.
    • C They make weekend street closures unnecessary.
    • D They allow less-fit residents to avoid all journeys.
    • E They encourage people to drive more often.
    • F They make physical activity less dependent on costly private gyms.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    正确项准确复述了 rather than allowing physical activity to become restricted to private gyms 与 often-expensive monthly fees 的因果链：公共空间降低了对付费私营场所的依赖，从而使资源较少者更可能参与。障碍在于 less dependent on 是对 restricted to 的反向概括，costly 则是对 often-expensive monthly fees 的压缩改写，均非原词照搬。

    反面对照截答 直接用 第4段 中的 equity 作视觉锚点，随后优先读取与该价值判断相连的对照结构。这个偏离传统的做法跳过前面的措施例子，直取作者解释 equity 的机制。再从选项中寻找能够消解相应障碍、且不使用 every、all 或 ensure 等绝对词的正确项。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

3 个意群的议论文骨架

按议论文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引言 P1

    城市设计与健康问题的关联

    这个 opening paragraph 指出了 modern U.S. cities 的设计初衷是 make exercise unnecessary，通过 cars and elevators 来提高 efficiency，但现在 studies 表明 urban sprawl 导致了 heavier weight 等 health costs，因此 urban planners 必须在 city layout and design 中考虑 health implications

    作为 introduction，这个意群通过 presenting the problem 来引出整篇文章的 central argument，说明 urban design 对 public health 的 negative impact，为后续讨论 solutions 和 urban planning strategies 奠定 foundation

    提出城市设计影响健康的问题
  2. 分论点 P2

    城市规划需要从解决过去问题转向创造健康环境

    这个 supporting paragraph 指出 urban planning 目前仍然 centers on solving past problems（如 separating toxic facilities），但更 important 的是 create healthier cities，通过 encouraging physical activity 的方式，比如让 people walk, bike and take public transportation 更 easier and safer，因为 longevity studies 证明 physical activity as part of everyday life 能让人 live longest

    作为第一个 supporting argument，这个意群通过 contrasting old approaches with new needs 来论证主旨，用 "Unfortunately" 开头表明 current practice 的 inadequacy，然后用 "it's also important" 和 "the discussion is already underway" 来 emphasize the shift toward health-focused planning，最后用 longevity studies 作为 scientific evidence 来 support 这个 planning philosophy 的 validity

    阐述规划理念的转变方向
  3. 分论点 P3 P4

    具体措施及其平等性意义

    这两个 paragraphs 共同构成一个 meaning group，从 macro to micro 地展开 concrete solutions：先提出 important steps 如 walkable spaces、protected bike lanes 和 recreational spaces，然后强调 even smaller changes 也 effective，接着举例 close off streets、provide seating 等 specific measures，最后上升到 equity 的 philosophical level，指出 public spaces for exercise 能 promote equity，避免 physical activity 被 restricted to expensive private gyms

    作为第二个 supporting argument，这个意群通过 providing concrete examples and solutions 来 demonstrate 主旨的 feasibility 和 practicality，从 large-scale changes（walkable spaces, bike lanes）到 small adjustments（weekend street closures, public seating），再到 underlying principle（equity in public health），形成了从 specific measures 到 broader values 的 comprehensive support for the thesis

    提供可操作的解决方案
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2023年12月英语六级真题第3套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 首段末句定位论点方向 P1

    议论文的 opening paragraph 往往会 present a problem 或 establish context，然后通过转折词 like 'Now' 或 'However' 引出 the central concern。这篇文章首段先提到 cities were designed to make exercise unnecessary，接着用 'Now it is clear' 揭示 health costs 这个核心问题，最后一句 'it is imperative that urban planners bear this in mind' 直接点明 the main argument 的方向——urban planning 必须 address 这个 health issue

  2. 主体段首句+高频词聚类 P2

    第二段开头 'Unfortunately, urban planning still centers in large part on solving the problems of the past' 用 'Unfortunately' 表明 current approach 的不足，紧接着用 'But' 引出 what should be done：'create healthier cities'。这个 shift from critique to advocacy 明确了文章的 main thrust。而且第二段反复出现 'physical activity', 'walk', 'bike', 'public transportation' 等词，这些 recurring terms 构成了文章的 thematic core

  3. 解决方案动词群集中 P3 P4

    第三段和第四段大量使用 modal verbs（'can'）和 action-oriented phrases（'providing', 'close off', 'encourage'），这些 linguistic features 表明文章不只是 analyzing a problem，而是 advocating specific solutions。尤其第四段的 'Cities can...' 和 'They also can...' 的 parallel structure 强化了 the prescriptive tone，说明文章主旨是 call for action in urban planning

  4. 问题+方案+措施=完整论点 P1 P2 P3 P4

    将三个步骤整合：首段建立了 'urban design impacts health' 这个 problem framework，第二段明确 'encourage physical activity' 是核心 solution direction，第三四段提供 concrete measures。这个 problem-solution-implementation 的 three-layer structure 构成了完整的 argumentative arc，主旨自然浮现为 'urban planning should prioritize public health through activity-promoting design'

主旨信号词 imperative P1 Unfortunately P2 encouraging P2 equity P4 physical activity P2

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

城市规划应优先考虑公共健康,通过设计鼓励体育活动的城市来实现这一目标。尽管现代城市通过汽车和电梯减少了运动,导致肥胖等健康问题,但规划者现在必须创建适合步行、骑行的空间和无障碍休闲区域,以促进更健康的生活方式并确保公共健康的公平性。
Urban planning should prioritize public health by designing cities that encourage physical activity. While modern cities reduced exercise through cars and elevators, causing health issues like obesity, planners must now create walkable, bike-friendly spaces and accessible recreational areas to promote healthier lifestyles and ensure equity in public health.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

5 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • sprawl 城市无序蔓延/扩张

    现在让我们把这些 clues 串联起来。首先,从 causal relationship 我们知道 sprawl leads to more driving;然后从 contextual framework 我们了解到这是在讨论 cities 如何变得 exercise-unfriendly;最后从 morphology 我们得到了 'spreading out' 的 semantic hint。将这三条 evidence 整合,我们可以 confidently conclude:urban sprawl 指的是城市的 uncontrolled outward expansion,这种 scattered development pattern 让人们不得不依赖 cars,从而减少了 physical activity。

    抽象名词的三维推断法
  • hinder 阻碍、妨碍

    让我们 synthesize 这些 evidence。从 semantic contrast 我们确定了 hinder 与 promote 是 antonyms;从 contextual tone 我们知道它描述 cities 对 health 的 negative impact;从 syntax 我们验证了它是 transitive verb expressing obstruction。三条 lines of reasoning converge on 同一个 conclusion:hinder means to obstruct or prevent something from progressing,在这里就是 impede healthy lifestyle choices。

    动作动词的三步推断法
  • imperative 必要的、紧迫的、必须的

    现在 let's connect the dots。从 syntax 我们看到 imperative triggers subjunctive,这是 necessity 的 grammatical signal;从 rhetoric 我们发现它位于 problem-solution argument 的 conclusion position,这是 emphatic necessity 的 discourse marker;从 morphology 我们得到 'command' 的 semantic association。三个 dimensions 都指向同一个 meaning:imperative 表达 absolute necessity、urgent requirement。在这个 context 中,作者在说 urban planners considering health impacts is not optional but mandatory。

    评价性形容词的多层次分析法
  • foster 促进、培养、扶持

    让我们 integrate 这些 insights。从 semantic field 我们知道 foster 用于 positive practices;从 context 我们理解它表达 continuation of support;从 semantic parallelism 我们确认它与 create、encourage 同属 promoting actions。综合这些 evidence,我们可以 conclude:foster means to actively support, encourage, or promote the development of something beneficial。在这个 context 中,就是 cities promoting and maintaining good public health practices。

    机构行为动词的语境语义法
  • deter 阻止、威慑、使打消念头

    现在让我们 synthesize。从 causal logic 我们明白 expensive fees produce negative effect on joining behavior;从 contextual tone 我们看到这是在 criticizing barriers to equity;从 syntax 我们识别出典型的 prevention structure。三条 evidence 都 converge on 同一个 meaning:deter means to discourage or prevent someone from doing something。在这里,就是 high fees preventing less wealthy people from accessing gyms。

    心理影响动词的三角定位法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 因果论证

    P1

    作者通过 causal relationship 建立了 urban sprawl 与 heavier weight 之间的关联，指出城市的 layout and design 能够 hinder or promote healthier lifestyle choices。这种 cause-and-effect reasoning 直接支撑了文章的 main argument，即城市规划会 impact public health，因此 urban planners 必须在设计时 bear this in mind。通过展示 modern cities 的设计如何 eliminate the need for exercise，进而导致 health costs，作者为后文提出的 solution 奠定了逻辑基础。

    信号词 is associated with leads to results in causes contributes to brings about gives rise to stems from is attributed to due to because of owing to as a result of consequently therefore thus hence

    仿写： 当你想要 establish 某个现象的 root cause 时，可以采用这种 structure：先呈现一个 observable result 或 problem，然后 trace back 到它的 underlying cause。比如在讨论 environmental issues 时，你可以说 'Heavy industrial emissions contribute to air pollution, which is associated with respiratory diseases'。模版：'[现象A] leads to / results in / is associated with [结果B]. This correlation suggests that [deeper implication]'。关键是要让 causal link 显得 reasonable and evidence-based。

  • 对比论证

    P2

    作者通过 contrast 展现了 past 和 present 在 urban planning focus 上的差异。文中明确指出 'urban planning still centers in large part on solving the problems of the past'，然后用 'But' 转折引出 'it's also important to create healthier cities'。这种 juxtaposition 强调了传统规划的 limitations 和新型健康导向规划的 necessity。通过对比 traditional practices（如 separating toxic facilities）和 new approaches（如 encouraging physical activity），作者凸显了 paradigm shift 的重要性，直接服务于文章主旨：城市规划需要 prioritize public health。

    信号词 But However On the other hand In contrast Conversely While Whereas Yet Nevertheless On the contrary Unlike In comparison Still Although Even though

    仿写： 运用对比时，要明确 identify 两个可以 compare 的 objects 或 timeframes。结构上可以采用 'In the past... but now...' 或 'While X focuses on..., Y emphasizes...' 的 pattern。关键是让 contrast 服务于你的 central argument，而不是为了对比而对比。模版：'[Group A/Past practice] focuses primarily on [aspect 1]. However/But [Group B/New approach] also emphasizes [aspect 2], which is crucial for [desired outcome]'。通过这种 structure，你能够 demonstrate evolution 或 propose improvement。

  • 举例论证

    P4

    作者在 第4段 中通过 concrete examples 来说明如何 implement 健康导向的城市设计。文中列举了 specific actions：'close off streets on weekends', 'provide more seating in public places', 'using public spaces as places where people can exercise'。这些 tangible measures 让抽象的 'creating healthier cities' 变得 actionable and relatable。通过这些 real-world applications，作者 demonstrate 了前文提出的 principles 如何 translate into practice，同时强化了文章主旨中的 equity concern，因为 public spaces 能够 serve all residents regardless of wealth。

    信号词 For example For instance Such as Including Like Namely To illustrate As an example In particular Specifically Take... for example Consider One case is

    仿写： 使用举例时，要选择 representative and relevant cases 来 support your point。可以用 'For example', 'For instance', 'Such as' 等表达来 introduce examples。确保你的 examples 是 specific enough 而非 vague generalization。模版：'[General statement]. For instance, [specific example 1]. They also can [specific example 2]. [Explain why these examples matter]'。记住，good examples 应该 directly relate to 你的 main argument 并能让读者 easily understand your point。

  • 引用论证

    P1 P2

    作者在文中 cite 了 'Recent studies' 和 'Many studies of longevity' 来 provide authoritative support。第一处引用指出 urban sprawl 与 weight gain 的 correlation，第二处引用说明 physical activity 与 longevity 的关系。这些 references to research 为作者的 claims 提供了 scientific credibility，让论点不再是 mere opinion 而是 evidence-based conclusion。通过 invoke external authority，作者 strengthen 了整个 argument 的 persuasiveness，特别是在 establish 城市设计与 public health 之间的 connection 时。

    信号词 Recent studies show Studies indicate Research demonstrates According to Evidence suggests Findings reveal Experts point out Data shows Surveys find Analysis indicates Reports suggest As research shows Studies have found

    仿写： 使用引用时，要 introduce the source 的 credibility 或 relevance。常用表达包括 'According to...', 'Research shows that...', 'Studies indicate...'。不需要 cite specific names or journals（除非是 academic writing），但要 make clear 你在 referring to authoritative evidence。模版：'[Source type] show/indicate/demonstrate that [finding]. This [correlation/evidence/data] suggests that [implication for your argument]'。关键是让引用 naturally integrate into 你的 reasoning flow，而不是 abruptly insert 进来。

  • 排比修辞

    P2 P3

    作者在 第2段 中使用了 parallel structure：'making it easier and safer for people to recreate, walk, bike and take public transportation'。这四个 verb phrases 形成了 rhythmic repetition，强调了 diverse forms of physical activity 都需要被 facilitate。这种 parallelism 不仅增强了 sentence flow，还通过 list multiple options 来 demonstrate 健康城市的 comprehensive nature。排比让读者感受到改变的 scope 和 urgency，直接支持了文章关于 urban planning should promote physical activity 的主旨。

    信号词 and , or as well as both... and not only... but also either... or neither... nor

    仿写： 构建排比时，确保 parallel elements 在 grammatical structure 上 consistent（都是 verbs、nouns 或 phrases）。你可以用 listing 来 enumerate multiple benefits, methods, 或 aspects。模版：'[Action/Policy] makes it [adjective] for [subject] to [verb 1], [verb 2], [verb 3], and [verb 4]'。或者 '[Noun 1], [noun 2], and [noun 3] are important steps'。关键是保持 syntactic symmetry 并让每个 element 都 contribute to 整体 message。不要为了 parallelism 而牺牲 meaning diversity。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

7 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 城市设计带来的健康代价

    P1
    these improvements provide great benefits but also impose health costs

    转折类 but also impose health costs but however yet nevertheless nonetheless although

    这个 but 表面上 on the surface 是在平衡叙述 balanced narration,实则 actually 是作者在暗示 hint:城市现代化 modernization 虽然带来便利 convenience,但健康代价 health costs 才是需要重视的问题 issue。这为全文主旨 main argument 奠定基础 lay the foundation:城市规划需要转变 shift,从追求效率 efficiency 转向关注健康 health。言外之意是在质疑 question 过去的城市设计理念 design philosophy,为后文呼吁改革 call for reform 做铺垫。

  • 规划必须性的强调

    P1
    it is imperative that urban planners bear this in mind

    情态词 it is imperative that imperative must need to have to it is essential that it is crucial that

    作者用 'imperative' 这个强情态词 strong modal,不仅是在提建议 suggestion,更是在发出警告 warning:城市规划者必须 must 立即改变 change。言外之意是当前的规划实践 planning practice 存在重大缺陷 major flaw,已经造成健康问题 health issues,不改变会持续恶化 deteriorate。这直接支撑 support 文章主旨:城市规划应该 prioritize 公共健康,因为这不是可选项 optional,而是紧迫需求 urgent need。

  • 规划重心的批评

    P2
    Unfortunately, urban planning still centers in large part on solving the problems of the past

    情态词 Unfortunately unfortunately sadly regrettably disappointingly lamentably it is unfortunate that

    作者用 'Unfortunately' 开头,直接表达 express 对当前城市规划 current urban planning 的不满 discontent。言外之意是:规划者思维 mindset 仍停留在过去 stuck in the past,关注的是老问题 old problems(如隔离有毒设施 toxic facilities),而忽视 overlook 了新挑战 new challenge——健康促进 health promotion。这为论证 argument 的转折做准备 prepare:虽然传统规划有必要 necessary,但更重要的是 more important 创造健康城市 healthier cities。支撑主旨:规划需要 paradigm shift,从解决过去的卫生问题转向主动促进 actively promote 身体活动 physical activity。

  • 传统措施的相对次要性

    P2
    Of course cities still need to foster standard public health practices... But it's also important to create healthier cities

    让步类 Of course... But of course... but admittedly... however certainly... yet it is true that... but granted... still while... nevertheless

    这个 'Of course... But' 结构表面上 ostensibly 是在平衡 balance,实则 in reality 是作者的 strategic move:先认可 validate 传统公共卫生措施 traditional measures 的价值 value,避免被批评 avoid criticism,然后用 but 强调自己的核心论点 core argument——创造健康城市 creating healthier cities 更重要 more important。言外之意是:传统措施虽然必要 necessary,但已经不够 insufficient,需要更积极 more proactive 的健康促进 health promotion 策略。这直接推动 advance 文章主旨:城市规划应该 shift focus,从被动防护 passive protection 转向主动鼓励 actively encourage 身体活动。

  • 讨论已开始的暗示

    P2
    it's also important to create healthier cities—and the discussion is already underway

    委婉表达 and the discussion is already underway the discussion is underway there is growing recognition increasingly more and more emerging consensus mounting evidence

    作者说 'discussion is already underway',不是在陈述事实 stating fact,而是在施加 exert 同伴压力 peer pressure:这个转变 shift 已经开始 begun,你不能置身事外 stand aside。言外之意是:创造健康城市不是激进提议 radical proposal,而是正在进行的 ongoing movement,有 legitimacy 和 momentum。通过暗示 suggesting 其他规划者 planners 已经在行动 taking action,作者增强 strengthen 论点的说服力 persuasiveness,推动 push 主旨:城市规划应该 prioritize health,这是大势所趋 inevitable trend,不是可选方案 optional。

  • 小改变的潜力

    P3
    But even smaller changes can be effective

    对比类 even not only... but also moreover furthermore in addition what's more better still

    作者用 'even smaller changes' 是在 strategic move:前面提到的步骤 steps(步行空间 walkable spaces, 自行车道 bike lanes)听起来可能 resource-intensive,读者可能觉得 feel 难以实现 hard to implement。通过 'even',作者传递 convey 信息:其实 actually 很简单 simple,周末封街 closing streets、增加座椅 providing seating 这些小改变 small changes 也有效 effective。言外之意是:不要以 excuse of 'too difficult' 为由拒绝行动 refuse action,入门门槛 entry barrier 很低。这推动 advance 主旨:促进健康的城市规划 health-promoting planning 是可行的 feasible,任何城市都能 can 开始实施 start implementing。

  • 公共空间促进公平性

    P4
    promotes equity, rather than allowing physical activity to become restricted to private gyms with often-expensive monthly fees that deter less wealthy people

    对比类 promotes equity, rather than rather than instead of as opposed to in contrast to unlike whereas

    作者用 'rather than' 对比公共空间 public spaces 和私人健身房 private gyms,不只是在比较 compare 两种选择 options,而是在做 moral argument:将身体活动 physical activity 限制在 restrict to 昂贵健身房是不公平的 inequitable,会让低收入群体 less wealthy 被排除 excluded。言外之意是:城市规划有 social responsibility,应该通过公共资源 public resources 保障 ensure 所有人 everyone 的健康机会 health opportunity,而不是让健康成为 privilege of the rich。这强化 reinforce 文章主旨:健康导向的城市规划 health-oriented urban planning 不仅是效率问题 efficiency issue,更是社会公平 social equity 问题,必须 must 惠及全民 benefit all。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：积极支持

结论先行：本文作者态度为积极支持（ Advocating for health-conscious urban planning）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 开篇问题+紧跟呼吁 P1

    议论文的 opening paragraph 通常会 establish author's stance。这里作者用了 cause-effect relationship 来说明 urban design 和 health 之间的 connection，especially 用 'imperative' 这样的 strong modal verb 来表达 urgency，显示作者不是 neutral observer 而是 active advocate。

  2. 现状批评+改革希望 P2

    Evaluative language 是判断 author's attitude 的 direct evidence。'Unfortunately' 显示 dissatisfaction with status quo，而 'important' 和 'already underway' 则 convey optimism about future direction。这种 contrast between criticism of present and hope for future 是 reformist advocacy 的 typical pattern。

  3. 具体方案+积极语气 P3 P4

    Solutions-focused writing with specific examples 是 supportive attitude 的 strong signal。如果作者 spends significant space on actionable recommendations 而非 just criticizing，说明 attitude 是 constructive and proactive。特别是 'even smaller changes can be effective' 这种 encouraging statement 显示 optimistic belief in possibility of improvement。

  4. 单向论证链 P1 P2 P3 P4

    议论文的 author attitude 需要看 overall argumentative structure 和 final message。这篇文章不是 balanced neutral analysis，而是 clearly taking a side。从 modal intensity ('imperative', 'important') 到 solution emphasis 到 equity concerns，所有 elements converge on one position：cities must prioritize health-conscious design。

文中的态度信号词

  • imperative P1

    'Imperative' 是 strong modal adjective，表达 absolute necessity。作者说 urban planners 'bear this in mind' 是 imperative，这不是 suggestion 而是 demand，显示作者的 strong conviction 和 advocacy stance。这种 high-modality language 把 author's position 从 observation 提升到 prescription。

    同类词 essential crucial vital critical necessary

  • Unfortunately P2

    'Unfortunately' 是 negative evaluative adverb，直接表达 author's disappointment with current state。放在 paragraph opening 位置，它 frames the entire paragraph as critique，告诉 reader 作者对 'urban planning still centers on past problems' 这个现象 is dissatisfied。

    同类词 unfortunately regrettably sadly disappointingly problematically

  • increasing attention P2

    'Increasing attention' 表达 positive trend，说明作者认为 things are moving in the right direction。这种 language 显示 author is not just complaining，而是 seeing and celebrating progress，体现 constructive optimism 而非 cynical pessimism。

    同类词 growing awareness rising interest mounting concern emerging focus gaining momentum

  • important P2

    'Important' 是 positive evaluative adjective，用来 highlight what author values。说 'it's important to create healthier cities' 就是 direct endorsement of this goal，showing author's priorities 和 advocacy direction。

    同类词 significant valuable meaningful worthwhile beneficial

  • effective P3

    'Effective' 表达 author's confidence in proposed solutions。说 'even smaller changes can be effective' 是在 encouraging readers 和 policymakers，显示 optimistic belief that action will yield results。这种 efficacy language 是 supportive advocacy 的 characteristic。

    同类词 successful productive beneficial workable practical

  • promote equity P4

    'Promote equity' 引入 social justice dimension，说明作者的 concern 不仅是 physical health 而且是 social equality。This value-driven language 显示 author's advocacy has ethical foundation，不是 purely utilitarian argument。

    同类词 foster equality ensure fairness enhance accessibility democratize access reduce disparities

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇议论文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他英语六级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇议论文？

  1. 开篇明确表态 P1

    议论文的 first paragraph 通常会明确表达作者的 stance 或 position，比如这篇文章开头就提出 urban design 对 health 有 negative impact，并用 'it is imperative that' 这种强烈的 modal expression 来表达作者的 opinion。说明文只会 present facts，新闻报道会 report events，都不会像这样直接 express judgment

  2. 提出行动建议 P2 P3 P4

    议论文的核心特征是 persuade readers 去接受某个 viewpoint 并采取 action。这篇文章在 第2段 和 第4段 中多次出现 'need to foster'、'important to create'、'can close off'、'can provide' 等 prescriptive language，明确告诉读者 what urban planners should do。说明文只会 explain how things work，新闻报道只会 report what happened，都不会像这样直接 prescribe actions

  3. 问题解决加评判 P1 P2 P3 P4

    这篇文章的 structure 非常典型：第1段 指出 problem（urban design 导致 health issues），第2段 到 第4段 提出 solutions（how to create healthier cities），整个过程充满 value-laden expressions 如 'unfortunate'、'imperative'、'important'。说明文也可能有 problem-solution structure，但不会加入这么多 subjective evaluations；新闻报道的 structure 是 inverted pyramid，先报道 most important facts

  4. 综合识别写作目的 P1 P2 P3 P4

    议论文、说明文和新闻报道的 fundamental difference 在于 author's purpose：argue vs. inform vs. report。这篇文章的 every paragraph 都在 build an argument，从 establish problem 到 propose solutions，从 criticize past practices 到 advocate future changes，完全围绕 persuading readers 这个 central goal。说明文会 maintain neutrality throughout，新闻报道会 prioritize factual accuracy over opinion

哪些词暴露了议论文体裁？

  • it is imperative that P1 立场表态词 it is crucial that it is essential that it is vital that we must should
  • Unfortunately P2 观点引导词 Regrettably Sadly Fortunately Importantly Significantly
  • But it's also important to P2 论证逻辑连接词 However, it is crucial to Yet we must Nevertheless, it is essential to On the other hand In contrast
  • This correlation suggests that P1 论证逻辑连接词 This suggests that This indicates that This implies that This demonstrates that This shows that
  • Of course P2 观点引导词 Admittedly Certainly Clearly Obviously Undoubtedly
  • promotes equity, rather than allowing P4 观点引导词 rather than instead of as opposed to in contrast to unlike
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

3 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic 的常见问题

2023年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part III Section A 文章 Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic 的原文出自哪里？
www.green-technology.org刊登的一篇标题为“Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic”的文章。
2023年12月英语六级真题第3套文章 Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic 的主旨是什么？
城市规划应优先考虑公共健康,通过设计鼓励体育活动的城市来实现这一目标。尽管现代城市通过汽车和电梯减少了运动,导致肥胖等健康问题,但规划者现在必须创建适合步行、骑行的空间和无障碍休闲区域,以促进更健康的生活方式并确保公共健康的公平性。（英文表述：Urban planning should prioritize public health by designing cities that encourage physical activity. While modern cities reduced exercise through cars and elevators, causing health issues like obesity, planners must now create walkable, bike-friendly spaces and accessible recreational areas to promote healthier lifestyles and ensure equity in public health.）
Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic（2023年12月英语六级真题第3套文章）是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为议论文，作者立场是积极支持（Advocating for health-conscious urban planning）。CEFR 难度 C1，全文 274 词、4 段；在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中，C1 级共 343 篇（占 58%）。
2023年12月英语六级真题第3套文章 Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic 的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 4 段按议论文骨架分为 3 个意群：引言 · 第1段——城市设计与健康问题的关联；分论点 · 第2段——城市规划需要从解决过去问题转向创造健康环境；分论点 · 第3段、第4段——具体措施及其平等性意义。
Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic 一文的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是积极支持（Advocating for health-conscious urban planning）。判断路径：开篇问题+紧跟呼吁 → 现状批评+改革希望 → 具体方案+积极语气 → 单向论证链；文中的态度信号词包括 imperative（第1段）、Unfortunately（第2段）、increasing attention（第2段）、important（第2段）、effective（第3段）、promote equity（第4段）。
2023年12月英语六级真题第3套文章 Is your city making you fat? llow urban planning can address the obesity epidemic 中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 5 个：sprawl（城市无序蔓延/扩张）、hinder（阻碍、妨碍）、imperative（必要的、紧迫的、必须的）、foster（促进、培养、扶持）、deter（阻止、威慑、使打消念头），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

本页数据最后更新：