2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3)
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2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3)

议论文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的精读视角页——这篇议论文全文 239 词、3 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%),作者立场为「消极批判」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

3 段英文原文

以下为2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 的听力原文,共 3 段。左侧 P1–P3 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

In the United States, 36 states currently allow capital punishment for serious crimes such as murder. Americans have always argued about the death penalty. Today, there is a serious question about this issue: Should there be a minimum age limit for executing criminals? In other words, is it right for convicted murderers who kill when they are minors, that is under the age of 18, to receive the death penalty?

In most other countries of the world, there is no capital punishment for minors. In the United States, though, each state makes its own decision. Of the 36 states that allow the death penalty, 30 permit the execution of minors.

In the state of South Carolina, a convicted murderer was given the death penalty for a crime he committed while he was a minor. In 1977, when he was 17 years old, James Terry Roach and two friends cruelly murdered three people. Roach's lawyer fought the decision to execute him. The young murderer remained on death row for ten years while his lawyer appealed to the governor. The lawyer argued that it is wrong to execute a person for a crime he committed while he was a minor. In the United States, the governor of a state has the power to change a sentence from the death penalty to life in prison. Nonetheless, the governor of South Carolina refused to stop the execution. Roach was finally executed in 1986.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

3 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Question of Executing Minor Offenders

    The paragraph introduces the debate over whether offenders who committed murder as minors should receive the death penalty.

    本段承担 opening 的功能:它先交代美国允许死刑的制度现实,再提出未成年人 murder case 的道德与法律争议。它为全文建立了明确的 argumentative focus,即文章不是泛谈死刑存废,而是审视 juvenile offenders 是否可以被执行死刑。

    锁定核心设问
  2. P2

    The U.S. Exception in International Perspective

    The paragraph contrasts the international ban on executing minors with the widespread state-level permission for it in the United States.

    本段为首段提出的问题补充 comparative evidence,使读者看到该争议不仅是美国国内的 legal issue,也涉及美国做法是否偏离国际 common standard。这样的对比增强了文章问题意识,并为后文的具体案例提供了更有张力的制度背景。

    抓住国际对比
  3. P3

    The Case of James Terry Roach

    The paragraph uses James Terry Roach's case to illustrate the failed effort to prevent the execution of a murderer who committed his crimes as a minor.

    本段承担 example and evidence 的功能,把前两段的制度与价值争论落到一个具体 human case 上。Roach 案显示,即使犯罪者作案时是 minor,且律师明确提出反对 execution 的理由,美国某些州仍可能维持死刑判决;因此,它使全文关于 moral and legal justification 的疑问更加具体、严肃且具有现实冲击力。

    提炼案例冲突与结局
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

3 道逐段细节自检题

针对2015年12月英语四级真题第1套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 central issue death penalty

    What central issue is raised concerning the death penalty?

    • A Whether all serious crimes should receive the death penalty.
    • B Whether each state should use the same criminal law.
    • C Whether murderers who committed their crimes as minors should be executed.
    • D Whether prisoners under eighteen should be released from prison.
    • E Whether murder rates can be reduced by harsher punishment.
    • F Whether adults convicted of murder deserve life in prison.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    该项完整保留了原文争议的两个必要条件:一是 committed their crimes as minors,二是 should be executed。它把原文的 minimum age limit 转化为是否执行未成年犯罪者的判断,属于合法的 paraphrase。障碍在于原文使用 under the age of 18、convicted murderers 和 receive the death penalty,而选项改用了 minors、committed their crimes 和 executed;考生必须识别这些同义改写,而不能机械匹配原词。

    问号双条件核验 时间极紧时,直接在 第1段 寻找问号附近的句子,而不必逐句翻译背景信息。把题干 central issue 压缩为“作者究竟让读者判断什么”,再对五个选项做“双条件核验”:正确项必须同时覆盖犯罪时的年龄条件与死刑处置条件。任何只覆盖其中一个条件、或额外加入 all、adults、release 等新条件的选项,立即排除。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 U.S. states allow the death penalty policy

    Which statement correctly describes the policy of U.S. states that allow the death penalty?

    • A All thirty-six states permit the execution of minors.
    • B Thirty-six states forbid capital punishment for minors.
    • C Thirty states have abolished capital punishment for all criminals.
    • D Thirty of the thirty-six states permit the execution of minors.
    • E Each U.S. state follows an identical rule on juvenile execution.
    • F Most countries allow minors to receive the death penalty.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    该项严格保留了数量结构:36 是允许 death penalty 的州总数,30 是其中 permit the execution of minors 的州数。permit 与 allow 在此语境中同义,属于原文信息的紧凑复述。障碍在于选项把两个数字放在同一句,考生若只记住其中一个数字,极易选中“数字颠倒”或“范围错配”的干扰项。

    数字箭头配对 在 第2段 直接圈出两个数字及其后的动词结构,形成“36 -> death penalty;30 -> execution of minors”的箭头笔记。随后只读选项中的数字、量词和政策动词:正确项必须让三者同时对位。这个方法不要求逐字翻译句子,却能最快排除 all、forbid、abolished、identical 等结构性错误。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 Roach's lawyer appeal to the governor governor

    Why did Roach's lawyer appeal to the governor?

    • A He wanted the governor to sentence Roach to death.
    • B He believed that Roach had not taken part in the murders.
    • C He hoped to shorten Roach's ten-year stay on death row.
    • D He wanted Roach to receive a shorter prison sentence for cooperating with friends.
    • E He wanted to prevent Roach from being executed for a crime committed as a minor.
    • F He intended to persuade other states to abolish capital punishment.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    该项准确连接了 lawyer 的目的与其论证依据:一方面是阻止 execution,另一方面是 crime committed as a minor。它没有把 lawyer 的法律主张误写成 governor 已采取的行动。障碍在于原文将信息分散在 appealed、argued、refused 和 finally executed 等句中,选项则把它们压缩成目的表达;考生需要重建“申诉—主张—结果”的因果链。

    律师动词链 直接进入 第3段,用人名 Roach 和 lawyer 锁定后,不必通读所有案件细节。只沿着 lawyer 后面的三个动词 fought、appealed、argued 快速读取,并将其压缩为“行动目标 + 主张依据”。再看选项,正确项必须同时匹配这两个槽位;涉及 innocence、ten years、other states 等信息的选项,即使来自同一案件语境,也不能回答 why。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

3 个意群的议论文骨架

按议论文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引言 P1

    美国未成年人死刑争议的提出

    这个 opening paragraph 首先 establish 了美国 capital punishment 的 background context,然后通过层层递进 narrow down 到核心 controversy:should there be a minimum age limit 来执行 death penalty?特别是针对 minors(未满18岁)这个 specific group 的 convicted murderers,这种做法 is it right 的 ethical question 被明确 raised。

    作为 argumentative essay 的 introduction,这个意群 serve 了典型的 funnel structure 功能:从 broad topic(美国死刑制度)gradually focus 到 specific issue(未成年人死刑的 moral and legal justification),为后续的 discussion 和 case illustration 搭建了 argumentative framework,让 readers 清楚地 understand 文章要 examine 的核心 controversy。

    直接提出核心争议问题
  2. 分论点 P2

    美国各州未成年人死刑政策的现状对比

    这个 paragraph 提供了 critical comparative context:international practice(most other countries 没有 minors 的 capital punishment)versus U.S. practice(each state makes its own decision)。通过 specific statistics(36 states allow death penalty,其中30个 permit execution of minors)来 highlight 美国在这个 issue 上的 exceptional position 和 internal variation,为后续的 case study 提供了 policy landscape。

    作为 supporting argument 的 contextual foundation,这个意群通过 international comparison 和 domestic statistics 来 demonstrate 这个 controversy 的 real-world significance。它 reveal 了美国在 minors 的 capital punishment 上的 unique stance,这种 exceptionalism 本身就 strengthen 了引言中提出的 ethical question 的 urgency,为接下来的 concrete case 提供了 necessary background understanding。

    揭示政策现状和国际差异
  3. 分论点 P3

    詹姆斯·罗奇案例的具体说明

    这个 paragraph 通过 James Terry Roach 的 detailed case study 来 illustrate 前面 raised 的 controversy 在 real-world scenario 中如何 unfold。从 crime details(1977年17岁时 cruelly murdered three people)到 legal process(lawyer's appeal, ten years on death row)再到 final outcome(governor refused, executed in 1986),这个 narrative 把 abstract ethical question 转化为 concrete human story,demonstrate 了 conflicting values 在 actual judicial system 中的 tension。

    作为 argumentative essay 的 core evidence,这个意群 serve 了 illustration 和 substantiation 的 dual function。它不仅 provide concrete example 来 demonstrate 未成年人死刑 controversy 的 real consequences,而且通过 present both sides(lawyer argued it's wrong vs. governor refused to stop)来 show 这个 issue 的 complexity 和 contested nature,effectively support 文章 examine 的 central question about moral and legal justification。

    提供典型案例验证
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段疑问句定位 P1

    议论文 argumentative essays 通常在首段就会 pose the central question 或提出 controversial issue,这些 interrogative structures 直接揭示文章要 debate 的核心问题,而非仅仅 describe facts。

  2. 高频主题词追踪 P1 P2 P3

    议论文的主旨会通过 consistent terminology 贯穿全文,这些 repeated key terms 构成了文章的 thematic backbone。如果某些词汇在每个段落都 appear,它们必然是 central to the main argument。

  3. 案例功能识别 P3

    议论文常用 concrete examples 来 illustrate abstract arguments。当文章从 general discussion 突然转向 detailed case study,这个 case 必然是用来 support or challenge 文章要探讨的 central claim。Case 的存在本身说明文章不是纯粹 informative,而是 argumentative。

  4. 三维交叉验证 P1 P2 P3

    单一 indicator 可能 misleading,但当 question structure + keyword repetition + illustrative case 三者都指向 same controversial issue 时,主旨判断的 accuracy 接近 100%。这种 multi-layer verification 是快速而准确的 safeguard。

主旨信号词 serious question P1 Should there be P1 argued P1 minors P1

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

文章探讨了美国对未成年人执行死刑这一争议性问题,质疑对18岁以下谋杀犯执行死刑在道德和法律上是否合理,并通过詹姆斯·特里·罗奇的案例加以说明。
The article examines the controversial issue of capital punishment for minors in the United States, questioning whether executing criminals who committed murder before age 18 is morally and legally justified, illustrated through the case of James Terry Roach.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • capital 死刑的;极刑的

    让我们把这些 clues 串起来。首先,capital punishment 出现在讨论 serious crimes like murder 的 context 中,这告诉我们它是一种 severe form of punishment。接着,文章 immediately 用 death penalty 来 refer to the same concept,这是个 key breakthrough。最后,两个 terms 在 parallel structures 中 interchangeably used,彻底 confirms 了它们的 equivalence。所以 capital 在这里的意思就是和 death 相关的。

    捕捉正式与通俗表达的同义转换
  • execute 处决;执行死刑

    我们先看到 execution 和 death penalty 在 same semantic field 中反复出现,这 establishes 了基本的 conceptual link。然后 第3段 给出了 crucial narrative clues: lawyer 试图 stop the execution,但最终 Roach was executed。这个 sequence 清楚表明 execute 就是 implement 或 carry out the death penalty。The morphological analysis of ex- prefix 也 reinforces 这个 'carry out' 的含义。

    追踪动词在叙事链中的角色
  • minor 未成年人;未满18岁的人

    这个 word 的推断相对 straightforward。第1段 用 appositive structure 直接 tells us that minors means under the age of 18。第3段 通过 concrete example (17 years old = minor) 来 reinforce 这个定义。两个 clues 形成 perfect alignment,让我们 confidently conclude 词义。

    识别同位语的明确定义
  • appeal 上诉;申诉;(向上级)请求改判

    让我们 connect the dots。首先,appeal 是 lawyer fighting the decision 的 concrete manifestation,持续了 ten years。然后我们看到这个 appeal 包含了 arguing (presenting reasons),目标是 governor。最后,governor 的 power to change the sentence 和 final refusal 告诉我们 appeal 是一个 formal request for reconsideration。整个 narrative arc 清楚显示 appeal 是 legal context 中向 higher authority 寻求 change a decision 的 process。

    解析法律行为的完整流程链
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

4 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 反问修辞

    P1

    文章在开篇就抛出了两个 rhetorical questions:'Should there be a minimum age limit for executing criminals?' 和 'is it right for convicted murderers who kill when they are minors...to receive the death penalty?'。这些反问句 directly engage readers,迫使他们思考 the morality 和 legality of the issue。反问的作用是 establish the central debate,把读者带入一个需要 moral judgment 的情境中,为后文的 case study 和 argumentation 做铺垫。通过反问,作者避免了直接 state his position,而是让读者 form their own opinions,这增强了文章的 persuasive power。

    信号词 Should Is it right Is it fair Can we How can Why should What justifies Do we really Isn't it

    仿写: 当你想 introduce a controversial topic 时,可以先用 rhetorical question 来 set the tone。比如讨论 environmental issues,可以问 'Should we sacrifice economic growth for environmental protection?'。关键是让问题 touch upon the core conflict,并且 imply that there's no simple answer。仿写模版:'In [context], there is a serious question about [issue]: Should [action/policy] be [implemented/changed]? In other words, is it right/fair/just for [specific group/situation] to [face certain consequence]?'

  • 举例论证

    P3

    文章用了 James Terry Roach 的 specific case 作为 concrete example 来支持论点。第三段详细描述了 Roach 在 17 岁时 committed murder,经历了 ten years on death row,最终在 1986 年被 executed 的过程。这个 case study provides tangible evidence,让抽象的 debate about capital punishment for minors 变得 real and relatable。通过展示 the lawyer's appeal, the governor's refusal, 以及最终的 execution,作者呈现了 the complexity and the stakes of the issue。Specific details like 'three people were cruelly murdered' 和 'remained on death row for ten years' 增强了 emotional impact,使读者更深刻地理解 the consequences of this policy。

    信号词 In the state of For example For instance Consider the case of Take the example of A case in point To illustrate One example is Such as In [year]

    仿写: 选择 representative case 时要确保它 closely relates to your thesis。先用一句话 introduce the example,然后提供 key details (who, when, where, what happened),最后 connect it back to your argument。比如讨论 education reform,可以说 'In the state of [X], a student named [Y] faced [specific challenge]. Despite [effort], the outcome was [result]. This case illustrates [your point].'。仿写模版:'In [location/context], a [person/entity] [did something/faced situation]. [Provide 2-3 specific details with numbers/dates]. [Person's] [action/lawyer/advocate] [tried to change outcome]. [Despite/Nonetheless], [final result]. This [demonstrates/illustrates/shows] that [connection to thesis].'

  • 对比论证

    P2

    第二段通过 contrast the United States with 'most other countries of the world' 来突出 America's unique position。作者指出在 most countries 没有 capital punishment for minors,而在美国 36 个州允许,其中 30 个州 permit execution of minors。这种 international comparison 凸显了 the controversial nature of U.S. policy,暗示美国在这个问题上 stands apart from global norms。对比还出现在 state-level:'each state makes its own decision',强调了 inconsistency within the country itself。这种 layered contrast (international vs. U.S., and between U.S. states) 揭示了 the lack of consensus,支持了文章 questioning the morality of the practice 的主旨。

    信号词 though however in contrast while whereas on the other hand unlike but yet in most other conversely

    仿写: 构建对比时要选择 meaningful comparison points。可以对比 different countries, time periods, groups, or policies。先 present one side with specific details,然后用 transition word introduce the other side。比如讨论 healthcare systems:'In most European countries, healthcare is universal. In the United States, though, millions remain uninsured.'。仿写模版:'In most [other places/contexts], [situation A exists/policy A is followed]. In [your focus area], though, [situation B exists/policy B is followed]. Of the [total number] that [meet criteria], [specific number] [do something different].'

  • 因果论证

    P3

    第三段中包含了 implicit causal reasoning:'Roach's lawyer fought the decision...The lawyer argued that it is wrong to execute a person for a crime he committed while he was a minor',这里 lawyer's argument 构成了 appeal to the governor 的 cause。然而 'Nonetheless, the governor...refused to stop the execution' 展示了 expected causal chain 的断裂。虽然 lawyer made appeals (cause),but the execution still happened (effect),这个 broken causality 凸显了 the issue's complexity and the limits of legal advocacy。文章通过呈现 this failed causal relationship 来强调 the harsh reality of capital punishment for minors,支持了 questioning this practice 的主旨。

    信号词 Nonetheless because therefore thus as a result consequently hence so since due to leads to results in

    仿写: 建立因果关系时要 clearly identify both cause and effect,并解释 the mechanism connecting them。可以用 'because', 'therefore', 'as a result' 等词 make the relationship explicit。也可以呈现 broken or unexpected causality 来 highlight problems,就像本文。比如:'The lawyer argued [X], therefore [we would expect Y]. Nonetheless, [Y did not happen], revealing [your point].'。仿写模版:'[Entity] [took action/made argument] because [reason]. [Expected outcome] should have followed. However/Nonetheless, [actual outcome occurred], [which demonstrates/reveals/shows that] [your analytical point].'

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

3 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 各州自主决定未成年人死刑权的潜在问题

    P2
    In most other countries of the world, there is no capital punishment for minors. In the United States, though, each state makes its own decision.

    转折类 though however but yet nevertheless nonetheless although

    这个 though 的言外之意是:美国在 minors death penalty 这个 issue 上采取的 state-by-state approach 与 international practice 形成 sharp contrast,暗示这种做法存在 problematic nature。作者通过这个 subtle contrast 为后文的 具体 case study 做 preparation,同时 implicitly question 这种 lack of uniformity 的 reasonability。对文章 thesis 的作用是:通过展示美国的 exceptional status,为探讨 moral and legal justification 这个 central question 提供 contextual foundation,让读者开始 reflect on whether such state autonomy 在涉及 minors' lives 时是否 appropriate。

  • 律师抗争的合理性与州长决定的争议性

    P3
    In the United States, the governor of a state has the power to change a sentence from the death penalty to life in prison. Nonetheless, the governor of South Carolina refused to stop the execution.

    让步转折类 Nonetheless Nevertheless Despite In spite of Regardless of Even so All the same

    Nonetheless 在这里的 implication 非常 powerful:作者通过 highlighting governor 拥有 commutation power 但依然 refused to exercise it,来 subtly question 这个 decision 的 morality。言外之意是:即使有 legal mechanism 可以 show mercy,执法者仍然选择 proceed with execution,这反映出对 minors 执行 death penalty 的 rigid stance 可能 override humanitarian considerations。这个 implicit criticism 直接 serves 文章 thesis,因为它通过 concrete example 展示了当 state authority 与 moral considerations 发生 collision 时的 troubling outcome,让读者 question whether executing someone for crimes committed as a minor 真的 morally justified,从而 strengthen 文章对这个 controversial practice 的 critical examination。

  • Roach案件的残酷性与年龄因素的张力

    P3
    In 1977, when he was 17 years old, James Terry Roach and two friends cruelly murdered three people.

    时间对比类 while when as at the time during at the age of

    When he was 17 这个 temporal marker 的言外之意是 multifaceted:作者 intentionally put 17 years old 和 cruelly murdered three people 在同一个 sentence structure 里,创造出一种 moral ambiguity。言外之意包含两层:第一,Roach 确实 committed heinous crime,这是 undeniable fact;第二,但他 commit 这个 crime 时是 minor,还在 developmental stage。这个 implicit tension 正是文章 central question 的 embodiment:我们该 prioritize the severity of the crime 还是 the age of the offender?这个 strategic presentation 对文章 thesis 的价值在于,它 avoid premature judgment,而是通过 factual juxtaposition 让读者自己 confront 这个 ethical complexity,从而更 deeply engage with 文章提出的 fundamental question about minors and capital punishment 的 moral justification。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:消极批判

结论先行:本文作者态度为消极批判( Critical and Questioning)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 识别核心质疑问句 P1

    本文在 第1段 中明确提出了 'Should there be a minimum age limit for executing criminals?' 和 'is it right for convicted murderers who kill when they are minors... to receive the death penalty?' 这两个问题。这种 questioning tone 本身就暗示作者对 current practice 持有怀疑态度,因为如果作者 support 现状,通常会直接陈述观点而非以问题形式呈现。

  2. 国际惯例对比反衬 P2

    在 第2段 中,作者明确指出 'In most other countries of the world, there is no capital punishment for minors',然后用 'though' 来转折说明美国的做法不同。这种 international comparison 将美国置于 minority position,暗示美国的做法可能是 questionable 的。Majority vs. minority 的对比往往带有 implicit judgment。

  3. 案例细节倾向性配置 P3

    第3段 详细描述了 James Terry Roach 的 case,特别强调他 'was 17 years old' 和律师的 argument 'it is wrong to execute a person for a crime he committed while he was a minor'。作者 highlight 了 lawyer's opposition 和 ten-year appeal,这些 details 都在强化 'minor at the time of crime' 这个 mitigating factor。虽然作者也提到了 crime 的 cruel nature,但更多笔墨放在了对 execution 的质疑上。

  4. 结果呈现的遗憾语气 P3

    文章以 'Nonetheless, the governor of South Carolina refused to stop the execution. Roach was finally executed in 1986.' 结尾。'Nonetheless' 这个 adversative conjunction 表明执行死刑是 against 前面提到的 appeals 和 arguments 的,作者用 'refused' 和 'finally executed' 这种略带 resignation 的 tone 来描述结果,没有任何 justification 或 positive framing,给人一种 unfortunate outcome 的感觉。

  5. 论证链条的批判指向 P1 P2 P3

    纵观全文,作者采用了 'question → comparison → problematic case' 的 structure。从质疑问句开始,通过 international contrast 暗示美国做法的 isolation,最后用一个 controversial case 来 illustrate 这个 policy 的 problematic consequences。整个 narrative arc 都在引导读者质疑 executing minors 的 legitimacy。作者虽然没有 explicitly 说 'this is wrong',但通过 structural arrangement 和 selective details,态度已经非常明确——对 executing minors 持 critical 和 questioning 的立场。

文中的态度信号词

  • serious question P1

    这个 phrase 在引入 topic 时就给它贴上了 'serious' 和 'question' 的标签,表明作者认为这是一个需要 careful consideration 的问题。在议论文中,用 'serious question' 而非 'topic' 或 'issue' 表明作者对 current practice 持 skeptical attitude。

    同类词 controversial issue heated debate contentious matter disputed topic problematic aspect

  • is it right P1

    这是一个 moral questioning phrase,直接挑战 practice 的 ethical legitimacy。在议论文中,当作者用 'is it right' 这种 ethical framing 时,通常暗示作者认为答案是 'no'。如果作者支持这个做法,会直接陈述其 justification 而非以问句形式质疑。

    同类词 is it justified is it ethical is it appropriate should we ought we

  • In most other countries P2

    这个 comparative phrase 建立了一个 international benchmark,用 'most other countries' 的做法来 contrast 美国的 practice。在议论文中,这种 majority vs. minority 的对比往往用来暗示 minority practice 是 questionable 的,因为它 deviates from international norm。

    同类词 internationally around the world in other nations globally in the majority of states

  • though P2

    这是一个 adversative conjunction,标志着 contrasting information 的出现。在这里,'though' 引出美国与 international norm 不同的做法,这个 contrast 本身就带有 critical implication——美国做法是 against the norm 的。

    同类词 however yet but nonetheless nevertheless

  • cruelly murdered P3

    虽然这个 phrase 描述的是 crime 的 severity,看似支持死刑,但作者只用这一个简短的 phrase 就带过了,没有 elaborate crime details。这种 brief mention 反而显得作者在 acknowledge the crime 但不想 dwell on it,focus 还是在 minor status 和 execution controversy 上。

    同类词 brutally killed viciously attacked heinously committed violently perpetrated

  • 17 years old / minor P3

    这个 age reference 在段落中被 repeated multiple times——'17 years old'、'while he was a minor'、'when they are minors'。这种 repetition 是 emphasis strategy,作者通过反复提及 minor status 来强化这个 mitigating factor 的重要性,暗示 executing minors 是 problematic 的。

    同类词 17 years old minor under 18 youth juvenile

  • argued / fought P3

    作者用 'argued' 和 'fought' 来描述 lawyer's actions,这些 verbs 带有 persistence 和 righteousness 的 connotation。在议论文中,作者选择什么 verbs 来 describe opposing sides 的 actions 很能体现态度——这里 lawyer 是在 'fight' for justice,而 governor 是 'refused',一个是 active struggle,一个是 passive rejection。

    同类词 argued fought appealed challenged contested

  • Nonetheless P3

    这个 conjunction 在文章结尾处出现,连接 lawyer's ten-year fight 和最终的 execution。'Nonetheless' 表达了 'despite all these efforts and arguments' 的意思,带有 regret 和 disappointment 的 undertone,暗示作者认为 execution 是 unfortunate outcome。

    同类词 nonetheless nevertheless yet still even so

  • finally executed P3

    这个 phrase 是文章的 final statement,'finally' 这个 adverb 配合 'executed' 营造出一种 'after all resistance' 的 tone。它没有说 'justly executed' 或 'lawfully executed',而是用了一个 temporal adverb 'finally',给人一种 inevitable but regrettable 的感觉,like something that happened despite being wrong。

    同类词 ultimately put to death eventually killed at last executed in the end executed

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇议论文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇议论文?

  1. 争议性问题开篇 P1

    这篇文章在 第1段 直接提出 'Should there be a minimum age limit for executing criminals?' 这个 question 非常明确地 signal 这是一个 arguable topic。说明文会 focus on explaining facts,新闻报道会 report events objectively,但议论文一定会在开头 establish 一个需要 debate 的 central issue。

  2. 案例作为论据 P3

    第3段 详细描述了 James Terry Roach 的 case,这个 example 不是为了 inform readers about news,而是为了 demonstrate 这个 controversial issue 的 real consequences。说明文会 present multiple examples equally,新闻报道会 focus on reporting the event itself,但议论文会用 examples as evidence 来 support a particular stance 或 provoke thinking。

  3. 对立观点呈现 P3

    文章提到 'Roach's lawyer fought the decision' 和 'The lawyer argued that it is wrong to execute...' 但 'the governor refused to stop the execution',这展现了 opposing views。议论文必然会 show tension between different positions,而说明文只会 neutrally explain,新闻报道主要 focus on what happened 而不是 why people disagree。

  4. 三要素综合判断 P1 P2 P3

    这篇文章完美 demonstrate 了议论文的 complete structure:开头的 debatable question (age limit for death penalty), middle part 的 supporting case (Roach's story), 和 conflicting arguments (lawyer vs. governor)。说明文会 lack the controversy,新闻报道会 lack the analytical depth,只有议论文会把这三者 integrate together 来 persuade or provoke thought。

哪些词暴露了议论文体裁?

  • argued P1 观点引导词 argue debate dispute contend claim
  • Should there be P1 立场表态词 should ought to must need to have to
  • In other words P1 论证逻辑连接词 in other words that is namely specifically to put it differently
  • though P2 论证逻辑连接词 although even though however nevertheless nonetheless
  • fought P3 观点引导词 challenge oppose resist contest object to
  • argued P3 观点引导词 contended maintained asserted claimed reasoned
  • wrong P3 立场表态词 right unjust unfair immoral unethical
  • Nonetheless P3 论证逻辑连接词 nonetheless nevertheless however still yet
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

3 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 的常见问题

2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的主旨是什么?
2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章探讨了美国对未成年人执行死刑这一争议性问题,质疑对18岁以下谋杀犯执行死刑在道德和法律上是否合理,并通过詹姆斯·特里·罗奇的案例加以说明。(英文表述:The article examines the controversial issue of capital punishment for minors in the United States, questioning whether executing criminals who committed murder before age 18 is morally and legally justified, illustrated through the case of James Terry Roach.)
2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为议论文,作者立场是消极批判(Critical and Questioning)。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 239 词、3 段;在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 234 篇(占 46%)。
2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 3 段按议论文骨架分为 3 个意群:引言 · 第1段——美国未成年人死刑争议的提出;分论点 · 第2段——美国各州未成年人死刑政策的现状对比;分论点 · 第3段——詹姆斯·罗奇案例的具体说明。
2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是消极批判(Critical and Questioning)。判断路径:识别核心质疑问句 → 国际惯例对比反衬 → 案例细节倾向性配置 → 结果呈现的遗憾语气 → 论证链条的批判指向;文中的态度信号词包括 serious question(第1段)、is it right(第1段)、In most other countries(第2段)、though(第2段)、cruelly murdered(第3段)、17 years old / minor(第3段)、argued / fought(第3段)、Nonetheless(第3段)、finally executed(第3段)。
2015年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (3) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 4 个:capital(死刑的;极刑的)、execute(处决;执行死刑)、minor(未成年人;未满18岁的人)、appeal(上诉;申诉;(向上级)请求改判),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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