2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part III Section A
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2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part III Section A

说明文 · 完形填空(选词填空) · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part III Section A 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 236 词、4 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%),作者立场为「积极支持」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part III Section A 的完形填空(选词填空)原文,共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

A rat or pigeon might not be the obvious choice to tend to someone who is sick, but these creatures have some superior skills that could help the treatment of human diseases.

Pigeons are often seen as dirty birds and an urban nuisance, but they are just the latest in a long line of animals that have been found to have abilities to help humans. Despite having a brain no bigger than the tip of your index finger, pigeons have a very impressive visual memory. Recently it was shown that they could be trained to be as accurate as humans at detecting breast cancer in images.

Rats are often associated with spreading disease rather than preventing it, but this long-tailed animal is highly sensitive. Inside a rat's nose are up to 1,000 different types of olfactory receptors(嗅觉感受器), whereas humans only have 100 to 200 types. This gives rats the ability to detect slight smells. As a result, some rats are being put to work to detect TB(肺结核). When the rats detect the smell, they stop and rub their legs to indicate a sample is infected.

Traditionally, a hundred samples would take lab technicians more than two days to examine, but for a rat it takes less than 20 minutes. This rat detection method doesn't rely on specialist equipment. It is also more accurate—the rats are able to find more TB infections and, therefore, save more lives.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    Unexpected Medical Helpers

    Rats and pigeons, despite being unlikely candidates, possess superior abilities that can contribute to treating human diseases.

    这个 paragraph 为整篇 article 建立了 conceptual foundation。文章主旨强调 animals possess remarkable sensory abilities for medical diagnosis,而第一段正是这个 thesis 的 miniature version。它通过 juxtapose negative perception 和 superior skills 来 set up the paradox that drives the entire article。这个段落的 function 是 hook readers 并 forecast the main argument,为后续的 specific examples(pigeons detecting cancer, rats detecting TB)做好 cognitive preparation。

    识别转折后的核心主张
  2. P2

    Pigeons as Cancer Detectors

    Pigeons, despite their poor reputation, have exceptional visual memory that enables them to detect breast cancer in images as accurately as humans.

    这个 paragraph 提供了文章主旨的 first concrete example。文章主旨说 animals possess remarkable sensory abilities for medical diagnosis,这里的鸽子正是 first case study。Visual memory 是一种 remarkable sensory ability,breast cancer detection 是 medical diagnosis 的具体应用。段落通过 contrast negative perception 和 scientific evidence 来 reinforce 主旨的 surprising nature。这个段落也 establish 了文章的 rhetorical pattern:每个动物会先被 presented with negative stereotype,然后被 revealed to have specific diagnostic capability。

    追踪观点-证据链条
  3. P3

    Rats as TB Detectors

    Rats, contrary to their association with disease transmission, have highly sensitive olfactory abilities with up to 1,000 receptor types that enable them to detect tuberculosis.

    这个 paragraph 是文章主旨的 second major example,与第二段形成 parallel structure。如果说鸽子 demonstrate visual sensory ability,老鼠则 demonstrate olfactory sensory ability,together 它们 cover 不同类型的 remarkable sensory abilities。这个段落还 deepen 了主旨的 irony:不仅是 unlikely candidates,而且是被认为 cause the very problems they now help solve。段落继续 reinforce 文章的 central argument,用 different animal and different disease 来 show 这不是 isolated case,而是 broader phenomenon。

    识别平行段落模板
  4. P4

    Advantages of Rat-Based Detection

    Rat detection of TB is significantly faster, requires no specialized equipment, and is more accurate than traditional lab methods, ultimately saving more lives.

    这个 paragraph 为文章提供 quantitative validation 和 practical justification。文章主旨说 animals 能 assist more efficiently and accurately,这个段落 precisely demonstrate 那些 efficiency and accuracy gains。通过 concrete numbers(20 minutes vs 2 days)和 comparative advantages(no specialist equipment, more accurate),段落 transform abstract claim into compelling evidence。这个段落也 serve as implicit conclusion,通过 save more lives 这个 ultimate benefit 来 reinforce 整个文章的 argument significance。它完成了从 surprising claim(第一段)到 specific examples(第二、三段)再到 proven benefits(第四段)的 complete argumentative arc。

    综合多维度优势
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2017年12月英语四级真题第1套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 rats and pigeons human diseases

    What makes rats and pigeons potentially useful in treating human diseases?

    • A They are the most common animals found in hospitals.
    • B They can directly cure all human diseases.
    • C They possess superior abilities that can assist medical treatment.
    • D They have been genetically changed for medical research.
    • E They are naturally immune to human diseases.
    • F They can replace doctors in treating patients.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    该项完整对应原文的逻辑链:先承认 rat 或 pigeon 并非 obvious choice,再用 but 转出作者的真正判断,即这些 creatures 具有 superior skills,并能 help the treatment。选项用 possess 对应 have,用 assist medical treatment 概括 help the treatment of human diseases,属于恰当的同义改写。障碍在于选项没有机械重复原词,考生必须识别 superior abilities 与 superior skills 的同义关系。

    并列动物配语气 时间极紧时,不必逐句精读。直接抓题干中并列出现的 rats and pigeons,回扫 第1段 中同时容纳这两个对象的句子;随后只比较选项的谓语强度。保留 could help 的弱肯定、辅助性语气,并概括为能力依据的正确项,就是答案项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 pigeons as accurately as humans

    What have pigeons been trained to do as accurately as humans?

    • A Remember urban streets for a long time.
    • B Identify infected TB samples by smell.
    • C Develop a visual memory larger than that of humans.
    • D Detect breast cancer in images.
    • E Treat patients with breast cancer.
    • F Reduce the size of medical images.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    原文明确说明 pigeons could be trained to be as accurate as humans at detecting breast cancer in images。正确项保留核心动作 detect、疾病对象 breast cancer 和载体 images,完整回应题干中的 do。其设置障碍在于前文出现 visual memory,容易诱导考生把“能力基础”误选为“训练任务”;本项则准确落在 at 后的动名词结构上。

    比较结构后抓动作 直接扫描 第2段 中 as...as humans 的固定比较骨架,无须先消化所有背景句。然后沿着该结构后面的 at 加动名词短语读取任务内容;在选项中优先找同时保留“检测动作+疾病对象+图像载体”的正确项,即答案项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 indicate infected

    How do rats indicate that a sample is infected?

    • A They use up to 1,000 olfactory receptors.
    • B They make the samples smell stronger.
    • C They fly away from the infected sample.
    • D They show images of the infection to technicians.
    • E They stop and rub their legs.
    • F They remain still for more than two days.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    原文在 when 条件从句说明 rats detect the smell 后,主句用 stop and rub their legs 直接说明其指示动作,并明确这一动作 indicate a sample is infected。正确项保留两个并列动作,信息完整。障碍在于考生可能停留在前文的 olfactory receptors 或 detect slight smells,把生理原因误当成题干所问的外显行为。

    条件句后取信号 时间有限时,用 indicate 和 infected 两个词在 第3段 中做交叉定位,跳过数字与背景解释,直读含 when 的结果句。把 when 前的触发条件与主句中的动作切开,只取主句的双动作;与之完全同构的正确项即答案项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 a hundred samples a rat

    How long does a rat take to examine a hundred samples?

    • A More than two days.
    • B Exactly 20 minutes.
    • C More than 20 minutes.
    • D About one hundred minutes.
    • E The same amount of time as lab technicians.
    • F Less than 20 minutes.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    原文以 but for a rat 明确转出新主体,随后给出 it takes less than 20 minutes。正确项完整保留 less than 这一范围限定和 20 minutes 这一时间单位。障碍主要有两层:同一句前半部分出现 more than two days,容易造成主体错配;其次,选项若把 less than 改为 more than 或 exactly,便会篡改原文的数量边界。

    双主体贴时间标签 在 第4段 中先进行数字扫读,a hundred samples 会直接命中目标句。不要从句首顺读到句末,而是采用“主体贴标签”:把 lab technicians 与第一个时间绑定,把 rat 与第二个时间绑定;再核验 less than 的方向。与后一组主体、数字、范围三项全部一致的正确项,就是答案项。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引出话题:动物的医疗辅助潜力

    这个 opening paragraph 通过 contrast 的手法,先提出 rats 和 pigeons 看似 not obvious 的 choice,然后用 but 转折引出它们拥有 superior skills 可以 help treat human diseases,这是典型的说明文 hook strategy,用 unexpected information 来 attract readers' attention 并 introduce the topic。

    作为说明文的 introductory part,这个意群 establish 了整篇文章的 central idea,即 animals 尽管有 negative perceptions,但它们的 abilities 能够 assist medical treatment,为后文的 specific examples 做了 thematic preparation。

    引入动物辅助医疗诊断
  2. 实例一:鸽子的视觉记忆能力

    这个意群作为第一个 concrete example,先用 negative perception(dirty birds, urban nuisance)形成 contrast,然后通过 but 转折 introduce pigeons' impressive visual memory。接着提供 specific evidence:tiny brain size 与 accurate detection of breast cancer 的对比,这是说明文中典型的 example-development pattern,用 factual information 来 support the claim。

    作为说明文 body part 的第一个 supporting paragraph,这个意群通过 pigeon 的 case study 来 substantiate 主旨中的 'remarkable sensory abilities' 和 'assist in medical diagnosis',用 breast cancer detection 这个 concrete application 让 abstract concept 变得 tangible and credible。

    鸽子检测乳腺癌
  3. 实例二:老鼠的嗅觉检测能力

    这个意群采用与上一意群 parallel structure,同样从 negative association(spreading disease)入手,用 but 转折引出 rats' high sensitivity。通过 quantitative comparison(rats 有 1000 types of receptors vs. humans 只有 100-200)来 demonstrate superiority,最后给出 practical application:detect TB through smell,这是说明文中 comparison-based explanation 的典型体现。

    作为第二个 supporting example,这个意群与前一意群形成 parallel structure,通过 rats 的 case 进一步 reinforce 主旨关于 'superior skills' 的论述,而且展示了 different sensory ability(olfactory vs. visual),让 argument 更 comprehensive and convincing。

    老鼠检测肺结核
  4. 效果对比:老鼠检测的优势

    这个 concluding paragraph 通过 quantitative comparison 来 highlight rats' advantages:time efficiency(2 days vs. 20 minutes)、equipment independence、和 higher accuracy。这是说明文中典型的 evaluation section,不再 introduce new examples,而是 deepen the analysis of previous example,用 comparative data 来 demonstrate practical value and significance。

    作为说明文的 closing part,这个意群 synthesize 并 amplify 前面的 information,通过 concrete metrics 来 prove 主旨中提到的 'more efficiently and accurately',给 entire argument 提供了 quantitative support,让 abstract claim 获得 empirical validation,同时 echo 开头的 'superior skills' 这个 assertion。

    证明老鼠检测更高效准确
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段转折后的核心动词 P1

    说明文的 first paragraph 往往通过 unexpected contrast 或 surprising statement 来 introduce the topic。这篇文章用 'might not be the obvious choice' 制造 surprise,然后用 'but' 转折引出 'superior skills' 和 'help the treatment',直接 reveal 了文章的 central idea:某些 animals 具有 help humans 的 abilities

  2. 主体段首句的语义重复 P2 P3

    第2段 的 topic sentence 提到 pigeons 的 'abilities to help humans' 和 'visual memory',具体到 'detecting breast cancer'。第3段 的 topic sentence 提到 rats 的 'highly sensitive' nose 和 'ability to detect',具体到 'detect TB'。两段都在 elaborate 同一个 theme:animals' detection abilities in medical contexts

  3. 对比数据的论证方向 P4

    第4段 提供了 concrete comparison:'two days vs. 20 minutes' 和 'more accurate'。这些 comparative structures 不是 random details,而是在 prove 一个 claim:animal-based methods are 'more efficiently and accurately' than traditional methods。Efficiency 和 accuracy 正是 main idea 中的 key attributes

  4. 主题-功能-评价三维整合 P1 P2 P3 P4

    Topic 是 animals(pigeons and rats),function 是 medical detection(detecting diseases),evaluation 是 superior performance(more efficient and accurate)。Main idea 必须 integrate 这三个 components。如果只说 'animals can detect diseases' 就 miss 了 efficiency 和 accuracy 的 crucial point;如果只说 'new methods are better' 就 ignore 了 who performs them

主旨信号词 but P1 superior skills P1 help P1 accurate P2 detect P2 Despite P2 more accurate P4

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

尽管人们通常对鸽子和老鼠有负面印象,但这些动物拥有非凡的感官能力,可以被训练用于辅助医学诊断,包括比传统方法更高效、更准确地检测乳腺癌和肺结核。
Despite common negative perceptions, animals like pigeons and rats possess remarkable sensory abilities that can be trained to assist in medical diagnosis, including detecting breast cancer and tuberculosis more efficiently and accurately than traditional methods.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

3 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • nuisance 令人讨厌的事物;麻烦

    我们来整合这三条 clues。首先,nuisance 和 dirty 是并列的 negative descriptions;其次,这两个词都与 help humans 形成 sharp contrast,说明 nuisance 代表某种对人类不利的 existence;最后,urban 这个 modifier 暗示这种负面评价与 pigeons 在城市中的 presence 有关。将这些线索串联起来:nuisance 应该是指'令人讨厌的事物'或'麻烦'。

    并列词与转折词定位语义方向
  • olfactory 嗅觉的

    让我们把这些 pieces 拼起来。Olfactory receptors 在 nose 里,而 nose 是 smelling organ;从 word structure 看,-ory 表示某种 sensory attribute;从 functional consequence 看,这些 receptors 帮助 detect smells。三条线索共同指向一个结论:olfactory 的意思是'与嗅觉相关的'。

    位置+构词+功能三维定位
  • detect 察觉;发现;检测

    现在我们 synthesize 这些 clues。Detect 的 objects 包括 cancer in images 和 slight smells,都是 subtle or hidden things;它涉及 highly sensitive perception;它是一个 trigger,引发后续的 behavioral responses。综合来看,detect 的核心含义是'察觉、发现、检测'某种不易被发现的 thing or sign。

    宾语+修饰+序列三角锁定动词义
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 举例子

    P2 P3

    文章通过 pigeons 和 rats 这两个 specific examples 来支撑 animals can help medical diagnosis 这个中心论点。Pigeon 的例子展示了 visual memory 在 detecting breast cancer 中的应用,而 rat 的例子强调了 olfactory sensitivity 在 TB detection 中的价值。这种 concrete examples 让抽象的 'superior skills' 变得 tangible and convincing,帮助读者理解 unexpected medical applications of common animals。

    信号词 for example for instance such as like including take... as an example a case in point

    仿写: 当你想说明某个 general point 时,问自己:能否找到 one or two concrete cases 来 demonstrate?比如要说明 'technology improves education',你可以举 online learning platforms 或 AI tutoring systems 的例子。仿写模版:【主题句 stating general idea】+ For example/instance, 【specific case 1 with details】+ Another example is 【specific case 2 with details】+ 【conclusion linking back to main point】。

  • 列数字

    P2 P3 P4

    文章在多处使用了 precise numbers 来增强 credibility。第2段 提到 pigeon brain 'no bigger than the tip of your index finger',第3段 说明 rats have 'up to 1,000 different types' of receptors 而 humans 只有 '100 to 200 types',第4段 对比 'more than two days' 和 'less than 20 minutes'。这些 quantitative data 让 animals' abilities 从 vague description 变成 measurable advantages,直接支撑了 'more efficiently and accurately' 这个主旨。

    信号词 up to more than less than approximately about over nearly around as many as only times percent

    仿写: 当描述 efficiency, capacity, or comparison 时,思考:能否用 specific figures 替代 vague adjectives?与其说 'much faster',不如说 'reduces time from X hours to Y minutes'。仿写模版:【describe subject】+ with/have 【specific number + unit】+ 【optional: comparison with another number】+ 【explain significance of the number】。记住 numbers 要 serve the argument,不是为了 impressive 而堆砌。

  • 作比较

    P2 P3 P4

    文章多次运用 comparison 来凸显 animals 的优势。第2段 对比了 pigeons 和 humans 在 breast cancer detection 中的 accuracy ('as accurate as humans'),第3段 对比了 rats (up to 1,000 types) 和 humans (100-200 types) 的 olfactory receptors,第4段 对比了 traditional lab methods ('more than two days') 和 rat detection ('less than 20 minutes')。这些 explicit contrasts 直接证明了 'more efficiently and accurately' 这个核心主旨,让 readers 清楚看到 animal-assisted methods 的 superiority。

    信号词 as...as compared to in contrast whereas while more...than less...than unlike similarly in comparison on the other hand

    仿写: 寻找可以作为 reference point 的对象进行对比。问自己:要说明的 subject 比什么更好、更快、或者不同?选择 readers 熟悉的 baseline 来对比能增强 relatability。仿写模版:【Subject A】+ compared to/in contrast with 【Subject B】+ 【specific aspect being compared】+ 【quantitative or qualitative difference】+ This shows/demonstrates 【significance】。确保 comparison 是 fair 和 relevant 的。

  • 作诠释

    P2 P3

    文章通过 explaining mechanisms 来诠释 animals 的能力。第2段 解释 pigeons 拥有 'impressive visual memory' 是因为它们的 brain structure,第3段 诠释 rats 的 smell detection ability 是源于它们有 'up to 1,000 different types of olfactory receptors'。这些 interpretations 不仅说明 'what' animals can do,更重要的是解释 'why' 和 'how',让 medical applications 的 scientific basis 变得清晰,增强了文章的 logical coherence。

    信号词 this is because the reason is this means in other words that is to say as a result therefore this gives...the ability to which explains why

    仿写: 当介绍一个 phenomenon 或 capability 后,追问:为什么会这样?底层 mechanism 是什么?用 'This is because', 'The reason is', 'This gives...the ability to' 这类 phrases 来引入 interpretation。仿写模版:【state phenomenon/capability】+ This is because/The reason is 【explain underlying mechanism】+ As a result/Therefore, 【explain consequence or application】。确保 interpretation 是 logical 和 evidence-based 的。

  • 下定义

    P3

    文章在 第3段 中对 'olfactory receptors' 进行了界定,说明这是存在于 rat's nose 中的 sensory structures,并且通过数量对比来 clarify 其功能特性。虽然不是传统的 formal definition,但通过 contextual explanation 让 readers 理解这个 technical term。这种 definitional approach 帮助 readers grasp specialized vocabulary,确保他们能 follow 后续关于 smell detection 的论述。

    信号词 is defined as refers to means is are called known as which is that is

    仿写: 当引入 technical term 或 key concept 时,立即提供 brief definition 或 explanation。可以用 parenthetical explanation 或 appositive structure。仿写模版:【term】+ (【brief explanation of what it is】) + 【further details if needed】,或者 【term】, which/that is 【defining characteristics】。确保 definition 是 accessible 的,用 readers 能理解的语言 explain unfamiliar concepts。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

5 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 动物选择的反常规性暗示其特殊价值

    P1
    A rat or pigeon might not be the obvious choice to tend to someone who is sick, but these creatures have some superior skills

    否定式委婉表达 might not be the obvious choice not the typical option may not seem ideal hardly the first choice not what one would expect unlikely candidate not traditionally considered

    表面说 rats 和 pigeons 'might not be obvious choice',但 implicit meaning 是:正是这种 unconventional choice 才有 breakthrough potential。这个 implication 为全文 theme 定调——challenging stereotypes 能 unlock hidden medical value。对 main idea 的作用是 establish 文章的 argumentative foundation:通过 subvert expectations 来 highlight 这些 animals 的 unique capabilities,为后文 detailed examples 做 conceptual preparation。

  • 大脑尺寸限制下的卓越能力暗示能力与器官大小无关

    P2
    Despite having a brain no bigger than the tip of your index finger, pigeons have a very impressive visual memory

    让步转折类 Despite having Although Even though In spite of Notwithstanding Regardless of Despite the fact that

    表面是在 describe pigeon brain 的 small size,但 implicit meaning 是:cognitive ability 和 organ size 没有 necessary correlation。这个 implication 强化了 article theme——不能 judge by appearance or size。对 main idea 的 contribution 是 provide concrete evidence 证明 unconventional helpers 的 effectiveness 不受 physical limitations 约束,这 supports 文章的 core argument 即这些 animals 可以 effectively assist medical diagnosis 尽管它们看起来 unimpressive。

  • 传统负面认知与实际能力的对比暗示刻板印象的误导性

    P3
    Rats are often associated with spreading disease rather than preventing it, but this long-tailed animal is highly sensitive

    对比类 often associated with... rather than typically seen as... but commonly linked to... instead of usually connected with... not traditionally regarded as... rather than generally viewed as... yet frequently considered... whereas

    表面说 rats 'associated with spreading disease',但通过 'rather than preventing it' 这个 contrast,implicit message 是:public perception 完全 misses rats 的 preventive potential。这个 implication 直接 challenge reader 的 bias 并 prepare them to accept rats 在 medical detection 中的 role。对 main idea 的 significance 在于 reinforce 文章的 central thesis——animals with bad reputations 实际上 possess valuable medical applications,我们需要 look beyond stereotypes 去 recognize their utility。

  • 传统方法的时间成本暗示新方法的效率优势

    P4
    Traditionally, a hundred samples would take lab technicians more than two days to examine, but for a rat it takes less than 20 minutes

    对比类 Traditionally... would take... but Conventionally... required... whereas Previously... needed... while In the past... took... but now Formerly... demanded... however Typically... consumed... yet Usually... involved... but

    表面是 state time comparison,但 implicit message 是:rat-based detection 实现了 revolutionary efficiency improvement,这种 magnitude of difference (两天 vs. 20分钟) 不只是 incremental progress,而是 game-changing innovation。这个 implication 为 adopt this unconventional method 提供了 compelling practical justification。对 main idea 的作用是 complete the argument arc——从 challenge stereotypes 到 demonstrate capabilities 再到 prove practical superiority,solidifying 文章的 thesis 即这些 animals 不仅 capable 而且比 traditional approaches 更 efficient and effective。

  • 设备独立性暗示方法的可推广性和成本优势

    P4
    This rat detection method doesn't rely on specialist equipment

    否定式委婉表达 doesn't rely on doesn't require doesn't depend on doesn't need independent of without the need for free from dependence on

    表面说 'doesn't rely on specialist equipment',但 implicit meaning 是多层的:首先是 cost advantage (不需要 expensive machines),其次是 deployment flexibility (可以在 resource-limited settings 使用),第三是 scalability (easier to expand to underserved areas)。这个 implication 特别 relevant for TB detection 因为 TB 主要 affects low-resource populations。对 main idea 的 contribution 是 add another dimension to the argument——这些 animal-based methods 不仅 effective and efficient,而且 democratically accessible,这 completes the case for why they represent viable alternatives to traditional diagnostic approaches。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:积极支持

结论先行:本文作者态度为积极支持( optimistic and informative endorsement of animals' medical potential)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首段定性词锁定态度 P1

    说明文的首段往往承担 introduction 的功能,作者在此处选用 'superior' 而非中性词如 'certain' 或 'some',这种 word choice 本身就是 attitude 的直接泄露——说明文作者不是在中立罗列事实,而是在为动物的能力 'make a case'。

  2. 转折结构揭示倾向方向 P2 P3

    说明文中的 contrast 结构(A but B)往往是作者 implicit attitude 的藏身之处。作者选择先呈现负面认知(pigeon 是 'dirty birds',rat 是 'spreading disease'),再用 'but' 反转,目的是凸显 B(动物的医疗价值)——这种 rhetorical move 表明作者站在 B 这一边,是 advocate 而非 neutral observer。

  3. 数据对比框架透露立场 P4

    说明文中数据的 framing 方式往往暴露作者态度。中立的作者会呈现数据本身,而 attitude 明确的作者会选择对比性、强化性的表达方式(如 'more accurate、save more lives')来引导读者得出 positive conclusion——这说明作者是 advocate,不是 detached reporter。

  4. 三维信号交叉验证态度 P1 P2 P3 P4

    说明文的 author's attitude 需要从 word choice、logical structure 和 evidence selection 三个层面综合验证。当三个层面的信号一致指向同一方向时,判断结果是最可靠的。本文三个层面全部指向 positive/supportive,因此可以高置信度地确定作者态度。

文中的态度信号词

  • superior skills P1

    'superior' 是一个明确的 evaluative adjective,作者用它来直接定性动物的 capabilities——在说明文中,这类 positive evaluation word 是作者 stance 最直接的表达,它告诉读者作者认为动物的能力不只是 'useful',而是 'better than expected',从而奠定了全文 supportive tone 的基础。

    同类词 impressive visual memory highly sensitive more accurate save more lives

  • but P2

    第2段 中的 'but' 将 'dirty birds / urban nuisance' 这一 negative stereotype 与 'impressive visual memory / detect breast cancer' 这一 positive capability 形成 contrast——作者的 attitude 藏在 contrast 的后半段(B clause):作者花更多篇幅、用更 positive 的语言描述 B,说明 B 才是作者真正想 endorse 的内容,这个 'but' 就是作者 attitude shift 的枢纽。

    同类词 despite however yet while although

  • despite P2

    'Despite having a brain no bigger than the tip of your index finger' 这个让步结构,是作者在用一个看似 negative condition(脑子很小)来 set up 一个更强的 positive contrast(视觉记忆却非常 impressive)——'despite' 在此处是一种 rhetorical amplifier(修辞放大器),它让后面的 positive information 显得更 remarkable,从而强化了作者对 pigeon 能力的 endorsement。

    同类词 in spite of regardless of notwithstanding even with

  • more accurate P4

    'More accurate' 是一个 comparative adjective,作者在 第4段 中用一系列 comparatives('less time、more accurate、more infections、more lives')来 systematically highlight 动物检测方法相对于传统 lab technician 方法的 advantages——这种 'advantage stacking'(优势堆叠)的写法是作者 supportive attitude 的强力证据,表明作者不是在 neutral comparison,而是在为动物方法 advocate。

    同类词 less than 20 minutes more TB infections save more lives doesn't rely on specialist equipment

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文?

  1. 首段提出待解释现象 P1

    第1段 开头说 'A rat or pigeon might not be the obvious choice',这是在 introduce 一个 unexpected phenomenon,而不是在 argue 某个 viewpoint,也不是在报道 breaking news with time and place。议论文会直接 state opinion,新闻会强调 when/where/who,但说明文会 present 一个需要 explain 的 subject。

  2. 段落分点解释特性 P2 P3

    第2段 和 第3段 分别 explain pigeons 和 rats 的 specific abilities,每段都遵循 'introduce animal → explain capability → provide evidence' 的 pattern。议论文的段落会用 evidence 来 prove an argument,新闻的段落会按 importance 或 chronology 来组织 information,但说明文的段落是在 systematically break down different aspects of the subject。

  3. 客观陈述性语言 P2 P3 P4

    文章用 'pigeons have a very impressive visual memory'、'rats are highly sensitive'、'this gives rats the ability to' 这些 neutral descriptive phrases 来 present facts,没有 'should'、'must'、'unfortunately' 等 evaluative words。议论文会用 'we should'、'it is essential that' 来 push for action,新闻会用 'according to' 或 quote sources,但说明文用 plain factual statements 来 inform。

  4. 结尾补充实用信息 P4

    第4段 提供 specific data 来 illustrate efficiency ('less than 20 minutes' vs 'more than two days'),并 explain practical advantages ('more accurate', 'save more lives')。这是在 extend the explanation with concrete benefits,而不是在 urge readers to take action 或 report what happened next。议论文的结尾会 restate thesis 和 make recommendations,新闻会有 wrap-up of events,但说明文会 provide final details to complete understanding。

  5. 整体目的为解释说明 P1 P2 P3 P4

    这篇文章从始至终都在 explain how animals can help with human diseases,用 factual evidence 来 inform readers about their abilities。它没有 argue for or against using animals (议论文的 purpose),也没有 report a recent discovery with timeline and sources (新闻的 purpose)。整体 purpose 是 educate readers about an interesting phenomenon,这是 expository writing 的 core characteristic。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁?

  • have some superior skills P1 事物属性功能描述词 have abilities to is highly sensitive gives rats the ability to are able to find
  • have a very impressive visual memory P2 事物属性功能描述词 have some superior skills have abilities to is highly sensitive gives rats the ability to are able to find
  • whereas P3 说明对象定义解释词 compared to while up to 1,000 different types 100 to 200 types
  • As a result P3 说明顺序与例证词 Therefore Thus This gives This means consequently
  • Traditionally P4 说明顺序与例证词 Previously In the past Historically Originally Until recently
  • doesn't rely on P4 事物属性功能描述词 doesn't rely on specialist equipment is also more accurate doesn't require is independent of needs no
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

4 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part III Section A 的常见问题

2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part III Section A 文章的主旨是什么?
尽管人们通常对鸽子和老鼠有负面印象,但这些动物拥有非凡的感官能力,可以被训练用于辅助医学诊断,包括比传统方法更高效、更准确地检测乳腺癌和肺结核。(英文表述:Despite common negative perceptions, animals like pigeons and rats possess remarkable sensory abilities that can be trained to assist in medical diagnosis, including detecting breast cancer and tuberculosis more efficiently and accurately than traditional methods.)
2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part III Section A 文章是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为说明文,作者立场是积极支持(optimistic and informative endorsement of animals' medical potential)。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 236 词、4 段;在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 234 篇(占 46%)。
2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part III Section A 文章的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 4 段按说明文骨架分为 4 个意群:第1段——引出话题:动物的医疗辅助潜力;第2段——实例一:鸽子的视觉记忆能力;第3段——实例二:老鼠的嗅觉检测能力;第4段——效果对比:老鼠检测的优势。
2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part III Section A 文章的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是积极支持(optimistic and informative endorsement of animals' medical potential)。判断路径:首段定性词锁定态度 → 转折结构揭示倾向方向 → 数据对比框架透露立场 → 三维信号交叉验证态度;文中的态度信号词包括 superior skills(第1段)、but(第2段)、despite(第2段)、more accurate(第4段)。
2017年12月英语四级真题第1套 Part III Section A 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 3 个:nuisance(令人讨厌的事物;麻烦)、olfactory(嗅觉的)、detect(察觉;发现;检测),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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