2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1)
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2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1)

说明文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 240 词、5 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%),作者立场为「客观中立」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

5 段英文原文

以下为2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 的听力原文,共 5 段。左侧 P1–P5 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

In social psychology, the term "person perception" refers to the mental processes that we use to form impressions of other people. It includes not just how we form these impressions, but the conclusions we make about other people based on our impressions. Consider how often you make this kind of judgment every day. When you meet with a new coworker, you immediately begin to develop an initial impression of this person. When you visit the grocery store, you might draw conclusions about the cashier who checks you out.

Obviously, person perception is a very subjective process that can be affected by a number of variables, including the characteristics of the person you are observing, the context of the situation, your own personal traits, and your past experiences.

One of the techniques we use in person perception is social categorization. In this process, we mentally categorize people into different groups based on common characteristics.

Problems with this technique include the fact that it can lead to errors and prejudice. Imagine that you are getting on a bus. There are only two seats available. One is next to a small, elderly woman; the other is next to a muscular, fierce-looking man. You sit next to the elderly woman, who unfortunately turns out to be quite skilled at picking pockets.

Because of social categorization, you immediately judge the woman as harmless, and the man as threatening, leading to the loss of your wallet.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

5 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    What Is Person Perception?

    Person perception is the everyday mental process of forming impressions and judgments about others.

    本段承担全文的 opening function:它先让读者理解 person perception 是什么,再以日常 experience 拉近概念与读者的距离;后文关于 subjectivity、social categorization 及其 risks 的讨论,都以这一基础定义为起点。

    抓首句定义、辨例证功能
  2. P2

    Factors Shaping Person Perception

    Person perception is subjective and shaped by multiple factors.

    本段是从“是什么”到“受何影响”的推进:它补充说明 person perception 的形成并不稳定、也不完全客观;这一点直接衔接全文主旨中的 influenced by various factors,并为后文介绍具体 technique 作铺垫。

    并列因素归并为总因
  3. P3

    Social Categorization

    Social categorization groups people by shared characteristics in person perception.

    本段是全文的 key transition:前两段谈一般的 person perception,本段选取 social categorization 作为具体机制展开;它使文章从概念介绍转向对一种常见判断方式的深入分析。

    锁定术语及其定义
  4. P4

    The Risks of Social Categorization

    Social categorization can produce errors and prejudice through misleading judgments based on appearance.

    本段将文章的论述由中性介绍转入 negative consequence:它具体展示 social categorization 如何因表面印象而失真;这正对应全文主旨中 oversimplifying judgments 所造成的 errors and prejudice。

    观点在前,故事作证
  5. P5

    The Consequence of False Categorization

    Social categorization can lead to harmful consequences by producing false judgments about people.

    本段作为 concluding application,把第四段的抽象风险落实为明确的 real-world consequence;它以钱包丢失收束案例,有力证明 social categorization 因 superficial characteristics 而作出的判断可能既错误又有害。

    循因果词锁定后果
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

5 道逐段细节自检题

针对2022年9月英语四级真题第1套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 forming impressions person perception

    Besides forming impressions, what else does person perception involve?

    • A Memorizing the names of newly met coworkers.
    • B Avoiding contact with unfamiliar people.
    • C Making conclusions about people on the basis of those impressions.
    • D Classifying people according to their occupations.
    • E Changing other people's personal traits.
    • F Checking whether a cashier is honest before shopping.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    正确项完整对应定义中的递进关系:先形成 impressions,再 based on these impressions 作出 conclusions。它没有把后文的 coworker、grocery store 等 examples 当作定义本身,而是保留了概括层级。障碍在于选项使用 making conclusions 和 on the basis of 替换原文的 make conclusions 和 based on,考查你识别同义改写的能力。

    盯住but后半槽 时间极紧时,不必顺读全文。直接抓题干中带有排除意味的 Besides 和术语 person perception,跳到 第1段 中含有 includes not just...but... 的句子。这个句型本身就是“信息分栏器”:题干已给出 not just 后的内容,就只扫描 but 后与正确项同义的抽象动作。用“并列槽位补全”而非逐个精读选项,可最快判定正确项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 affect person perception

    Which of the following may affect person perception?

    • A The number of seats available on a bus.
    • B The amount of money a cashier receives.
    • C The observer's ability to pick pockets.
    • D The observer's past experiences.
    • E Whether people always make accurate judgments.
    • F The loss of a wallet.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    正确项对应列举项 your past experiences。题干问 may affect,原文使用 can be affected by,二者在语气上完全匹配:都是“可能产生影响”,而非必然决定。障碍在于选项把 your 转换为 the observer's,考查代词视角转换;同时 past experiences 容易被误当作后文例子中的经历,但这里它是明确列出的变量。

    变量清单对号 先抓 affect,不要被全文反复出现的 person perception 拖慢。迅速扫描含被动结构 can be affected by 的 第2段,并将后面的四个并列名词短语视为“白名单”。然后只做一件事:选项中谁是白名单成员的同义改写,谁就是正确项。这个“变量白名单”法比逐项回原文核对更快。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 social categorization

    How does social categorization work in person perception?

    • A It asks people to choose the group they want to join.
    • B It measures people's personal traits through interviews.
    • C It prevents people from forming initial impressions.
    • D It guarantees accurate conclusions about strangers.
    • E It mentally places people into groups according to shared characteristics.
    • F It identifies who is harmless by observing age.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    正确项保留了三个不可缺少的机制要素:mentally 表示心理活动,places people into groups 对应 categorize people into different groups,according to shared characteristics 对应 based on common characteristics。障碍在于它用 places 和 shared 替换 categorize 和 common,但逻辑关系完全一致。

    四格机制匹配 看到 social categorization 后,直接在 第3段 寻找其后第一句的动词骨架,不读扩展材料。把句子压缩成“mentally + people + groups + characteristics”四格;再看选项,能同时填满四格且关系不变的正确项即成立。此法把长句理解转成结构匹配,速度高于逐词翻译。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 bus

    What does the bus example mainly illustrate?

    • A Elderly passengers are more likely to pick pockets.
    • B Muscular men should be avoided on public transport.
    • C Public buses need more seats for elderly women.
    • D People can accurately identify criminals from their appearance.
    • E Personal traits are determined by the situation on a bus.
    • F Judging people by apparent characteristics can produce mistaken conclusions.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    正确项概括了例子的反差:看似 harmless 的人并不安全,fierce-looking 的外貌也不能直接等同于威胁。它对应段首的 errors,并以 apparent characteristics 概括年龄和外貌等线索。障碍在于选项没有重复 elderly、muscular 或 picking pockets 等原词,而是要求考生由例证归纳一般原则。

    压缩例证找论点 用 bus 直达 第4段 后,采用“叙事压缩”法:暂时忽略人物身份和座位等细节,只提取预期与实际结果之间的关系。再回看段首的 Problems 和 errors,把这一关系压缩成一般判断,便能快速确认正确项。此法专攻例证题,避免陷入叙事细节。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 wallet

    Why did the passenger lose the wallet?

    • A The passenger relied on social categorization and wrongly judged the woman to be harmless.
    • B The passenger chose the seat next to the muscular man.
    • C There were no seats available on the bus.
    • D The man looked too fierce to protect the passenger.
    • E The cashier had formed an unfavorable impression of the passenger.
    • F Past experiences always make people choose unsafe seats.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:A

    正确项准确抓住 because of social categorization 所引出的认知原因,并保留 wrongly judged the woman to be harmless 这一关键错误判断。它解释的是损失为何发生,而非仅重复谁偷了钱包。障碍在于正确项将 immediately judge 改写为 relied on...and wrongly judged,考查因果概括与同义转换。

    从钱包逆追原因 题干里的 wallet 是唯一的“终点钉子”。在 第5段 直接找到该词后,不读全文,只沿所在句向前扫描 cause 与 result 之间的连接结构,并把中间的认知过程视为因果桥。正确项就是能复现这座因果桥的选项;这比从故事人物猜测原因更快、更稳。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引入核心概念

    这个 opening paragraph 首先 introduces 了 person perception 这个 key concept,解释它是我们 form impressions of other people 的 mental processes。作者通过两个 everyday examples(见 new coworker 和 grocery store cashier)来 illustrate 这个 concept 的 ubiquity,让读者意识到 person perception 在 daily life 中无处不在。

    作为 expository writing 的 opening,这个 sense group 通过 definition 和 concrete examples 来 establish 文章要探讨的 central topic。它为后续分析 person perception 的 subjective nature 和 potential problems 提供了 conceptual foundation。

    定义核心术语
  2. 说明主观性特征

    这个 paragraph 用 'Obviously' 开头来 emphasize 一个 key characteristic:person perception 是 very subjective process。作者 enumerates 了 four variables(observing 的对象 characteristics、situation context、your own traits、past experiences)that can affect 这个 process,从而 explain 为什么这个 perception 是 subjective 的。

    这个 sense group 直接 addresses 主旨中的 'subjective' 和 'influenced by various factors' 部分。在 expository structure 中,它是 characteristic explanation,为后面讲 social categorization 这个 specific technique 以及它的 problems 提供了 theoretical backdrop。

    解释主观性成因
  3. 介绍具体技术

    这个 short paragraph 用 'One of the techniques' 来 introduce 一个 specific method:social categorization。作者用简洁的 definition 来 explain 这个 technique 的 mechanism(mentally categorize people based on common characteristics),为下面的 problem illustration 做 setup。

    这个 sense group 直接 corresponds 主旨中的 'social categorization, a common technique' 部分。在 expository structure 中,它是 method introduction,connecting general discussion 和 specific problem illustration,形成 general-to-specific pattern。

    引出分类技术
  4. 例证技术问题

    最后两个 paragraphs 构成一个 extended example 来 demonstrate social categorization 的 problems。第四段 sets up 一个 scenario(choosing seats on a bus),描述 two options 和 your choice,用 vivid details(small elderly woman vs. muscular fierce-looking man,woman skilled at picking pockets)来 build up 这个 illustrative case。第五段用 'Because of' 来 explicitly connect 这个 outcome 到 social categorization,revealing 它如何 lead to errors and prejudice。

    这个 concluding sense group 直接 illustrates 主旨中的 'can lead to errors and prejudice' 部分。在 expository structure 中,它是 problem exemplification,通过 concrete scenario 来 make abstract concepts tangible,completing 文章的 explanation-to-application progression。

    例证错误后果
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

6 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 6 步按2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段定义锁定主题 P1

    说明文 expository writing 的首段通常会 introduce the main topic 并给出 central definition,这里 person perception 被明确定义为 mental processes,这个 definition 就是整篇文章要 explain 的 subject

  2. 特征修饰揭示性质 P2

    Obviously 和 subjective process 表明作者不是简单地 describe person perception,而是要 point out its nature 和 limitations。这种 qualifying statement 往往是主旨的 important component,说明 the topic is not just introduced but also evaluated

  3. 具体技术举例说明 P3

    说明文的 structural pattern 通常是 general to specific,第三段引入 social categorization 作为 concrete technique,这个 shift 表明文章要 illustrate 前面的 abstract concept through a particular case

  4. 问题标记指向论点 P4

    第四段开头的 Problems with this technique include 是 strong signal,表明作者不仅要 explain social categorization,更要 critique it。说明文中的 problem-oriented language 往往指向 thesis statement 的 critical dimension

  5. 因果连接强化论点 P5

    第五段用 concrete outcome(loss of wallet)来 demonstrate 前面提到的 errors and prejudice,这个 causal explanation 把 abstract problem 和 real-world consequence 联系起来,是主旨的 concluding evidence

  6. 多层整合形成主旨 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    这篇文章的 main idea 不是简单地 define person perception,而是 explain its subjective nature AND critique social categorization as a flawed technique。主旨包含 both descriptive component(what it is)和 evaluative component(what's problematic about it)

主旨信号词 subjective P2 affected by P2 problems P4 lead to P4 errors and prejudice P4 because of P5

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

人际知觉是一个主观的心理过程,通过观察形成对他人的印象,受多种因素影响。社会分类作为该过程中常用的技巧,可能因基于表面特征而过度简化判断,从而导致错误和偏见。
Person perception is the subjective mental process of forming impressions about others based on observations, influenced by various factors. Social categorization, a common technique used in this process, can lead to errors and prejudice by oversimplifying judgments based on superficial characteristics.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • impression 印象

    让我们把这三条线索串起来。首先,从 context 看,impression 是我们在 meet new people 或 daily encounters 中快速形成的东西,是得出 conclusions 的基础;其次,从 subjective nature 看,它受个人 traits 和 past experiences 影响,带有强烈的 personal color;最后,从 word structure 看,它就像外界在我们心里"压印"下的 mark。综合这些,impression 指的就是我们对他人形成的初步的、主观的看法或感受。

    功能-性质-词源三维定位
  • subjective 主观的

    把三条 clues 整合:从 causal relationship 看,subjective process 受 personal factors 影响;从 word structure 看,它强调 subject(观察者)的 perspective;从 contrast logic 看,它意味着 lack of uniformity,不同 individuals 会有不同 results。这三点共同指向一个核心:subjective 描述的是依赖于观察者个人、因人而异的、非客观的性质。

    主客对立的哲学框架
  • categorize 分类

    整合三条 clues:第3段 给出了 explicit definition(按 common characteristics 分 groups),第4段-5 的 bus example 展示了 real-world application(快速把 strangers 归入 mental categories),词根 category + -ize 从 structural level 确认了"分类动作"的本质。三者结合,categorize 就是"将事物按特征分类"的动作。

    定义-实例-结构三步验证
  • prejudice 偏见

    综合三条 clues:首先,prejudice 被列为 categorization 的 problem,和 errors 并列,说明它是 negative outcome;其次,bus example 展示了它的 mechanism——based on group stereotypes 而非 individual facts 进行 judgment;最后,词源 pre- + judge 揭示了它的本质——premature judgment。这三点共同指向:prejudice 是一种未经充分了解就基于群体刻板印象做出的、往往不公正的判断。

    问题-表现-机制溯源
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 下定义

    P1

    文章开篇通过 "the term 'person perception' refers to..." 这样的表述方式,直接给出了 person perception 的 definition,明确它是指我们用来 form impressions of other people 的 mental processes。这个 clear definition 为整篇文章奠定了 conceptual foundation,让读者在理解后续 examples 和 analysis 时有一个 precise reference point,避免了对核心概念的 misunderstanding。

    信号词 refers to is defined as means is indicates denotes signifies represents

    仿写: 当你需要 introduce 一个较为抽象或专业的 concept 时,可以思考:这个概念的 defining characteristics 是什么?它和相近概念的 boundary 在哪里?然后用 "X refers to..." 或 "X is defined as..." 这样的 structure 来呈现。仿写模版:"In [field], the term '[concept]' refers to [core definition], which includes [key components or scope]。"

  • 举例子

    P1 P4

    作者在 第1段 中用 "When you meet with a new coworker" 和 "When you visit the grocery store" 两个 daily scenarios 来 illustrate person perception 在现实生活中的运作。这些 concrete examples 将抽象的心理过程 translate 成读者能够 relate 的真实情境,大大增强了概念的 accessibility。更重要的是,第4段 用 bus seating 这个 vivid scenario 来展示 social categorization 可能导致的 misjudgment,这个 narrative example 不仅 engaging,还直接 demonstrates 了文章主旨中提到的 errors and prejudice。

    信号词 Consider For example For instance Imagine When Suppose such as like including

    仿写: 思考你的 target concept 在哪些具体场景中会 manifest?选择读者能够 imagine 或 have experienced 的情境。可以用 "Consider..." 或 "Imagine that..." 来引入,也可以直接用 "When..." 句式。关键是确保 example 能够 clearly map back 到你要说明的 point。仿写模版:"Consider how [general phenomenon]. When [specific scenario], you [typical action/reaction], which demonstrates [concept being explained]."

  • 列数字

    P4

    第4段 开头用 "only two seats available" 这个 specific quantity 来构建场景的 constraint,然后用 "One" 和 "the other" 来创建一个 binary choice situation。虽然数字使用不多,但这个 numerical specification 对于 example 的 logical structure 至关重要——它 creates 一个 forced-choice scenario,让 social categorization 的影响更加 evident。这种 quantitative precision 增强了例子的 concrete reality。

    信号词 two one only both several multiple a number of numerous few many

    仿写: 考虑在描述 scenarios、comparisons 或 processes 时,是否可以用 specific numbers 来 anchor 你的 description?数字不必复杂,even simple counts 也能增加 concreteness。想想:有多少个 options?涉及多少 participants?需要几个 steps?仿写模版:"There are [number] [items/options/factors]. [First numerical reference] is [characteristic A], while [second numerical reference] is [characteristic B]."

  • 分类别

    P3

    第3段 明确指出 social categorization 是 person perception 的 "one of the techniques",这个表述 implies 存在多种 techniques,对方法进行了 implicit classification。虽然文章没有详细列出所有 categories,但通过 singling out 这一种 technique 来 elaborate,体现了分类的逻辑。这种 categorical approach 帮助读者理解 person perception 是一个包含 multiple mechanisms 的 complex process,而 social categorization 只是其中一个值得关注的 subset。

    信号词 One of types of kinds of categories of classified into divided into falls into belongs to can be grouped as

    仿写: 当面对 broad topic 时,问自己:这个 phenomenon 可以被分成哪些 distinct types?它们的 classification basis 是什么?用 "one of the..." 来引出你要 focus on 的 category,这既表明存在分类,又说明你的 selective emphasis。仿写模版:"One of the [types/methods/factors] we use/observe in [broader topic] is [specific category]. In this [category], [defining characteristics or processes]."

  • 作诠释

    P2 P5

    第2段 对 person perception 的 subjective nature 进行了 elaboration,用 "can be affected by a number of variables" 来进一步 explain 为什么它是 subjective。然后通过 "including..." 列举了四类 influencing factors,这是对 "variables" 的 interpretive expansion。第5段 则 interprets 前面 bus example 的 underlying mechanism,用 "Because of social categorization" 来 explain 为什么会产生那个 misjudgment。这些 interpretations 将 concepts 和 examples connect 起来,revealing 了 deeper causality。

    信号词 including that is in other words specifically namely because which means this shows that this indicates

    仿写: 在提出一个 claim 或 introduce 一个 concept 后,主动问:"Why is this the case?" 或 "What does this mean specifically?" 然后用 "including"、"that is" 或 causality markers like "because" 来 provide interpretation。关键是 bridge the gap between general statements 和 specific understanding。仿写模版:"[Statement]. This is [explanation of nature/characteristic], which can be affected by [factors], including [specific examples]. Because of [mechanism], [resulting phenomenon or consequence]."

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

4 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 主观性强调暗示判断的不可靠性

    P2
    Obviously, person perception is a very subjective process that can be affected by a number of variables

    情态词类 Obviously Clearly Naturally Of course Undoubtedly Certainly Surely

    这个 'Obviously' 表面上是在 state 一个 evident fact,但实际上是在 signal readers:正因为这个 process 如此 subjective and variable,所以接下来要 discuss 的 problems and errors 就变得 inevitable and significant。这为后文的 social categorization errors 做了 crucial setup,暗示了 person perception 的 inherent unreliability。对于 main idea 的作用是:它 establishes 了整个 argument 的 logical foundation——因为这个 process 本身就充满 subjectivity,所以后面提到的 prejudice and errors 就不是 accidental,而是 systematic。

  • 技术名词后紧跟问题暗示方法缺陷

    P4
    Problems with this technique include the fact that it can lead to errors and prejudice.

    转折类 Problems with this technique include Problems with Issues with Limitations of Drawbacks of Weaknesses in Flaws in

    这个 phrase 明确 signals 了作者的 critical stance toward social categorization。言外之意是:虽然 social categorization 是我们 naturally use 的一个 cognitive tool,但它 fundamentally flawed and dangerous。通过用 'problems' 和 'errors and prejudice' 这样的 strong negative terms,作者在 emphasize 这个 technique 的 serious consequences。对 main idea 的贡献是:它 directly supports 文章的 central argument——person perception, particularly through social categorization, is not just subjective but actively harmful,可以 lead to 不公正的 judgments。

  • 反转预期揭示刻板印象危害

    P4
    the elderly woman, who unfortunately turns out to be quite skilled at picking pockets

    情态词类 unfortunately Unfortunately Regrettably Sadly Ironically Paradoxically Surprisingly

    这个 'unfortunately' 的言外之意非常 powerful:它 reveals 了 social categorization 的 concrete harm through an ironic reversal。你 based on appearance judged 老妇人 'harmless' 和壮汉 'threatening',结果 reality 完全 opposite。这个词 emphasizes 的是:这种 error 不是 trivial,而是有 real consequences(丢钱包)。对 main idea 的作用极其 critical:它通过一个 vivid, relatable example 来 concretize 前面 abstract 讨论的 'errors and prejudice',让 readers viscerally understand 为什么 person perception based on social categorization 是 problematic and costly。

  • 因果链条强化错误判断后果

    P5
    Because of social categorization, you immediately judge the woman as harmless, and the man as threatening, leading to the loss of your wallet.

    因果关系类 Because of Due to As a result of Owing to Thanks to On account of As a consequence of

    这个 'Because of' 的言外之意是在 definitively establish 社会分类和错误判断之间的 causal link。作者不是说 'you made a mistake',而是说 'you made a mistake because of social categorization',这就 elevates 整个 discussion from 一个 simple anecdote 到一个 systematic critique of 这个 cognitive process。言外之意是:这不是 your personal failure,而是这个 technique 本身的 inherent flaw。对 main idea 的作用是:它 completes 文章的 argumentative arc——从 define person perception → explain social categorization → demonstrate its problems → establish causation between the technique and negative outcomes。这是文章 logical conclusion 的 foundation。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:客观中立

结论先行:本文作者态度为客观中立( Objective and cautionary)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首段定义用词中性 P1

    说明文的 opening paragraph 如果用的是 descriptive language 而不是 evaluative language,说明作者在 present information 而非 express opinion,这种 definitional approach 通常对应 neutral attitude。

  2. 举例引导词显示教学意图 P4

    当作者使用 'Imagine' 或 'Consider' 引入 examples 时,说明他在 teach readers 而非 judge situations,这种 instructional tone 体现 neutral educational purpose,虽然例子本身可能涉及 negative outcome,但目的是 explanation 而非 condemnation。

  3. 问题陈述用词事实化 P4

    说明文在讨论 drawbacks 时如果使用 'problems include' 或 'limitations are' 这类 matter-of-fact expressions,说明作者在 inform readers of risks 而非 attack the concept,这种 balanced presentation 体现 objective yet warning attitude。

  4. 全文结构遵循解释逻辑 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    说明文如果按照 present information → show application → reveal limitations 的 sequence 展开,且没有在 conclusion 部分出现 'we must'、'it is essential' 等 prescriptive language,说明作者的 primary goal 是 educate rather than persuade,这种 structure 本身就体现 neutral informative attitude,即使内容包含 warnings。

文中的态度信号词

  • Obviously P2

    这个 adverb 在说明文中表示作者认为某个 fact 是 self-evident 或 widely accepted,用 'Obviously' 来引出 'person perception is subjective' 说明作者在 state common knowledge 而非 personal opinion,体现 objective reporting tone,同时也 acknowledge complexity of the phenomenon。

    同类词 Clearly Evidently Apparently Naturally Of course

  • can be affected P2

    Modal verb 'can' 加 passive voice 'be affected' 创造出 tentative yet factual tone,作者在 describe possibilities 而非 make definitive claims,这种 hedging language 在说明文中体现 careful objective stance,承认 multiple variables 的影响而避免 overgeneralization。

    同类词 may be influenced can lead to might result in could cause has the potential to

  • Problems with this technique include P4

    这个 phrase 用 neutral noun 'problems' 加 factual verb 'include' 来 introduce drawbacks,没有使用 'serious problems'、'major flaws' 等 intensifiers,作者在 objectively list limitations 而非 emotionally criticize,这种 matter-of-fact presentation 体现 balanced educational approach,warn readers without bias。

    同类词 Problems include Limitations are Drawbacks involve Disadvantages consist of Challenges include

  • Imagine that P4

    Imperative 'Imagine' 加 'that' clause 创造 hypothetical scenario,这是 pedagogical device,作者在 invite readers to visualize example 而非 recount actual event,这种 instructional approach 体现 teaching attitude,通过 constructed example 来 illustrate concept neutrally。

    同类词 Suppose that Consider the case where Picture a situation Think of an example Let's say that

  • unfortunately P4

    这是全文唯一的 evaluative adverb,但用在 example narrative 中 ('who unfortunately turns out') 而非 main analysis,作者通过 'unfortunately' 增加 example 的 dramatic effect 来 enhance illustration,而不是 express overall negative view,这个 isolated emotional word 在 predominantly neutral text 中只是 narrative device。

    同类词 regrettably sadly unluckily unhappily as it happens

  • immediately P1

    Adverb 'immediately' 在 第1段 和 第5段 都出现,用来 describe automatic nature of person perception,作者通过这个 time-related word 强调 process 的 unconscious and rapid characteristics,这是 factual description of cognitive mechanism 而非 value judgment,体现 objective scientific tone。

    同类词 automatically instinctively spontaneously naturally reflexively

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文?

  1. 首句定义术语 P1

    第1段 开头就说 the term "person perception" refers to...,这是典型的 definition sentence。议论文会在开头 state a position 或 present a debate,新闻报道会用 who/when/where 的 lead paragraph 交代 news event,而说明文就是 straightforward explanation。

  2. 客观陈述过程 P2 P3

    第2段 和 第3段 都在 objectively describe process 和 factors,用词是 "can be affected by"、"we use"、"we mentally categorize",没有 emotional words 或 value judgments。议论文会说 "must"、"unfortunately"、"the problem is",新闻会强调 timeliness 和 sources,但说明文就是 plain description。

  3. 假设性举例说明 P4 P5

    第4段 和 第5段 给出的 bus scenario 是 imaginary example ("Imagine that..."),用来 demonstrate 前面讲的 social categorization 的 problems。议论文的 example 会是 real evidence 来 prove a point,新闻的 example 就是 actual event being reported,而说明文用 illustrative scenarios。

  4. 概念-解释-举例结构 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    这篇文章完整展现了 expository structure:第1段 define person perception,第2段-3 explain factors 和 techniques,第4段-5 用 example illustrate。没有 author's opinion 要你 agree,没有 breaking news 要你 know,只是 systematically explaining 一个 psychological concept。这就是说明文和其他 genres 的 fundamental difference。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁?

  • refers to P1 说明对象定义解释词 is defined as means is known as can be described as is characterized as
  • Imagine that P4 说明顺序与例证词 Consider For example For instance Suppose Picture this
  • including P2 列举分类标记词 include such as one of the another several
  • Because of P5 事物属性功能描述词(因果机制说明词) leads to results in causes due to as a result
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

7 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 的常见问题

2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章的主旨是什么?
人际知觉是一个主观的心理过程,通过观察形成对他人的印象,受多种因素影响。社会分类作为该过程中常用的技巧,可能因基于表面特征而过度简化判断,从而导致错误和偏见。(英文表述:Person perception is the subjective mental process of forming impressions about others based on observations, influenced by various factors. Social categorization, a common technique used in this process, can lead to errors and prejudice by oversimplifying judgments based on superficial characteristics.)
2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为说明文,作者立场是客观中立(Objective and cautionary)。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 240 词、5 段;在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 234 篇(占 46%)。
2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 5 段按说明文骨架分为 4 个意群:第1段——引入核心概念;第2段——说明主观性特征;第3段——介绍具体技术;第4段、第5段——例证技术问题。
2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是客观中立(Objective and cautionary)。判断路径:首段定义用词中性 → 举例引导词显示教学意图 → 问题陈述用词事实化 → 全文结构遵循解释逻辑;文中的态度信号词包括 Obviously(第2段)、can be affected(第2段)、Problems with this technique include(第4段)、Imagine that(第4段)、unfortunately(第4段)、immediately(第1段)。
2022年9月英语四级真题第1套 Part II Section C (1) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 4 个:impression(印象)、subjective(主观的)、categorize(分类)、prejudice(偏见),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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