2015年6月英语四级第1套真题句子解析： Mr. Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, went off and founded two other companies, Next and Pixar, before returning to Apple in 1996 and becoming chief executive in 1997.

be forced out of (短语动词)

was forced out of Apple

"be forced out of" 是一个固定短语动词,表示"被迫离开(某组织/职位)",带有强烈的非自愿含义。这里 "forced" 是过去分词,与 "be" 构成被动语态;"out of" 作为介词短语表示"从...中出去"。该搭配在商业、政治语境中高频出现,特指因权力斗争、业绩压力等被逐出组织。注意区分 "leave" (主动离开)、"resign" (辞职) 和 "be forced out" (被迫离职) 的语义差异。该短语常与表示组织的名词搭配,如 "be forced out of the company/government/position"。

• ✓ He was forced out of the company. (被迫离开) ✗ He was forced to leave out of the company. (混淆 force sb. to do 与 force sb. out of) "force out of" 是固定搭配,不需要 "to"。
• ✓ She was forced out of her position. (被逐出职位) ✗ She was forced from her position. (介词错误) "force out of" 才是标准搭配,"from" 不地道。

go off (短语动词)

went off

"go off" 在此处表示"离开、动身去做某事",带有突然行动、果断转向的含义。这是该短语动词的常见义项之一(其他义项包括"爆炸"、"(食物)变质"、"(闹钟)响起"等)。在本句语境中,"went off and founded" 强调乔布斯离开苹果后立即投身创办新公司,体现其行动力。该用法在叙事性文本中较为常见,往往暗示主语采取了重要的、改变方向的行动。注意其与简单 "go" 的区别:"go off" 更强调"脱离原状态、另起炉灶"的意味。

• ✓ He went off and started his own business. (离开并开创事业) ✗ He went off to start his own business. (加 "to" 改变了语义重心) "went off and did" 结构更强调两个动作的连贯性和果断性;加 "to" 后变成目的状语,语气不同。

return to (动词搭配)

returning to Apple

"return to" 是标准的动词+介词搭配,表示"返回、回归到(某地/某状态)"。"return" 是不及物动词时必须与 "to" 连用;作及物动词时可直接接宾语(如 "return the book")。在本句中,"return to Apple" 指乔布斯重返苹果公司,与前文 "was forced out of Apple" 形成呼应,构成完整的叙事弧线。该搭配在描述职业生涯、地点变化时极为高频,是基础但容易被中文学习者遗漏 "to" 的搭配。

• ✓ She returned to her hometown after graduation. (回到家乡) ✗ She returned her hometown after graduation. (缺少 "to") "return" 作不及物动词表示"返回"时,必须加 "to"。

become + 职位名词 (固定搭配)

becoming chief executive

"become + 职位名词" 是英语中表示"就任、担任(某职位)"的标准结构。注意职位名词前通常不加冠词(除非有修饰语),这是英语的惯用法。本句 "becoming chief executive" 中 "chief executive" 前无冠词,符合规范;若写成 "becoming a chief executive" 则语义变为"成为一名首席执行官(泛指)",而非"就任首席执行官(特指该公司的职位)"。该结构在商业、政治报道中极为常见,是描述职业晋升的核心表达。

• ✓ He became president in 2010. (就任总裁) ✗ He became a president in 2010. (加冠词改变了语义) 特指某组织的唯一职位时不加冠词;泛指某类职位时才加。
• ✓ She became the CEO of the company. (强调特指) ✗ She became CEO of the company. (虽也可接受,但 "the" 使特指意味更明确) "of + 组织名" 时可加 "the" 强调特指,也可省略,但加 "the" 更正式。

before doing (时间标记结构)

before returning to Apple

"before doing" 是表示时间先后顺序的标准结构,"before" 为介词,后接动名词短语。在本句中,"before returning to Apple in 1996" 标明了乔布斯创办 Next 和 Pixar 与重返苹果之间的时间关系。该结构简洁高效,在叙事性文本中高频出现。注意 "before" 既可作介词(后接名词/动名词),也可作连词(后接完整句子),需根据语境判断。本句使用介词形式,与主句共享主语,避免了冗余。

• ✓ He studied hard before taking the exam. (考试前努力学习) ✗ He studied hard before to take the exam. (介词后误接不定式) 介词 "before" 后应接名词或动名词,不能接不定式。

in + 年份 (时间标记)

in 1985 in 1996 in 1997

"in + 年份" 是表示具体年份的标准时间介词搭配。英语中表示时间的介词选择有严格规则:"in" 用于年、月、季节、较长时间段;"on" 用于具体日期、星期;"at" 用于具体时刻。本句三次使用 "in + 年份" 构建了清晰的时间线:1985年离开、1996年回归、1997年成为CEO,这种密集的时间标记是人物传记、新闻报道的典型特征。

• ✓ The company was founded in 1998. (在1998年成立) ✗ The company was founded on 1998. (介词错误) 年份前必须用 "in",不能用 "on"。

A, B, and C 并列结构

was forced out went off and founded before returning becoming

本句包含多层并列结构。第一层是三个主要动作的并列:"was forced out"、"went off and founded"、"returning" 和 "becoming"。其中 "went off and founded two other companies, Next and Pixar" 内部又包含 "Next and Pixar" 的并列。这种多层并列在英语长句中极为常见,用于高效传递复杂信息。注意最后一个并列项前使用逗号+"and" 是标准书面英语的规范(称为 Oxford comma 或 serial comma),虽在美式英语中可省略,但正式文体中建议保留。本句通过并列结构将乔布斯职业生涯的四个关键节点串联,形成完整叙事。

• ✓ He studied, worked, and traveled. (三项并列,最后用 and) ✗ He studied, worked, traveled. (缺少连接词) 并列三项或以上时,最后一项前需用 "and" 或 "or"。
• ✓ She founded Next and Pixar. (两项并列,直接用 and) ✗ She founded Next, and Pixar. (两项并列时逗号多余) 只有两项并列时,通常不在 "and" 前加逗号。

逗号分隔的动作序列

was forced out of Apple in 1985, went off and founded two other companies, Next and Pixar, before returning to Apple in 1996 and becoming chief executive in 1997

本句使用逗号将多个动作按时间顺序串联,形成流畅的叙事节奏。这种以逗号分隔、不使用连词的结构在英语中称为 asyndetic coordination(无连词并列),常用于列举一系列快速发生的动作或事件,营造紧凑感。本句中,"was forced out" 与 "went off" 之间仅用逗号隔开,强化了"被迫离开后立即行动"的果断性。这种结构在新闻报道、人物传记中高频出现,但需注意不可滥用,以免造成流水账感。

• ✓ He graduated in 2010, worked for three years, then returned to school. (逗号分隔动作序列) ✗ He graduated in 2010 worked for three years then returned to school. (缺少标点,成为 run-on sentence) 多个独立动作并列时,必须用逗号或连词分隔,否则语法错误。

found vs. founded (易混词辨析)

founded

本句使用 "founded" (创办、建立),是动词 "found" 的过去式。该词与 "find" (找到,过去式 found) 拼写接近,极易混淆。"found" 作为动词表示"创办、奠定",常与组织、公司、理论等搭配,如 "found a company/institute/theory"。本句 "founded two other companies" 指乔布斯创办了两家公司,是标准用法。中文学习者常将 "find" 的过去式 "found" 与 "found" (创办) 混淆,或误以为 "founded" 是 "find" 的形式,需特别注意区分。

• ✓ She founded the organization in 2005. (创办) ✗ She found the organization in 2005. (误用 "find" 的过去式) 表示"创办"用 "found - founded - founded",不要与 "find - found - found" 混淆。
• ✓ He found the missing key. (找到,find 的过去式) ✗ He founded the missing key. (误用 "found" 创办义) 根据宾语判断:能被"找到"的用 "find",能被"创办"的用 "found"。

chief executive (职位术语)

chief executive

"chief executive" 是"首席执行官"的正式表达,等同于 "CEO" (Chief Executive Officer) 的缩写。在正式商业文本中,两者可互换使用,但 "chief executive" 更偏书面、正式。本句使用完整形式而非缩写,符合新闻报道的正式语体。注意英语职位名词的层级体系:"chief" (首席) 通常表示最高级别,如 "chief financial officer" (CFO)、"chief technology officer" (CTO) 等。

two other companies (限定词顺序)

two other companies

"two other companies" 展示了英语限定词的标准排列顺序:数词 ("two") + 其他限定词 ("other") + 名词 ("companies")。英语限定词顺序有严格规则,常见顺序为:冠词/指示代词 → 数词 → 形容词 → 名词。本例中 "other" 表示"另外的、其他的",与数词搭配使用时必须置于数词之后。该结构在列举、对比时高频出现,如 "three other reasons"、"several other options"。

• ✓ He visited two other cities. (两个其他城市) ✗ He visited other two cities. (限定词顺序错误) 数词必须在 "other" 之前。

被动语态 was forced (语态选择)

was forced out

本句开头使用被动语态 "was forced out",将焦点置于乔布斯(受事者),而非施事者(迫使他离开的董事会或其他人)。被动语态的选择具有明确的修辞功能:当施事者不重要、未知、或需要弱化时使用。本句中,重点是乔布斯被迫离开这一事件本身,而非谁迫使他离开,因此被动语态是最佳选择。这种以受事者为主语的叙事视角在人物传记、新闻报道中极为常见,有助于聚焦主要人物的经历。

• ✓ The CEO was forced to resign. (被动,强调结果) ✗ They forced the CEO to resign. (主动,强调施事者) 两者语法都对,但语义重心不同:被动突出受事者,主动突出施事者。

一般过去时的叙事功能

was forced out went off founded returning becoming

本句主体使用一般过去时,配合具体年份,构建清晰的历史叙事。英语中,一般过去时用于描述已完成的、与现在无直接联系的过去事件,是新闻报道、历史叙述的基础时态。本句通过 "was forced out in 1985"、"returning in 1996"、"becoming...in 1997" 等,将事件锚定在明确的过去时间点,与读者的"现在"形成距离感。注意 "returning" 和 "becoming" 虽是动名词形式,但其对应的时间标记 "in 1996/1997" 明确表明这是过去事件,在语义上等同于 "returned" 和 "became"。