2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (3)
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2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (3)

说明文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 350 词、4 段,CEFR 难度 C1(C1 级在英语六级文章中占 58%),作者立场为「客观中立」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (3) 的听力原文,共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during presidential campaigns knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in the United States.

North Americans are familiar with the many person-on-the-street interviews on local television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favour of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the news people select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population.

In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired. Surveys can become indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.

There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    Defining Surveys and Their Social Significance

    Surveys, typified by well-known political polls, are defined as studies that gather information on how people think and act.

    第1段 是整篇文章的 introduction,它通过 definition 和 example 两步走,为读者搭建了理解 survey 的 conceptual framework。从全文 main idea 来看,文章要论证 surveys 是 valuable research tools,而这一段正是通过定义 survey 的本质(收集 opinion 的 study)并展示其在 political life 中的广泛应用,来为这个核心论点做 foundation。没有这一段的 '是什么' 铺垫,后续讨论 'how to do it well' 就会缺乏 logical grounding。

    找首句定义 + 识别举例佐证
  2. P2

    The Necessity of Representative Sampling

    Unlike entertaining but unreliable street interviews, valid surveys require precise and representative sampling to accurately reflect public opinion.

    第2段 承接 第1段 的 survey 定义,进入对 survey quality 的第一个维度——sampling 的讨论。从全文 main idea 看,文章强调 surveys 要产生 accurate, representative results,而这一段正是通过批判 street interviews 的 biased sampling,从反面论证了 representative sampling 对于 valid survey 的 indispensability。这段为读者建立了一个关键的 evaluative criterion,也为后续讨论 question wording 和 survey forms 做了 parallel structure 的铺垫。

    从反例缺陷倒推正面标准
  3. P3

    Crafting Precise Survey Questions

    Effective surveys depend on carefully worded questions that are simple, clear, and specific enough to yield interpretable and reliable results.

    第3段 是全文对 survey quality 第二个维度的讨论,从 第2段 的 sampling 转向 question wording。两段形成了 parallel structure,共同支撑全文 main idea 中 'careful sampling methods' 和 'precise question wording' 这两个并列要素。段末那句 'indispensable sources of information, but only if...' 是全段的 high point,它把 第2段 和 第3段 的结论整合在一句话里,强化了 survey 作为 valuable research tool 的前提条件,对全文 thesis 起到了 reinforcement 的作用。

    识别标准列举 + 定位条件结论句
  4. P4

    Comparing the Advantages of Interviews and Questionnaires

    Surveys take two main forms—interviews and questionnaires—each offering distinct advantages in terms of response rate, depth of inquiry, cost, and consistency.

    第4段 是全文的第三个 dimension,从前两段讨论 survey 的 process requirements(sampling 和 question wording)转向 survey 的 format options。这段通过 balanced comparison 展示了 interview 和 questionnaire 各自的 strengths,直接支撑全文 main idea 中 'appropriate survey formats, each with distinct advantages depending on research needs' 这一表述。三个中间段落(第2段、第3段、第4段)形成了整齐的 three-point structure,分别从 sampling、wording、format 三个维度全面说明了 'how to conduct a valid survey',共同论证了全文关于 survey 作为 valuable research tool 的核心论点。

    建立比较矩阵 + 判断比较倾向
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2015年12月英语六级真题第3套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 Gallup poll Harris poll

    What does the author say about the Gallup poll and the Harris poll in the United States?

    • A They are the only surveys used during presidential campaigns.
    • B They are designed mainly to interview factory workers.
    • C They have become an important part of political life in the United States.
    • D They provide information only about how people vote.
    • E They have replaced local television news interviews.
    • F They are considered accurate because they use written questionnaires.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    该项完整对应作者的直接判断:these polls 与 have become an important part of political life in the United States 构成清晰的指代和结论链。题干问的是作者对两个 polls 的说明,正确项准确保留了 become、important part 和 political life 三个核心限制。其设置障碍在于原文先提到 presidential campaigns,考生容易把 campaign 误当成两个 polls 的唯一用途;但原文的落脚点更宽,是 political life。

    双专名删选 时间极紧时,不必先读完整段落。直接用题干中的双专名 Gallup poll、Harris poll 锁定 第1段,随后只读其共同出现句及紧邻的指代句。采用“强词删选法”:先划掉带有 only、mainly、replaced、because 等原文必须明确证明却未得到证明的选项,剩下与作者概括性判断同义的正确项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 person-on-the-street interviews reflect public opinion accurately

    Why may person-on-the-street television interviews fail to reflect public opinion accurately?

    • A They are too expensive to conduct on local television news shows.
    • B They usually include too many middle-class shoppers and commuters.
    • C They focus on entertainment rather than on political life.
    • D Their samples may be biased by location and by the willingness of outgoing people to appear on the air.
    • E They rely only on questions that are unclear to viewers.
    • F They discourage all people from expressing their opinions in public.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    该项精确整合了两个并列原因:一是 certain location 导致样本偏向特定群体,二是 television interviews 吸引 outgoing people、吓退感到 intimidated 的人。biased by location 对应第一层,willingness of outgoing people 对应第二层。障碍在于原文以 First、Second 分开陈述,正确项却将二者压缩整合;考生必须识别并列累计关系,而非只选覆盖其中一半的表述。

    双重筛样 紧急作答时,抓 person-on-the-street 这一连字符短语,直达 第2段;不必逐句精译。看到 First、Second 后,马上把它们在脑中压缩成“地点筛人+性格筛人”两格,再选择同时覆盖两格的正确项。这个“结构匹配法”比逐词对照更快,也能立刻淘汰只覆盖半条理由的选项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 indispensable sources of information questions are worded accurately

    Under what conditions can surveys become indispensable sources of information?

    • A When all questions are left unstructured for respondents.
    • B When interviewers obtain a high response rate.
    • C When questions are simple but sampling is not considered.
    • D When they focus on the opinions of outgoing people.
    • E When sampling is done properly and questions are worded accurately.
    • F When questionnaires are cheaper and more consistent than interviews.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    该项直接对应段末 only if 引导的必要条件,并完整保留 sampling is done properly 与 questions are worded accurately 两个并列要求。前文关于 simple、clear、specific 的说明,是对准确措辞的展开;而 representative sampling 的讨论则支持抽样得当的重要性。障碍在于正确项用概括表达收束多个细节,考生不能被某个例子如 simple questions 所局限。

    双门槛核验 最快路径是把题干中的 indispensable sources of information 当作句尾雷达,锁定 第3段 的最后一句;只读 but only if 之后由 and 并列的两个成分。然后使用“门槛完整性检验”:凡是缺少其中一个门槛、改写成某种形式的优点,或含有 all 之类过度条件的选项,立即排除;同时保留双门槛的正确项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 higher response rate written questionnaire

    Why can an interviewer obtain a higher response rate than a written questionnaire?

    • A Interviewers can probe for subjects' underlying feelings and reasons.
    • B Written questionnaires are more expensive and less consistent.
    • C Personal interviews are less likely to frighten people with cameras.
    • D Interviewers select a more representative location for their subjects.
    • E People are required to answer every personal interview request.
    • F People find it harder to refuse a personal request for an interview than to discard a written questionnaire.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    该项逐层复现原文因果:high response rate 的原因是 people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request than to throw away a written questionnaire。它保留了比较双方、心理难度与行为结果,因而解释完整。设置障碍在于题干用 higher response rate 概括结果,正确项则回到更具体的 turn down 与 throw away 的行为对比,考生需要完成因果反推。

    因果填空 在时间压力下,直接以 response rate 定位 第4段,并锁定该词所在句中 than 两侧的动作对比;不要阅读后面对 probe 与 questionnaires 的补充句。采用“因果填空法”:把每项塞入“回应率更高,因为____”中,只有能解释人们为何更难拒绝的正确项可以自然闭合,其他真实信息也会因答非所问而迅速出局。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. Survey的定义与在美国的重要性

    这个opening paragraph开门见山地define了survey这个research tool,指出它通常以interview或questionnaire的form进行,然后specifically提到美国最well-known的Gallup poll和Harris poll,强调这些surveys已经become了political life中an important part,especially在presidential campaigns期间。

    作为说明文的introduction部分,这个意群establish了entire article要discuss的central concept,即survey这个research tool。它provide了definition和context,让readers understand什么是survey以及为什么它matters,为后续detailed explanation of survey methods和requirements铺垫foundation。

    引出核心研究对象
  2. 不准确sampling的问题与representative sampling的必要性

    这个意群通过person-on-the-street interviews这个familiar example来illustrate什么是problematic sampling。作者用First和Second这样的discourse markers来organize两个main problems:一是geographical bias(只reflect某个location的opinions),二是personality bias(attract outgoing people而frighten away others)。Paragraph最后conclude说a survey必须be based on precise, representative sampling才能genuinely reflect整个population。

    这个意群serve as说明文中typical的problem-solution pattern的problem部分。它通过negative example(what not to do)来highlight主旨中提到的"careful sampling methods"的importance。By demonstrating how biased sampling会undermine survey accuracy,这个意群indirectly explain了为什么surveys require precise methodology,从而support主旨关于surveys need proper methods的claim。

    阐述采样方法要求
  3. Survey问题设计的要求与重要性

    这个意群shift focus到survey design中另一个critical element:question wording。Text explain说effective survey questions必须be simple and clear,also要be specific enough避免interpretation problems。即使less structured questions也需要carefully phrased。最后conclude说surveys can become indispensable information sources,但only if sampling和question wording都done properly。

    这个意群address主旨中"precise question wording"这个key requirement。它和意群_2形成parallel structure,共同elaborate主旨提到的methodology requirements。By explaining what makes questions effective和why careful phrasing matters,这个意群demonstrate了survey accuracy不仅depend on who you ask(sampling),还depend on how you ask(wording),从而complete了对survey methodology的comprehensive explanation。

    阐述问题措辞要求
  4. 两种主要survey形式的对比分析

    这个concluding意群introduce说surveys有two main forms:interview和questionnaire。Text采用comparison structure,先explain interviews的advantages(high response rate因为personal requests更难refuse,能probe deeper into underlying feelings),然后用However这个contrastive marker来introduce questionnaires的advantages(cheaper and more consistent)。这种balanced presentation让readers understand两种forms各有strengths。

    这个意群address主旨中"appropriate survey formats"和"distinct advantages"这部分。它serve as说明文的conclusion section,在explain了survey requirements(sampling和wording)之后,present实际implementation的two main options。By comparing interviews和questionnaires的respective strengths,这个意群help readers understand主旨中提到的"depending on research needs"这个idea,即different situations call for different survey formats。

    说明调查形式选择
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 首段定义主题 P1

    说明文的 opening paragraph 通常会 introduce the main topic,首句或前两句往往直接 present 文章要讨论的 core subject。这篇文章第一句就明确指出 'A survey is a study',直接 define 了全文的 focus

  2. 各段要点提取 P2 P3 P4

    说明文通常采用 multi-aspect structure,每个 body paragraph 会 elaborate on 主题的一个 specific aspect。第二段讨论 sampling methods,第三段讨论 question wording,第四段讨论 survey forms。这些 aspects 共同构成对 surveys 的 comprehensive explanation

  3. 关键限定词识别 P2 P3 P4

    说明文虽然 objective,但会通过 'must'、'indispensable'、'accurate'、'advantages' 等词表达 importance 和 conditions。第二段强调 'must be based on precise, representative sampling',第三段说 'must exercise great care',这些 modal verbs 表明文章不仅在 describe surveys,更在强调 'proper methodology' 的重要性

  4. 三要素综合归纳 P1 P2 P3 P4

    将步骤1的 central topic(surveys)、步骤2的 key aspects(sampling、wording、forms)、步骤3的 emphasis(accuracy、proper methods)综合起来,就能得出:文章主旨是 explain what surveys are and emphasize the methodology for conducting accurate surveys。这正是给定主旨的 core meaning

主旨信号词 survey P1 accurate P2 must P2 sampling P2 advantages P4

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

调查是通过访谈或问卷来衡量公众意见的宝贵研究工具。为了产生准确、有代表性的结果,调查需要仔细的抽样方法、精确的问题措辞以及适当的调查形式,每种形式根据研究需求都有其独特的优势。
Surveys are valuable research tools that measure public opinion through interviews or questionnaires. To produce accurate, representative results, surveys require careful sampling methods, precise question wording, and appropriate survey formats, each with distinct advantages depending on research needs.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

5 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • biased 有偏见的;不公正的;倾向性的

    现在我们把三条 clues 串起来看:首先,从 context 中我们知道 biased samples 与 'not accurate' 对立,且会 'in favour of' 某些 specific groups;其次,从 morphology 角度,'bias + -ed' 的结构告诉我们这是描述一种具有 bias 特征的状态;最后,从 conditional relationship 来看,这种状态会 'depending on' 外部的 selection。将这些 evidence 整合,我们可以得出:biased 描述的是一种因为 favour certain groups 而偏离 accuracy 的倾斜状态。

    对比关系+构词规律+搭配模式
  • elicit 引出;诱出;探出(信息、反应等)

    综合三条 clues:首先,'in order to elicit' 这个 purpose structure 告诉我们,elicit 是 carefully phrased questions 要达到的 goal;其次,elicit 的 object 是 'desired information',说明这是一个主动的、有针对性的 action;最后,整个 paragraph 关于 question wording 的讨论表明,elicit 需要 technique 和 skill。因此,elicit 不是简单的'得到',而是通过 skillful questioning 来引出或诱发 specific responses 的动作。

    目的标记+宾语特征+主题语境
  • probe 探查;探究;追问;深入了解

    整合三条 evidence:第一,'go beyond written questions and probe' 这个 structure 确立了 probe 比 standard questions 更深入的 nature;第二,'probe for underlying feelings' 这个 collocation 表明它是寻找 hidden information 的 action;第三,作为 interview 相对于 questionnaire 的 advantage,probe 需要 personal interaction 和 adaptability。综合这些 clues,probe 应该是指通过 flexible questioning 来深入探查和挖掘 deeper information 的动作。

    深度对比+目标特征+实施条件
  • indispensable 必不可少的;不可或缺的

    将三条 clues 联系起来:首先,从 conditional structure 看,indispensable 是 surveys 在 meeting high standards 后能达到的 status,这表明它是 positive evaluation;其次,从 morphology 看,'in-' + 'dispensable' 的构成明确表示 '不可缺少的' 含义;最后,从 discourse function 看,它在 conclusion 中强调 surveys 的 essential nature。综合这些 evidence,indispensable 应该表示某物非常 important 以至于不能缺少或免除。

    前缀分解+语境验证+评价导向
  • intimidate 感到胆怯的;受到威吓的;害怕的

    整合三条 evidence:第一,从 'frighten away' 和 'feel intimidated' 的 parallel structure 可知,intimidated 与 fear 相关;第二,从 'by a camera' 这个 cause 可知,这是一种 psychological intimidation 而非 physical threat;第三,从 behavioral outcome (被 frighten away) 和 personality contrast (outgoing vs. others) 可知,intimidated 描述一种让人感到 uncomfortable 并导致 avoidance behavior 的心理状态。因此,intimidated 应该是指因感到 threatened 或 inferior 而产生的 fear 或 lack of confidence。

    诱因识别+情绪归类+行为验证
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 下定义

    P1

    文章开篇直接给出了 survey 的 definition,指出它是一种 study,通常采用 interview 或 questionnaire 的 form,目的是 provide information 关于人们的 think and act。这个 precise definition 为整篇文章奠定了 foundation,让读者明确理解什么是 survey,从而更好地 grasp 后续关于 sampling methods 和 question wording 的具体 requirements。这种开门见山的 defining 方式符合 expository writing 的特点,instantly establishes 文章的 topic scope。

    信号词 is means refers to is defined as can be described as is known as represents constitutes

    仿写: 当你需要 introduce 一个可能 unfamiliar 的 concept 时,可以采用 'X is Y that does Z' 的模式。首先 identify 这个 concept 属于什么 broader category(如 survey 是一种 study),然后用 defining clause 说明它的 specific characteristics(以 interview 或 questionnaire 形式呈现)和 purpose(提供关于人们想法和行为的信息)。 仿写模版:[Term] is a [category], generally in the form of [specific format], that [function/purpose].

  • 举例子

    P1

    文章提到了 Gallup poll 和 Harris poll 作为 United States 最著名的 surveys 的 concrete examples。这些 well-known instances 让抽象的 survey concept 变得 tangible and relatable,特别对于熟悉 presidential campaigns 的读者来说。通过 cite 这些 real-world examples,作者不仅 demonstrates survey 的 practical applications,还 establishes 它们在 political life 中的 importance,为后文讨论 survey methodology 的 rigor 提供了 realistic context。

    信号词 for example such as for instance including like as illustrated by namely take...for example

    仿写: 当你 introduce 一个 general concept 或 category 之后,可以立即 follow up with具体的、读者可能 familiar with 的 instances。使用 'such as,' 'for example,' 或直接 name specific cases 的方式。确保你的 examples 是 recognizable and relevant 到你的 target audience,这样能 maximize 它们的 illustrative power。 仿写模版:[General statement]. [Specific example 1] and [specific example 2] are well-known instances. As [related context] shows, these examples have become [significance].

  • 作比较

    P4

    第四段对 interview 和 questionnaire 这两种 survey forms 进行了 systematic comparison。文章 highlight 了 interview 的 advantages(high response rate 和能够 probe deeper),同时用 'However' 这个 contrastive marker 引出 questionnaire 的 strengths(cheaper and more consistent)。这种 point-by-point comparison 让读者能够 clearly see 每种 method 的 trade-offs,理解为什么不同的 research needs 需要 different approaches。这种对比不是简单的 listing,而是帮助读者 make informed decisions 关于 which method 更 appropriate。

    信号词 however while whereas in contrast on the other hand compared to unlike similarly in comparison

    仿写: 当你需要 compare 两个 options 或 approaches 时,先 establish 它们属于同一 category(如都是 survey forms),然后 systematically present 每个的 advantages。使用 contrastive transitions(如 however, in contrast, on the other hand)来 signal shifts。确保你的 comparison 是 balanced 的,covering both strengths,而不是 favor 其中一个。 仿写模版:There are [number] main [category]: [Option A] and [Option B]. [Option A] has the advantage of [benefit 1] because [reason]. In addition, [benefit 2]. However, [Option B] has the advantage of being [contrasting benefits].

  • 分类别

    P4

    文章在第四段明确指出 'There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire',将 survey 这个 broad category 细分为两个 distinct types。这种 classification 为后续的 detailed discussion 提供了 clear framework,让 complex information 变得 organized and digestible。通过 categorize,作者能够 systematically explore 每个 type 的 characteristics,避免 information 显得 scattered。这种分类不是 arbitrary 的,而是基于 survey 的 fundamental format differences。

    信号词 types of forms of categories of kinds of varieties of can be divided into can be classified as fall into main categories

    仿写: 当你需要 explain 一个 complex concept with multiple variations 时,可以先 state 有多少 main types 或 categories,然后 explicitly name 它们。使用 'There are X types/forms/categories of Y:' 的句式来 introduce classification。接下来 dedicate separate sections 或 paragraphs 到每个 category,保持 parallel structure 在 discussing 它们时。 仿写模版:There are [number] main [types/forms/categories] of [topic]: [Category A] and [Category B]. Each of these [categories] has its [characteristics/advantages].

  • 列数字

    P4

    虽然文章没有 present precise numerical data,但使用了 'two main forms' 这样的 quantitative expression 来 structure information。这个 'two' 不仅是简单的 enumeration,它 signals 一个 complete and manageable classification。在 expository writing 中,即使是 small numbers 也能 provide structural clarity,让读者 mentally prepare for接下来的 organized presentation。这种 quantification 虽然简单,但有效地 frames 读者的 expectations。

    信号词 two three several multiple first second 50% majority a number of numerous

    仿写: 当你需要 organize information 或 add specificity 时,使用 numbers 来 enumerate categories, steps, 或 characteristics。即使是 'two types' 或 'three main advantages' 这样的 simple quantification 也能 significantly improve clarity。数字给读者 concrete sense of scope,让 information 更 structured and memorable。 仿写模版:There are [specific number] [elements] of [topic]. / [Topic] involves [number] main [aspects/steps/components].

  • 作诠释

    P2

    第二段详细 explain 了为什么 person-on-the-street interviews 不能 accurately indicate public opinion。作者不仅 state 这个 conclusion,还通过 'First' 和 'Second' 两个 points 来 elaborate the reasons。第一点 clarify 了 location bias 会导致 samples 倾向于某些 demographics(commuters, shoppers, workers),第二点 explain 了 self-selection bias(outgoing people vs. intimidated people)。这种 detailed interpretation 帮助读者 understand not just 'what'(街访不准确),更重要的是 'why'(sampling 和 participation 的 biases)。这种 in-depth explanation 对于理解后文关于 representative sampling 的重要性至关重要。

    信号词 that is in other words this means specifically namely to clarify to elaborate in fact actually

    仿写: 当你需要 explain why something is true 或 how something works 时,使用作诠释的 technique。先 state 你的 point,然后用 'First,' 'Second' 等 markers 来 organize your explanations。对每个 reason 或 aspect,provide specific details 和 concrete scenarios 来 make abstract explanations tangible。使用 causative language(如 'thus,' 'because,' 'depending on')来 show logical connections。 仿写模版:[Statement]. First, [detailed explanation 1 with specific example/scenario]. Thus, [implication]. Second, [detailed explanation 2 with contrasting cases]. [Summary of why this matters].

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

6 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 电视街访的娱乐性掩盖其调查缺陷

    P2
    While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion.

    让步转折类 While Although Though Even though Granted Admittedly Despite the fact that

    这句话的 implication 是 television interviews 虽然有 entertainment value,但 fundamentally flawed as research tool。这为 main thesis 服务:强调 surveys 必须 scientific and rigorous,不能被 superficial appeal 误导。作者通过这个 implicit criticism 在 establish 什么是 proper survey methodology 的 standard。

  • 样本的地点局限性导致系统性偏差

    P2
    Thus, such samples can be biased in favour of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the news people select.

    因果推理类 Thus Therefore Hence Consequently As a result Accordingly For this reason

    这里的 underlying message 是 location-based sampling 不是 minor inconvenience,而是 creates fundamental bias。作者 implicitly 在说:survey validity 需要 representative sampling,any deviation 会 systematically distort results。这 reinforces main thesis 关于 proper methodology 的 importance,特别是 'precise, representative sampling' 这个 requirement。

  • 媒体呈现的意愿扭曲样本代表性

    P2
    television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by a camera.

    情态词类 tend to are likely to have a tendency to are inclined to often typically generally

    这句的 underlying point 是 TV interviews 有 inherent selection mechanism,systematically 排除了 certain personality types。作者 implicitly 在 argue:这种 self-selection 使 sample unrepresentative。这个 criticism 进一步 supports 文章 main argument 关于 sampling must be representative 的 requirement,specifically 针对 interview format 的 potential pitfall。

  • 问题措辞的精确性决定结果可用性

    P3
    An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting the results.

    情态词类 must have to need to it is essential that it is imperative that require necessitate

    连续的 must statements 的 underlying implication 是 question wording 是 make-or-break factor for survey validity。作者 implicitly 在说:即使 sampling 是 perfect,poor wording 会 invalidate results。这 emphasizes 文章 main thesis 中 'questions must be worded accurately' 的 critical importance,并 explains why surveys 可以 become indispensable 或 completely useless。

  • 前提条件的缺失使价值归零

    P3
    Surveys can become indispensable sources of information, but only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.

    条件限制类 only if only when provided that on condition that assuming that unless not... unless

    这句话的 underlying point 是 surveys 的 value 不是 inherent,而是 conditional on proper execution。作者 implicitly 在 warn:poorly conducted surveys 不仅 useless,还可能 misleading。这个 strong conditional statement 是整个 article 的 culmination,directly supports main thesis:survey value depends on rigorous methodology in both sampling and question design。

  • 各调查形式的优势具有互补性

    P4
    An interviewer can obtain a high response rate... In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.

    转折对比类 However Nevertheless On the other hand In contrast Conversely By contrast Alternatively

    这段的 underlying implication 是 choosing between interview and questionnaire 不是 quality judgment,而是 strategic decision based on priorities (depth vs. cost, flexibility vs. consistency)。作者 implicitly 在说:both are valid,appropriateness depends on research needs。这 supports main thesis 的最后部分 'appropriate survey formats, each with distinct advantages depending on research needs',emphasizing methodology 要 matched to context。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:客观中立

结论先行:本文作者态度为客观中立( Objective and instructive)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 开篇定义式陈述 P1

    说明文的 author attitude 通常体现在 first paragraph 的 tone 上。如果开篇是 factual description 而非 argumentation,那么 attitude 大概率是 objective。这里作者用 'survey is a study' 这种 definitional sentence,说明他在 educating readers,不是 persuading them。

  2. 问题与建议并存 P2 P3

    说明文中的 author attitude 常常通过 problem-solution pattern 体现。作者 identifies limitations(like 'biased samples', 'intimidated by camera')但没有 emotional criticism,而是 logically explains 为什么会有 these issues,然后 suggests what should be done。这种 balanced approach 表明 objective yet instructive 的 stance。

  3. 多角度平衡陈述 P4

    说明文的 closing section 往往 reveals author's ultimate stance。这里作者用 'each has its advantages' 这种 even-handed comparison,而不是 'one is clearly better',说明他在 providing information for readers to decide,而非 imposing his view。这种 non-prescriptive approach 是 objective exposition 的核心特征。

  4. 全文信息累积模式 P1 P2 P3 P4

    说明文的 overall attitude 要从 entire discourse pattern 判断。这篇文章的每个 paragraph 都在 adding layers of information(definition → limitations → requirements → comparison),形成 cumulative knowledge building 而非 argumentative progression。作者的 voice 始终是 authoritative yet neutral,像 a teacher explaining concepts,这就是 objective and instructive 的本质。

文中的态度信号词

  • must P2

    这个 modal verb 'must' 在说明文里表达 requirement 和 necessity,显示作者在 giving instructions about proper methodology。但注意这不是 subjective opinion,而是 based on logical reasoning('if it is to genuinely reflect'),所以 tone 保持 objective while being prescriptive。

    同类词 need to should necessary essential require

  • not necessarily P2

    这个 hedging phrase 'not necessarily' 表明作者在 qualifying a statement,不是 making absolute claims。它显示 cautious and balanced approach,是 objective analysis 的特征,因为作者 acknowledges complexity 而非 oversimplifying。

    同类词 not always may not might not can be tend to

  • advantages P4

    这个 neutral term 'advantages' 在 comparing two methods 时表明作者在 presenting both sides objectively。紧接着说 'questionnaires have the advantage' 也给另一方 equal treatment,这种 balanced presentation 是 objective stance 的直接体现。

    同类词 benefits strengths merits positive aspects disadvantages

  • effective P3

    这个 adjective 'effective' 表达 quality standards,但它's used in a technical sense('effective survey question')而非 emotional praise。它 shows 作者在 establishing criteria for good practice,是 instructive objectivity 的体现,因为 focus 在 methodology 而非 personal preference。

    同类词 proper accurate appropriate suitable correct

  • indispensable P3

    虽然 'indispensable' 是个 strong positive word,但注意它后面紧跟着 conditional clause 'but only if'。这个 structure 表明作者在 acknowledging value while emphasizing conditions,maintaining objectivity through qualification。不是 unconditional praise,而是 conditional recognition。

    同类词 invaluable crucial vital essential important

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语六级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文?

  1. 首段定义句式 P1

    议论文的 opening 会提出 argument 或 controversial claim,新闻报道则会用 lead paragraph 概括 who/what/when/where。而说明文直接 present 一个 concept 的 definition,没有 persuasive tone,也没有 news event 的 urgency,这是最明显的 distinction。

  2. 并列展开子话题 P2 P3 P4

    议论文的段落之间是 argumentative progression(从 claim 到 evidence 到 counterargument),新闻报道按 inverted pyramid 组织信息(从 most important 到 least important)。说明文的段落是 parallel explanatory units,每段 explore 同一主题的不同 facets,比如 第2段 讲 sampling issues,第3段 讲 question wording,第4段 讲 survey forms,它们是 coordinate relationship 而非 argumentative chain。

  3. 客观陈述口吻 P1 P2 P3 P4

    议论文中作者会明确表达 personal judgment 或 evaluative stance,用 'should' 'must' 'unfortunately' 等 judgmental language。新闻报道虽然也追求 objectivity,但会 quote sources 和 report events。说明文的作者 voice 是 explanatory 而非 evaluative,比如文中说 'Surveys can become indispensable sources...' 是 conditional statement of fact,不是 persuasive claim。

  4. 三维特征交叉验证 P1 P2 P3 P4

    说明文、议论文、新闻报道在这三个维度上形成 distinct patterns:说明文是 definition + elaboration + information;议论文是 claim + reasoning + persuasion;新闻报道是 event + details + timeliness。通过这个 three-dimensional framework,可以在 30 秒内 identify 文章 genre,因为这三个 features 通常在 first two paragraphs 就已经 manifest。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁?

  • A survey is a study P1 说明对象定义解释词 is defined as refers to means that is a type of consists of
  • First... Second P2 说明顺序与例证词 To begin with... Furthermore Initially... Subsequently On one hand... On the other hand For example For instance
  • must be P3 事物属性功能描述词 should be needs to be is required to has to be is necessary to
  • There are two main forms P4 说明对象定义解释词 There are several types can be divided into falls into categories includes comprises
  • provides information concerning P1 事物属性功能描述词 provides information offers insights into gives data about shows how reveals
  • In preparing to conduct P3 说明顺序与例证词 In preparing to When conducting Before starting During the process of In the course of
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

5 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (3) 的常见问题

2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的主旨是什么?
调查是通过访谈或问卷来衡量公众意见的宝贵研究工具。为了产生准确、有代表性的结果,调查需要仔细的抽样方法、精确的问题措辞以及适当的调查形式,每种形式根据研究需求都有其独特的优势。(英文表述:Surveys are valuable research tools that measure public opinion through interviews or questionnaires. To produce accurate, representative results, surveys require careful sampling methods, precise question wording, and appropriate survey formats, each with distinct advantages depending on research needs.)
2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (3) 文章是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为说明文,作者立场是客观中立(Objective and instructive)。CEFR 难度 C1,全文 350 词、4 段;在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中,C1 级共 343 篇(占 58%)。
2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 4 段按说明文骨架分为 4 个意群:第1段——Survey的定义与在美国的重要性;第2段——不准确sampling的问题与representative sampling的必要性;第3段——Survey问题设计的要求与重要性;第4段——两种主要survey形式的对比分析。
2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是客观中立(Objective and instructive)。判断路径:开篇定义式陈述 → 问题与建议并存 → 多角度平衡陈述 → 全文信息累积模式;文中的态度信号词包括 must(第2段)、not necessarily(第2段)、advantages(第4段)、effective(第3段)、indispensable(第3段)。
2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (3) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 5 个:biased(有偏见的;不公正的;倾向性的)、elicit(引出;诱出;探出(信息、反应等))、probe(探查;探究;追问;深入了解)、indispensable(必不可少的;不可或缺的)、intimidate(感到胆怯的;受到威吓的;害怕的),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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