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2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3)
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2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3)

议论文 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的精读视角页——这篇议论文全文 403 词、5 段，CEFR 难度 C1（C1 级在英语六级文章中占 58%），作者立场为「积极支持」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

5 段英文原文

以下为2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3) 的听力原文，共 5 段。左侧 P1–P5 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

Good morning, class. My topic today is how to feed a hungry world. The world's population is expected to grow from 6.8 billion today to 9.1 billion by 2050. Meanwhile, the world's population more than doubled from 3 billion between 1961 and 2007. Simultaneously, food production has been constrained by a lack of scientific research. Still, the task of feeding the world's population in 2050 seems easily possible.

What is needed is a second green revolution. This is an approach that is described as the sustainable growth of global agriculture. Such a revolution will require a wholesale shift of priorities in agricultural research. There is an urgent need for new crop varieties. They must offer higher yields but use less water, nitrogen-rich fertilizers or other inputs. These new crops must also be more resistant to drought, heat and pests. Equally crucial is lower-tech research into basics such as crop rotation and mixed farming of animals and plants on small farms.

Developing nations could score substantial gains in productivity by making better use of modern technologies and practices. But that requires money. It is estimated that to meet the 2050 challenge, investment must double to 83 billion US dollars a year. Most of that money needs to go towards improving agricultural infrastructure. Everything from production to storage and processing must improve. However, research agendas need to be focused on the needs of the poorest and most resource-limited countries. It is there that most of the world's population lives and it is there the population growth over the next decades will be the greatest.

To their credit, the world's agricultural scientists are embracing such a broad view. In March, for example, they came together at the first Global Conference on Agricultural Research to begin working out how to change research agendas to help meet the needs of farmers in poorer nations. But these plans will not bear fruit unless they get considerably more support from policy-makers.

The growth in public agricultural-research spending peaked in the 1970s and has been shrinking ever since. The big exception is China, where spending has far surpassed other countries over the past decade. China seems set to transition to become the key supplier of relevant science and technology to poorer countries. But developed countries have a humanitarian responsibility too. Calls by scientists for large increases in the appropriation of funds for public spending on agricultural research are more than justified.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

5 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Challenge and Optimism of Feeding a Growing World

    Despite rapid population growth and research constraints, feeding the world's 9.1 billion people by 2050 is achievable.

    这个 opening paragraph 为整篇文章的 solution-oriented approach 奠定了 foundation。它不是 simply 制造 panic,而是 rational 地 present challenge 的同时 express confidence。这种 framing 让读者 prepared 去接受后续的 concrete solutions。对于 main thesis 而言,这段的 'easily possible' 呼应了文章主旨中的 achievability,而 population statistics 则 justify 了为什么需要 second green revolution。它 establish 了 urgency without despair 的 tone,这对 persuasive argument 至关重要。

    识别问题陈述与作者立场的平衡
  2. P2

    The Second Green Revolution: A Comprehensive Research Transformation

    A second green revolution requiring fundamental research priority shifts toward sustainable crop varieties and diverse farming approaches is essential.

    这个段落是文章 argumentative structure 的 core,它 deliver 了主旨中提到的 'second green revolution' 这个 central solution。通过 specify 'sustainable growth' 和 'wholesale shift',它 define 了 what kind of revolution 是 needed。段落的 comprehensive approach,从 high-tech crop varieties 到 low-tech practices,体现了 solution 的 multifaceted nature。这为第三段的 investment discussion 和第四段的 scientist response 建立了 content foundation。对 main thesis 而言,这段是 solution proposal 的 核心 articulation。

    分层提取概念、方法与细节
  3. P3

    Investment Imperatives: Funding Infrastructure for the World's Poorest

    Meeting the 2050 challenge requires doubling investment to 83 billion dollars, prioritizing agricultural infrastructure and research focused on the poorest nations.

    这个段落 translate 前面的 conceptual solution 到 practical implementation level。它回答了 'how to fund' 的 question,这是 main thesis 中 'increased investment' 的 direct elaboration。通过 specify 83 billion 和 infrastructure focus,它 ground 抽象 revolution 到 concrete actions。'Poorest and most resource-limited countries' 的 emphasis 呼应了主旨中的 'resource-limited countries' focus。这段也 set up 了后续段落关于 policy support 的 discussion,因为这种 scale 的 investment 必然 require policy intervention。对 overall argument,它是 bridging feasibility 和 responsibility 的 crucial link。

    追踪需求量化到分配优先级的逻辑链
  4. P4

    Scientific Readiness Meets Political Shortfall

    While agricultural scientists are actively working to address research priorities, their efforts require substantially more policy-maker support to succeed.

    这个段落在 argumentative structure 中扮演 pivot role,从 technical solutions 转向 political dimensions。它 acknowledge 了 scientific community 的 positive response,这 validate 了前面段落提出的 revolution 的 feasibility。但 'unless' clause 引出了新的 barrier: policy support gap。这直接 lead 到第五段对 funding trends 的 critique。对 main thesis,这段 elaborate 了 'greater policy support' 这个 requirement,并 establish 了 scientists 和 policy-makers 之间的 disconnect。它 essentially 说 ideas 和 willingness 都有了,缺的是 institutional backing。

    识别进展肯定与障碍揭示的转折
  5. P5

    Funding Crisis and the Call for Developed Nations' Responsibility

    Despite declining Western research funding since the 1970s, with China now leading, developed countries bear a humanitarian responsibility to substantially increase agricultural research investments.

    这个 concluding paragraph 完成了 argumentative arc。它 provide evidence for 为什么需要 'greater policy support' (主旨中提到的):因为 funding 一直在 decline。China 的 example 既是 positive model 又让其他 developed countries 的 inaction 更 conspicuous。'Humanitarian responsibility' 呼应了第三段对 poorest countries 的 focus,形成 ethical closure。'More than justified' 这个 emphatic endorsement 是 author's final verdict,为整个 argument 提供 strong closure。对 main thesis,这段 elaborate 了 'developed nations sharing humanitarian responsibility' 和 China's 'emerging leadership',并用 funding data 来 substantiate 为什么 policy support 如此 critical。它 essentially 把 technical argument 提升到 moral imperative。

    从趋势描述到规范性主张的推进
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

5 道逐段细节自检题

针对2021年12月英语六级真题第2套这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 world's population 6.8 billion

    Which statement is true about the world's population?

    • A It doubled from 6.8 billion to 9.1 billion between 1961 and 2007.
    • B It is expected to decline to 6.8 billion by 2050.
    • C It is projected to rise from 6.8 billion today to 9.1 billion by 2050.
    • D It will remain at 9.1 billion because food production has doubled.
    • E It grew from 3 billion to 6.8 billion after 2007.
    • F It will reach 9.1 billion only if scientific research is expanded.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    该项完整对应原文的 is expected to grow from 6.8 billion today to 9.1 billion by 2050。它保留了 projected 的预测性质、rise 的增长方向、两个数值及终点年份。障碍在于原文随后又给出 1961 至 2007 的 doubled 信息，考生若只记住 doubled 而不核验时间区间，就会把历史描述误套到预测结论上。

    数字三格核验 时间极紧时，不必先通读全文。抓住题干的 world's population，并从选项中抽取 6.8 billion、9.1 billion、2050，直接进行数字扫描即可锁定 第1段。随后采用“数字三格核验”：只看每项的起点数、终点数、时间标签，能在同一条原文数据中闭合的正确项就是答案项；不需要逐个翻译五个完整句子。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 new crop varieties higher yields

    What is required of the new crop varieties?

    • A They should achieve higher yields by using more nitrogen-rich fertilizers.
    • B They should be developed mainly for large farms in developed countries.
    • C They should replace crop rotation and mixed farming completely.
    • D They should produce higher yields with fewer inputs and resist harsh growing conditions.
    • E They should be resistant to drought but remain vulnerable to heat and pests.
    • F They should reduce global population growth by 2050.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    该项压缩并准确整合两层原文要求：higher yields but use less water、nitrogen-rich fertilizers or other inputs，以及 more resistant to drought、heat and pests。fewer inputs 概括 water、fertilizers 和 other inputs，harsh growing conditions 概括 drought、heat 和 pests，均未改变原文逻辑。障碍在于正确项不是逐词复现，而是把并列清单概括为两个性能维度。

    双条件勾选 快速定位时，用 new crop varieties 锁定 第2段，并立刻沿后面的两个 must 句向右读取。最高效的判定方式是“并列条件合并法”：把原文压缩成“高产低投入+抗逆”两个勾选框，只有同时勾满两个框的正确项可选；只满足一个框或把低投入写成高投入的选项立即排除。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 2050 challenge annual investment

    What level of annual investment is estimated to be necessary to meet the 2050 challenge?

    • A Annual investment needs to increase by 83 billion US dollars.
    • B Annual investment should remain at 83 billion US dollars until 2050.
    • C Most investment should be directed to new crop varieties alone.
    • D Developing nations can improve productivity without additional funding.
    • E Annual investment needs to double to 83 billion US dollars.
    • F Research spending should be concentrated in the richest countries.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    该项忠实对应 it is estimated that to meet the 2050 challenge, investment must double to 83 billion US dollars a year。它保留了 double、目标金额和年度性质。障碍是考生容易把 double 理解为“增加83 billion”，但原文的 to 表示翻倍后的目标水平为 83 billion，而非新增数额。

    金额介词验算 用 2050 challenge 与 annual investment 的双锚点直接进入 第3段，随后只扫描数字、货币单位以及 to/by。判定不必处理段落全部论述，只做“介词验算”：正确项必须把 double to 还原为“翻倍后的总额”，并保留 annual；任何把 to 改成 by 的选项直接排除。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 research plans succeed

    What condition is necessary for the agricultural research plans to succeed?

    • A Scientists must hold more global conferences every March.
    • B Farmers in poorer nations must design the research agendas alone.
    • C Agricultural scientists must stop taking a broad view.
    • D Policy-makers must replace scientists in setting research agendas.
    • E Research agendas must focus only on farmers in wealthy nations.
    • F They must receive considerably greater support from policy-makers.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    原文用 will not bear fruit unless they get considerably more support from policy-makers 明示必要条件。正确项将否定条件句转写为肯定的 must receive，逻辑等值：没有更多政策支持，计划就不会成功。障碍在于原文的 bear fruit 是隐喻，题干改写为 succeed，选项再把 unless 转换为 must，考查逻辑转述能力。

    除非句反推 定位时先抓题干中的 condition 和 succeed，不需逐字找 research plans。直接扫描全文的 unless，能立即锁定 第4段；这是比主题词检索更快的逻辑词定位法。随后把 will not bear fruit unless X 机械转换为“计划成功必须有 X”，与正确项进行结构对齐，即可判定答案项。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 public agricultural-research spending peaked

    What does the passage indicate about public agricultural-research spending?

    • A Its growth peaked in the 1970s and has declined since then, with China as a major exception.
    • B It has expanded steadily in all countries since the 1970s.
    • C China has reduced its spending more sharply than other countries over the past decade.
    • D It reached its highest point in China during the past decade.
    • E Developed countries have already met their humanitarian responsibility through sufficient funding.
    • F Scientists oppose any increase in public spending on agricultural research.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：A

    该项准确整合段首的 growth...peaked in the 1970s and has been shrinking ever since，以及 The big exception is China。declined since then 对 shrinking ever since 作合理概括，major exception 对 big exception 作同义改写。障碍在于正确项同时要求识别总趋势和例外；只记住中国 spending far surpassed other countries 的考生，容易误以为全球总体也在增长。

    总例双栏 时间有限时，抓住 public agricultural-research spending 直达 第5段，然后使用“总例分栏法”：在脑中只写两栏，General 记录 peaked 后 shrinking，China 记录 exception。检查每个选项时，先判它属于总述还是例外，再看是否跨栏拼接；同时正确呈现两栏关系的正确项即可选出。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

5 个意群的议论文骨架

按议论文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引言 P1

    全球人口增长与粮食挑战

    这个 opening paragraph 首先 present 了一个 urgent challenge：世界 population 将从 6.8 billion 增长到 9.1 billion by 2050，同时 food production 受到 scientific research 不足的 constraint，但作者认为 feeding the world 在 2050 seems easily possible，这就 establish 了整篇文章的 central issue 和 optimistic tone。

    这个 introduction 通过 presenting demographic data 和 agricultural constraints 来 contextualize 为什么需要 a second green revolution，为后续的 solution-oriented arguments 奠定 foundation，引出文章的 core thesis about sustainable agricultural development。

    提出粮食供给挑战
  2. 分论点 P2

    第二次绿色革命的技术需求

    这个 supporting argument 详细 articulate 了 what is needed：a second green revolution through sustainable agriculture。它 specify 了 technical requirements 包括 new crop varieties with higher yields、less water and fertilizer use、更强的 resistance to environmental stress，同时强调 lower-tech research like crop rotation 和 mixed farming 的 importance。

    这个 body paragraph 是文章的 first major supporting point，它 directly address 主旨中的 'second green revolution through sustainable agricultural development'。通过 detailing specific technological and methodological innovations needed，它 substantiate 了 how sustainability can be achieved，为整个 argument 提供 concrete technical foundation。

    阐述可持续农业技术
  3. 分论点 P3

    投资与基础设施的经济需求

    这个 supporting argument shift focus 到 financial dimension，强调 developing nations 可以通过 better use of modern technologies 来 achieve productivity gains，但 that requires money。它 quantify 了 investment needs（double to 83 billion USD annually）并 specify 资金应该 go towards agricultural infrastructure improvement，特别强调 research agendas 必须 focus on the poorest and most resource-limited countries。

    这个 paragraph directly support 主旨中的 'increased investment in research focused on resource-limited countries'。它 not only quantify the financial scale needed 而且 explicitly state 投资的 geographical priority（poorest countries），这 reinforce 了 the argument 关于 where resources should be allocated 来 achieve the goal of feeding 9.1 billion people。

    强调资金投入重点
  4. 分论点 P4

    科学界的响应与政策支持缺口

    这个 supporting argument acknowledge 了 positive development：agricultural scientists 正在 embrace broad view，并且在 Global Conference 上 begin working out how to change research agendas to help poorer nations。但关键的 'But' 引出 critical limitation：这些 plans will not bear fruit unless they get considerably more support from policy-makers，这 expose 了 the gap between scientific readiness and policy action。

    这个 paragraph directly support 主旨中的 'greater policy support' requirement。通过 contrasting scientists' positive initiatives with inadequate policy-maker support，它 establish 为什么 policy commitment 是 necessary condition for success，这 strengthen 了整个 argument about the comprehensive nature of the solution（不仅需要 technology and money，还需要 political will）。

    揭示政策支持不足
  5. 结论 P5

    发达国家的人道责任与资金呼吁

    这个 concluding paragraph 通过 historical data（public agricultural research spending peaked in 1970s and has been shrinking）contrast with China's exception（spending far surpassed others）来 illustrate current reality。它 project China's emerging role as key supplier to poorer countries，同时 emphasize 发达国家的 humanitarian responsibility，最后以 strong endorsement（'more than justified'）support scientists' calls for large funding increases。

    这个 conclusion directly address 主旨中的 'developed nations sharing humanitarian responsibility alongside China's emerging leadership'。它 not only acknowledge China's contribution 而且 firmly assert 发达国家 cannot abdicate their responsibility。通过 ending with 'more than justified'，it reinforce the entire argument's moral and practical urgency，为整篇 essay provide definitive closure。

    分配国际责任
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

6 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 6 步按2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 首段定位核心问题 P1

    议论文的首段通常会 establish the context 并 present the problem，这篇文章在 第1段 提出了 feeding a hungry world 这个 central challenge，同时给出 background statistics 来 emphasize the urgency，最后一句 'the task seems easily possible' 实际上是个 transition，暗示后文会 elaborate on solutions。

  2. 识别核心解决方案 P2

    第2段 开篇就用 'What is needed is a second green revolution' 这种 strong declarative sentence 来 present the core solution。议论文的 body paragraphs 会 develop the thesis，这里 'second green revolution' 就是 author's main proposal，后续内容都在 elaborate this concept through specific requirements (new crop varieties, lower-tech research)。

  3. 提取实施条件 P3

    第3段 通过 'But that requires money' 和 'However, research agendas need to be focused' 这两个 transition words 引入了 critical conditions。议论文中 solution 往往伴随 implementation challenges，这段指出了 financial investment 和 research focus 两个 key prerequisites，并用 statistics ('83 billion US dollars') 来 add credibility，同时强调 'poorest and most resource-limited countries' 这个 target audience。

  4. 定位关键障碍 P4

    第4段 用 'To their credit' 先 acknowledge scientists 的 positive efforts，但通过 'But these plans will not bear fruit unless' 这个 strong conditional statement 转到 critical point：lack of policy support。议论文的 penultimate paragraph 常用来 identify obstacles 或 unfulfilled conditions，这里 'considerably more support from policy-makers' 就是 author's key concern。

  5. 确认责任主体 P5

    第5段 通过 contrast (public spending 下降 vs China 增长) 来 set up the final argument，然后用 'But developed countries have a humanitarian responsibility too' 点明 author's moral position。结尾段的 'more than justified' 是 strong endorsement，表达了 author's clear stance on policy action。这段 synthesize 了前面的 solutions 和 obstacles，并 explicitly state 谁应该 take action。

  6. 整合论证链条 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    这篇议论文遵循经典的 problem-solution-implementation structure。主旨不是单一 sentence，而是 multi-component argument：需要什么 (second green revolution)，如何实现 (investment + research focus)，谁来做 (policy-makers, developed countries, China)，以及 underlying value (humanitarian responsibility)。

主旨信号词 second green revolution P2 requires P2 But P3 humanitarian responsibility P5 more than justified P5

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

文章论证为满足2050年世界人口增长的粮食需求,需要通过可持续农业发展实现第二次绿色革命,增加对资源匮乏国家的研发投资,并加大政策支持力度,发达国家应与中国这一新兴领导者共同承担人道主义责任。
The article argues that feeding the world's growing population by 2050 requires a second green revolution through sustainable agricultural development, increased investment in research focused on resource-limited countries, and greater policy support, with developed nations sharing humanitarian responsibility alongside China's emerging leadership.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

5 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • constrain 限制、约束

    现在让我们 integrate 所有的 clues：首先，from the logical relationship，我们知道 constrained 描述的是一个 negative state，它与 lack of scientific research 直接相关；其次，from morphology，con- 和 strain 的 combination 暗示某种 pressure 或 restriction；最后，from the text structure，第二段提出的 solutions 都是为了 overcome 这种 constraint。将这三条 clues 串联起来，我们可以 confidently infer that constrained 表达的是 limited、restricted 或 held back 的含义。

    三角验证法
  • yield 产量

    让我们 synthesize 这些 clues：首先，from the contrast between higher yields and less inputs，我们 establish 了 yields 是某种 output 或 result；其次，from the agricultural context and the goal of feeding more people，我们 understand 这个 output 必然与 food production 直接相关。combine 这两个 insights，yields 必然是指 crops 的 production amount 或 harvest quantity。

    领域锚定推理法
  • infrastructure 基础设施

    现在让我们 connect all the dots：from morphology，infra + structure 暗示 underlying or foundational structure；from the elaboration，infrastructure 包括 production、storage、processing 等 multiple components；from the causal logic，infrastructure 是 enable technologies 和 practices 的 foundation。综合这三个 perspectives，infrastructure 指的是 basic facilities and systems that support operations，在 agricultural context 中就是支撑 agricultural activities 的 basic facilities。

    分层递进析义法
  • embrace 接受、采纳

    让我们 synthesize the evidence：首先，from the evaluative phrase to their credit，我们知道 embracing 是一个 positive action 值得 praise；其次，from the logical consequence，embracing a broad view 导致了 scientists coming together 和 working out solutions。这两个 clues converge on the same conclusion：embrace 表示 accept, adopt, or support 的意思，在这个 context 中指 scientists 积极 accepting 和 supporting 这个 broad approach。

    结果回溯法
  • peak 达到顶峰

    整合所有 evidence：from the temporal sequence，peak 发生在 shrinking 之前，establishing 一个 high-to-low pattern；from the contrast with China's surpassing performance，peak 代表一个 maximum level that has not been reached again。这两个 clues 共同指向 peak 表示 reach the highest point 或 reach maximum level 的意思。

    时序映射法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 举例论证

    P4

    文章在 第4段 中提到 agricultural scientists 在三月份的 Global Conference on Agricultural Research 上聚集,这个 specific example 直接 support 了科学家们正在 embrace 更广阔视野的论点。这个 concrete instance 让抽象的 commitment 变得 tangible,增强了 credibility,同时也暗示这种 collaborative effort 是解决 feeding challenge 的 practical pathway。

    信号词 for example for instance such as take ... as an example to illustrate a case in point specifically in particular

    仿写： 当你需要 strengthen 一个 general statement 时,问自己:有没有 real-world example 可以 demonstrate 这一点?比如你说「technology improves education」,可以接着写「For instance, during the pandemic, online platforms like Zoom enabled millions of students to continue learning」。模版:「[General claim]. For example/For instance, [specific case with details]. This demonstrates/illustrates [connection back to claim]」。

  • 因果论证

    P2 P3

    第2段 中「Such a revolution will require a wholesale shift of priorities in agricultural research」建立了 clear causal chain:要实现 second green revolution,就必须 shift priorities in research。接着展开 specific requirements:new crop varieties with higher yields,resistance to environmental stress,以及 lower-tech research。这个 cause-effect logic 直接服务于 main argument,说明 sustainable agriculture 不是 spontaneous 的,而是需要 systematic changes 才能 achieve。第3段 中「But that requires money」也体现了因果关系,说明 developing nations 要获得 productivity gains 的 necessary condition。

    信号词 will require requires leads to results in causes because therefore consequently thus as a result due to since so that

    仿写： 构建 causal argument 时,先 identify your desired outcome,然后 work backward 找出 necessary conditions。比如「To reduce carbon emissions (result), governments must invest in renewable energy (cause)」。确保 causality 是 logical and defensible。模版:「To achieve [outcome], [action] is required/necessary. This will result in/lead to [consequence]. Without [cause], [negative result] will occur」。

  • 对比论证

    P5

    第5段 中作者 contrast 了 two patterns:「The growth in public agricultural-research spending peaked in the 1970s and has been shrinking ever since」versus「The big exception is China, where spending has far surpassed other countries over the past decade」。这个 stark comparison 突出了 developed countries 的 inadequacy 和 China 的 leadership role。通过这个 juxtaposition,作者 strengthen 了最后的 call to action,即 developed countries 也应该 increase funding,因为 contrast 暴露了他们的 responsibility gap。

    信号词 but however whereas while in contrast on the other hand conversely unlike nevertheless yet the exception is

    仿写： 使用 contrast 时,选择两个在 key dimension 上有 significant difference 的对象。Structure 可以是 point-by-point 或 block format。比如「While traditional education relies on memorization, modern pedagogy emphasizes critical thinking」。确保 contrast 是 relevant to your argument,不是为了 contrast 而 contrast。模版:「While/Whereas [Entity A] [characteristic], [Entity B] [opposite characteristic]. This difference shows/highlights [implication for your argument]」。

  • 排比修辞

    P2 P3

    第3段 中「Everything from production to storage and processing must improve」使用了 parallel structure 将 three stages of agricultural process 并列。这个 rhetorical pattern 通过 rhythmic repetition 强调了 comprehensive reform 的 necessity。类似地,第2段 中描述 new crops 的句子「They must offer higher yields but use less water, nitrogen-rich fertilizers or other inputs. These new crops must also be more resistant to drought, heat and pests」也形成 parallelism,通过重复「must」structure 列举不同 requirements。这种 accumulation 创造了 sense of urgency and completeness,reinforcing 改革必须是 holistic 的 message。

    信号词 from ... to not only ... but also both ... and whether ... or either ... or neither ... nor

    仿写： Creating parallelism 需要 maintain consistent grammatical structure across items。比如「We need teachers who inspire, leaders who guide, and policies that support」(三个 relative clauses)。确保 parallel elements 是 logically related and roughly equal in importance。Vary the number:三项最 common,但两项或更多也可以。模版:「[Item 1] [verb/structure], [Item 2] [same verb/structure], and [Item 3] [same verb/structure]」。Use parallel structure 来 enumerate causes, effects, solutions, or characteristics。

  • 引用论证

    P4 P5

    虽然文章没有 direct quotations,但 第4段 和 第5段 中 refer to「agricultural scientists」和他们的 collective actions and views。「the world's agricultural scientists are embracing such a broad view」和「Calls by scientists for large increases」这些 references to expert community 的 positions 实际上是 indirect citation,借用 authority 来 support 作者的 argument。这种 appeal to expert consensus 增强了 proposals 的 legitimacy,暗示这些不是 individual opinions 而是 professional community 的 shared judgment。

    信号词 according to as [expert] states research shows studies indicate experts argue [authority] claims evidence suggests scholars believe scientists

    仿写： Using authority effectively 需要选择 relevant and credible sources。可以 directly quote(「As Einstein said, '...'」)或 paraphrase(「Research by Harvard scientists suggests that...」)。关键是 integrate citations smoothly,不要让它们 disrupt flow。Explain why 这个 source 值得 trust。模版:「According to [credible source/expert], [claim]. This supports the view that [your argument]. [Optional: brief explanation of source's expertise]」。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

9 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 科研投入不足制约粮食生产

    P1
    food production has been constrained by a lack of scientific research

    委婉表达 constrained limited challenged hampered impeded restricted hindered

    作者表面上用 constrained 这个 neutral term 来描述 food production 的现状,但通过 'by a lack of scientific research' 这个 causal phrase,实际上在 criticizing 科研投入 insufficient 的问题。这个 implication 为第二段提出 'second green revolution' 和强调 agricultural research priorities 做了 logical groundwork。它告诉读者:current crisis 不是 inevitable,而是 man-made problem caused by neglect,因此 is solvable through proper investment。这种 implied causality 增强了文章的 argumentative力度,让后续的 call for action 显得 more justified and urgent。

  • 任务看似简单实则艰巨

    P1
    the task of feeding the world's population in 2050 seems easily possible

    模糊限制语 seems appears arguably supposedly presumably ostensibly on the surface

    作者用 'seems easily possible' 来 conclude 第一段,表面上传递 optimism,但 'seems' 这个 hedge word 实际上在 signaling skepticism。紧接着第二段用 'What is needed' 开启 extensive discussion of requirements,证明这个 task 远非 'easily possible'。这个 implication 的作用是 establishing rhetorical tension:理论上 feasible 和实际上 demanding 的 gap。它让读者意识到,feeding 9.1 billion people 需要 fundamental transformation,而不是 incremental adjustments,从而 justifying 作者后续对 wholesale shift 和 substantial investment 的 emphasis。

  • 变革必须全面彻底

    P2
    require a wholesale shift of priorities in agricultural research

    强调类 wholesale radical fundamental dramatic substantial sweeping comprehensive

    用 'wholesale shift' 而不是 'some changes',作者在 implying current research priorities 存在 fundamental misalignment。这个 implication 告诉读者:不是 research不够多,而是 research direction 错了,需要 complete reorientation。它为第二段后半部分列举的 specific requirements (higher yields, less water, drought resistance) 以及第三段的 focus on poorest countries 提供了 logical justification。这种 emphatic language 也在 preparing readers for 第四和第五段关于 policy support 和 funding 的 strong appeals,因为 wholesale transformation obviously requires substantial resources。

  • 技术之外更需基础研究

    P2
    Equally crucial is lower-tech research into basics such as crop rotation

    对比类 Equally crucial equally crucial just as important no less critical similarly essential equally vital likewise important

    用 'Equally crucial' 来 introduce 'lower-tech research',作者在 implying 两件事:第一,current research agenda 过度 focus on high-tech innovations 比如 new crop varieties;第二,simple traditional practices like crop rotation 被 systematically undervalued。这个 implication 对文章主旨至关重要,因为它在 arguing for 'sustainable growth' 而非 purely technological fixes。它也 connects to 第三段关于 'small farms' 和 'poorest countries' 的讨论,因为 lower-tech solutions 更 accessible to resource-limited farmers。这种 inclusive approach 让作者的 second green revolution concept 区别于 first one,which was criticized for being too technology-dependent。

  • 发展中国家潜力被低估

    P3
    Developing nations could score substantial gains in productivity by making better use of modern technologies

    情态词 could score substantial gains could might would can may has potential to

    用 'could score substantial gains' 这个 potential construction,作者在 implying developing nations 目前 underperforming 不是因为 lack of capacity,而是因为 lack of access to 'modern technologies and practices'。这个 distinction 至关重要,因为它 shifts responsibility to international community 和 policy-makers。紧接着 'But that requires money' 这个 转折,explicitly 点出 barrier,让前面的 implication 更清晰。这种 argumentative structure 为第三段后半部分关于 investment doubling 和 infrastructure improvement 的 specific proposals 建立了 moral and practical foundation,同时为第五段 developed countries' humanitarian responsibility 做了 logical preparation。

  • 投资规模严重不足

    P3
    investment must double to 83 billion US dollars a year

    强调类 must double needs to triple requires dramatic increase must increase substantially needs to expand significantly has to grow exponentially

    说 investment 'must double' 到 83 billion,作者在 implicitly stating 当前每年大约 40 billion 的投入是 woefully inadequate。这个 implication 为第四段对 policy-makers 的 criticism 和第五段关于 public spending shrinking 的讨论提供了 quantitative foundation。它让读者理解 problem 不仅是 research direction,更是 resource scarcity。而且用 'must' 这个 strong modal verb,表达 non-negotiable urgency,为第五段 'Calls by scientists for large increases...are more than justified' 这个 conclusion 做了 logical buildup。这种 data-driven argumentation 增强了文章的 credibility and persuasive power。

  • 资源分配错位严重

    P3
    However, research agendas need to be focused on the needs of the poorest and most resource-limited countries

    转折类 However however but yet nevertheless nonetheless on the contrary

    用 'However' 来 introduce research focus 的问题,作者在 implying 当前即使有投资,其 allocation 也是 misguided。它暗示 investment 倾向于 richer countries 或 commercially profitable research,而非 'poorest and most resource-limited' 地区的 actual needs。这个 critique 呼应了第二段的 'lower-tech research' 以及后面提到的 'small farms',形成 coherent argument about inclusive development。这个 implication 也为第五段关于 China 成为 'key supplier to poorer countries' 以及 developed countries' humanitarian responsibility 做了 thematic preparation,因为它 establishes 当前 system 的 inequality。

  • 科学家努力值得肯定但不够

    P4
    To their credit, the world's agricultural scientists are embracing such a broad view...But these plans will not bear fruit unless

    让步类 To their credit...But to their credit...but admittedly...however while...nevertheless granted...yet it is true that...but to be fair...still

    用 'To their credit...But' 这个 structure,作者在 strategically praising scientists 的同时 shifting responsibility to policy-makers。Implication 是:problem 不在 scientific community (他们已经 embracing broad view),而在 political will 和 funding。这个 rhetorical move 为第五段 climactic criticism 做铺垫:agricultural research spending 'has been shrinking',而 scientists' calls for increases 'are more than justified'。这种 carefully constructed blame allocation 让文章避免 alienating scientists (potential allies),同时 clearly identifying policy-makers as bottleneck。它也 reinforces 文章从第一段就 established 的 theme:technical solutions exist,obstacle is lack of support。

  • 西方发达国家失职

    P5
    The big exception is China, where spending has far surpassed other countries over the past decade

    对比类 The big exception is China the big exception the only one stands alone in contrast unlike others uniquely

    说 China 是 'the big exception' 并且 spending 'far surpassed other countries',作者在 heavily implying Western developed countries (traditional research leaders) have been neglecting agricultural research。这个 contrast 与前一句 'spending peaked in 1970s and has been shrinking' 形成 damning indictment。Implication 的 rhetorical force 来自 role reversal:发展中的 China 在 leading,而 developed West 在 retreating。这为下一句 'developed countries have a humanitarian responsibility too' 提供了 moral pressure。整个 argument culminates in 最后一句 'more than justified',这个 emphatic conclusion 的 weight 来自 accumulated implications about Western failure and China's example。这种 comparative shaming 是在 calling for policy change through international accountability。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：积极支持

结论先行：本文作者态度为积极支持（ Urgently optimistic with strong advocacy）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首尾段落定调 P1 P5

    在 第1段 的结尾，作者用 'seems easily possible' 这个 positive phrase 表明了 optimistic tone，而 第5段 用 'more than justified' 强化了 advocacy position，这两处形成 attitude framework。

  2. 解决方案可行性评价 P2 P3

    第2段 和 第3段 详细描述了 what is needed 和 what must be done，使用 prescriptive language（must offer, need to go）而非 tentative expressions（might, could possibly），显示作者 believe 这些 solutions are achievable and necessary。

  3. 转折后的重点内容 P3 P4

    第3段 用 'But that requires money' 和 第4段 用 'But these plans will not bear fruit unless' 来 introduce challenges，然而这些 challenges 后面紧跟的是 actionable demands（investment must double, need more support），说明作者不是 expressing pessimism，而是 urging action。

  4. 积极评价词的分布 P2 P3 P5

    全文使用了 'urgent', 'crucial', 'substantial', 'humanitarian' 等 high-stakes vocabulary，且这些 words 都 modify positive actions（needs, gains, responsibility），没有 negative collocations（如 impossible challenges, futile efforts），形成 consistent positive-action pairing。

  5. 多层信号一致性验证 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    综合来看，文章的 rhetorical structure 是 problem acknowledgment（population growth, funding decline）serving as backdrop for solution advocacy，而非 problem emphasis for defeatist conclusion。每个 paragraph 都在 build 一个 actionable component（technology, investment, policy），最终 converge 到 第5段 的 explicit demand。

文中的态度信号词

  • seems easily possible P1

    这个 phrase 在 introduction 的结尾 deliver 了作者的 core belief——feeding 9.1 billion people 不是 impossible dream，而是 realistic goal。'easily' 这个 adverb 尤其重要，它 downplay difficulty，显示 confidence。

    同类词 appears achievable looks feasible proves manageable remains within reach is entirely doable

  • urgent need P2

    'Urgent' 和 'need' 的 collocation 创造 time pressure，但这种 urgency 是 motivating force 而非 panic signal，因为它 frame 的是 'new crop varieties' 等 specific solutions，暗示 action 是 timely and necessary。

    同类词 pressing necessity critical requirement imperative demand vital importance immediate priority

  • must offer P2

    Strong obligation modal 'must' 显示作者认为这些 requirements 是 non-negotiable，且用 'offer' 这个 positive verb 表明 solutions 是 about providing benefits，不是 avoiding disasters，tone 是 constructive。

    同类词 need to provide have to deliver should ensure ought to guarantee are required to

  • substantial gains P3

    'Substantial' 是 high-impact adjective，表示 gains 不是 marginal 而是 transformative。这种 positive outcome prediction 配合 'could score'（可能性 modal）显示作者 believe success 是 within reach。

    同类词 significant improvements considerable progress remarkable advances notable achievements meaningful benefits

  • To their credit P4

    这个 positive evaluative phrase 明确 praise agricultural scientists 的 efforts，显示作者 align 自己与这些 agents of change，不是 distant critic 而是 supportive ally。

    同类词 Commendably Admirably Encouragingly Positively Fortunately

  • will not bear fruit unless P4

    Conditional structure 'will not...unless' 不是 expressing impossibility，而是 identifying 成功的 precondition（policy support）。这个 unless-clause 是 implicit call to action，显示作者 believe 条件 can be met。

    同类词 will not succeed unless cannot work without require support to depend on whether need backing to

  • more than justified P5

    Intensifier 'more than' 加强 'justified'，这是 maximal endorsement 的表达。作者不只说 calls for funding 是 justified，而是 超越 justification 的 level，显示 strong advocacy。

    同类词 fully warranted entirely reasonable completely legitimate absolutely necessary beyond question

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇议论文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他英语六级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇议论文？

  1. 找到作者的明确立场或论断 P1

    议论文的 defining feature 是提出 arguable claim，而说明文只是 explain how things work，新闻报道则是 report what happened。这里的 'seems easily possible' 是作者的 judgment and stance，需要通过 reasoning 来支持，这正是 argumentative writing 的本质。

  2. 识别论证推进的逻辑链条 P2 P3

    议论文会展现 clear argumentative progression，通过 reasons, evidence, and solutions 来 convince readers。说明文是 linear explanation of processes，新闻是 inverted pyramid structure presenting facts。这里的 'second green revolution' 和 'investment must double' 都是 advocating for specific actions，体现了 persuasive intent。

  3. 找到呼吁行动的倡议性语言 P4 P5

    议论文的 ultimate goal 是 persuade or convince，所以经常包含 recommendations and calls for change。说明文结尾会 summarize the explanation，新闻会 wrap up with additional details。这里用 'more than justified' 和 'humanitarian responsibility' 来 make moral arguments，明显是在 advocate for a position。

  4. 立场-论证-倡议的三位一体 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

    这个 three-pronged method 抓住了议论文的 essential characteristics：有 debatable stance、有 logical argumentation、有 persuasive purpose。说明文只满足 explanation function，新闻只满足 information delivery，而议论文三者兼具且以 persuasion 为核心。通过这三步可以 quickly differentiate genres。

哪些词暴露了议论文体裁？

  • My topic today is P1 观点引导词 My topic is I argue that I believe In my view From my perspective
  • What is needed is P2 立场表态词 What is needed What is required What is essential What we need What is necessary
  • must offer P2 论证逻辑连接词 must provide must include need to ensure have to guarantee should deliver
  • Equally crucial P2 论证逻辑连接词 Equally important Just as vital Similarly essential No less critical Of equal significance
  • But that requires P3 论证逻辑连接词 However, this demands Yet this needs But this necessitates Though this calls for However, this depends on
  • However, research agendas need to be focused on P3 立场表态词 need to be focused on should be directed toward must prioritize ought to concentrate on should target
  • To their credit P4 立场表态词 Admittedly It must be acknowledged To be fair In fairness Granted
  • But these plans will not bear fruit unless P4 论证逻辑连接词 will not succeed unless cannot work without will fail if not depends entirely on is contingent upon
  • But developed countries have a humanitarian responsibility too P5 立场表态词 have a responsibility to are obligated to have a duty to must take responsibility for should bear the burden of
  • are more than justified P5 立场表态词 are fully warranted are entirely reasonable are absolutely necessary are completely valid are thoroughly defensible
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

6 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3) 的常见问题

2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的主旨是什么？
2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3) 文章论证为满足2050年世界人口增长的粮食需求,需要通过可持续农业发展实现第二次绿色革命,增加对资源匮乏国家的研发投资,并加大政策支持力度,发达国家应与中国这一新兴领导者共同承担人道主义责任。（英文表述：The article argues that feeding the world's growing population by 2050 requires a second green revolution through sustainable agricultural development, increased investment in research focused on resource-limited countries, and greater policy support, with developed nations sharing humanitarian responsibility alongside China's emerging leadership.）
2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3) 文章是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为议论文，作者立场是积极支持（Urgently optimistic with strong advocacy）。CEFR 难度 C1，全文 403 词、5 段；在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中，C1 级共 343 篇（占 58%）。
2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 5 段按议论文骨架分为 5 个意群：引言 · 第1段——全球人口增长与粮食挑战；分论点 · 第2段——第二次绿色革命的技术需求；分论点 · 第3段——投资与基础设施的经济需求；分论点 · 第4段——科学界的响应与政策支持缺口；结论 · 第5段——发达国家的人道责任与资金呼吁。
2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3) 文章的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是积极支持（Urgently optimistic with strong advocacy）。判断路径：首尾段落定调 → 解决方案可行性评价 → 转折后的重点内容 → 积极评价词的分布 → 多层信号一致性验证；文中的态度信号词包括 seems easily possible（第1段）、urgent need（第2段）、must offer（第2段）、substantial gains（第3段）、To their credit（第4段）、will not bear fruit unless（第4段）、more than justified（第5段）。
2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section C (3) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 5 个：constrain（限制、约束）、yield（产量）、infrastructure（基础设施）、embrace（接受、采纳）、peak（达到顶峰），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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