2025年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part III Section C Lost friends: complacency is dangerous
CET-6 · 来自 2025年12月英语六级真题第1套 · Part III Section C · 阅读理解(四选一)

Lost friends: complacency is dangerous

《失去的朋友:自满是危险的》 —— 2025年12月英语六级真题第1套文章逐层精读

本文选自2022年3月31日刊登在 trinitonian.com(美国三一大学学生报 The Trinitonian)上的一篇由 Mai Vo 撰写、标题为“Lost friends: complacency is dangerous”(《失去的朋友:自满是危险的》)的文章。

本页是 2025年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part III Section C 文章的精读视角页——这篇议论文全文 448 词、9 段,CEFR 难度 C1(C1 级在英语六级文章中占 58%),作者立场为「消极批判」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

9 段英文原文

以下为2025年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part III Section C 的阅读理解(四选一)原文,共 9 段。左侧 P1–P9 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

Lost friends: complacency is dangerous

Many see friendships as a comfort blanket: a shoulder to cry on, a reliable soul to confide in. However, more often than not, in our eagerness to seek individual success, we lose friends along the way and that has become part of the process.

The chaos and never-ending turmoil that accompanies everyday life is an aggressive obstacle in the pursuit of stable friendships. As students, we use this excuse to shrug off losing people who we once thought to be loved ones.

Instead of viewing our lives as a race, where everyone is on their own path to some form of success, we must relearn to value the connections we make along the track. We must reevaluate the harm of radical, individual freedom.

Radical individualism elevates the freedom of the individual over the collective. It argues, for instance, that universal healthcare, an example of collectivism, threatened the dream of many Americans.

Many of us have fallen victim to an individualistic culture. Society tends to celebrate personal achievement and commend it based on the assumption that winning or succeeding is a consequence of working harder than the next person.

As a society, we idolize the concept of "losing friends on the road to success". I remember hearing in high school, "Don't worry about losing friendships, just focus on study and getting into college. That's all that will matter in the long run," a sentiment that is not unique to my experience. It's preached in many success stories, and it's embedded in the way we see growth. Motivational speakers will push their audience to be complacent to the inevitable end of losing friends. Spend too much time with friends? You're losing time better utilized on your achievements. Invest time in your relationships? Invest time in your work instead.

This constant need to succeed has blinded us from seeing through the whirlwind of change that accompanies our everyday lives. We are expected to tangibly succeed, earn awards, get higher positions, earn better grades. In order to succeed, we lose friends, and that has sadly become normalized.

We cannot be complacent with losing friendships because they are our anchors. Yes, pursue success. Challenge yourself. Push limits. But contrary to all the self-proclaimed success experts, doing it alone does not make you more successful or any better than someone who achieved it with the help of others.

Put effort into fostering healthy relationships, and maintaining them through your busy schedule that seems like it leaves no time for anyone else. Although we may be living in a society that treasures the independent pursuit of achievement, having people to support and love you on the way is far more important than any end result.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

9 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2025年12月英语六级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    Success at the Cost of Friendship

    The pursuit of individual success often leads people to lose valuable friendships.

    本段作为 introduction,先建立“友谊珍贵”与“成功导致失友”之间的 tension,为全文反对这种 normalized sacrifice 奠定论题。

    抓住转折后的问题
  2. P2

    Busyness as an Excuse

    People often use the chaos of daily life to justify losing close friends.

    本段承接首段,进一步解释友谊为何被放弃,同时揭示这种放弃并非完全无奈,而带有 self-justification 的文化心理。

    识别忙碌借口
  3. P3

    Rethinking Individualism

    People should reject race-like individualism and value human connections.

    本段是全文的 central claim,直接提出应珍视 connections,并首次点出 radical individual freedom 是需要反思的思想根源。

    反对竞赛人生观
  4. P4

    Defining Radical Individualism

    Radical individualism places personal freedom above collective responsibility.

    本段为后文批评个人成就崇拜提供理论框架,使“失去朋友”不再只是个人选择,而被放入 individualism 与 collectivism 的价值冲突中。

    定义个人主义
  5. P5

    The Culture of Individual Achievement

    Individualistic culture glorifies personal achievement and treats success as purely individual effort.

    本段把前文定义的 radical individualism 落实为普遍社会文化,说明人们轻视友谊的深层原因是对个人 achievement 的集体推崇。

    批评成就崇拜
  6. P6

    The Normalization of Lost Friendships

    Cultural messages normalize sacrificing friendships for academic and professional success.

    本段是全文最主要的 evidence 段,通过个人记忆和社会实例证明:牺牲关系并非自然规律,而是被 success narrative 主动塑造的观念。

    追踪重复话语
  7. P7

    Success Obsession and Social Loss

    The obsession with measurable success has made losing friends seem normal.

    本段总结前文的社会批评,进一步指出问题的严重后果:人们不仅失去朋友,还因成就标准的压力而对这种失去变得麻木。

    归纳成就清单
  8. P8

    Success with Support

    Friendships are vital supports, and success does not require solitary achievement.

    本段进入 solution 阶段,纠正“独自成功更高贵”的错误假设,并从价值层面强调 friendships 对人生的不可替代性。

    把握让步转折
  9. P9

    Prioritizing Relationships

    People should maintain supportive relationships because they matter more than achievement alone.

    本段完成全文 conclusion,将前面的批评转化为可执行的建议,并重申文章主旨:面对个人主义社会,关系的支持与爱比最终结果更值得守护。

    锁定结尾倡议
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

9 道逐段细节自检题

针对2025年12月英语六级真题第1套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 individual success eagerly pursue

    What does the author suggest often happens when people eagerly pursue individual success?

    • A They become more willing to confide in others.
    • B They find that friendship guarantees success.
    • C They may lose friends in the process.
    • D They stop valuing any form of personal achievement.
    • E They are freed from everyday turmoil.
    • F They gain a more reliable social circle.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    正确项完整保留了原文的因果骨架:eagerness to seek individual success 导致 lose friends along the way。may 是对 more often than not 所表达高频趋势的谨慎弱化,虽然没有完整保留频率强度,但与原文并不矛盾。干扰设置在于 process 取代了 along the way,考生必须识别这是合理的 paraphrase,而不能机械寻找原词。

    转折后果句 时间紧张时,直接抓题干中的 individual success 与 eagerly pursue,在 第1段 寻找包含转折词 However 的句子。不要从头逐词翻译;只画出转折词后“原因—结果”骨架,再选择唯一能够复现该结果、且语气不过度绝对化的正确项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 once considered loved ones respond

    How do students commonly respond to the loss of people they once considered loved ones?

    • A They actively rebuild every damaged relationship.
    • B They regard turmoil as proof of social maturity.
    • C They blame their loved ones for pursuing stability.
    • D They dismiss the loss by blaming the pressures of daily life.
    • E They conclude that success is impossible in daily life.
    • F They seek comfort from a wider circle of friends.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    dismiss the loss 对应 shrug off losing people,blaming the pressures of daily life 对应把 chaos and never-ending turmoil 当作 excuse。该项同时呈现“借口”和“轻视损失”两层意思,符合作者的批评立场。障碍在于正确项没有照搬 shrug off,而是用 dismiss 与 blaming 重组信息。

    关系变化锚点 直接用题干中 once considered loved ones 定位 第2段,不必阅读段首全部抽象描述。锁定后只读 As students 开始的句子,并将 shrug off 迅速转换为“淡化损失”的行为标签;与此标签语义一致的正确项即为答案。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 change in perspective advocate

    What change in perspective does the author advocate?

    • A People should compete more intensely to discover their own paths.
    • B People should reject all forms of individual freedom.
    • C People should measure friendships by their contribution to success.
    • D People should rely on collective healthcare for personal growth.
    • E People should value relationships rather than treat life as a solitary race for success.
    • F People should avoid setting any goals for themselves.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    该项准确改写了 Instead of viewing our lives as a race 与 value the connections we make。solitary 概括 everyone is on their own path,rather than 保留原文的替代关系。障碍在于选项把 race 隐喻解释为 solitary competition,考生须理解隐喻而非寻找逐字对应。

    替代结构骨架 在 第3段 只扫描两个结构信号:Instead of 和 must。将它们中间及其后的内容压缩成“旧镜头换新镜头”,然后选取唯一同时含有竞争人生观与关系价值观、并保持替代关系的正确项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 radical individualism take priority over

    According to radical individualism, what should take priority over collective interests?

    • A The welfare of the collective.
    • B Universal access to healthcare.
    • C Equal recognition of every social group.
    • D The dream shared by all Americans.
    • E Stable friendships among citizens.
    • F The freedom of the individual.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    定义句明确以 elevates the freedom of the individual over the collective 表示价值排序,正确项提取了处于优先位置的一端。干扰在于题干用了 collective interests 而原文用 collective,考生需接受合理概括,同时不能误选与之相对的对象。

    定义箭头抽取 题干给出 radical individualism 后,立即进入 第4段 的首句,忽略第二句的例证细节。把 elevates A over B 在草稿上改为“A 优先”,正确项就是 A;这种定义式抽取比逐句翻译更快。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 assumption praise of personal achievement

    What assumption underlies society's praise of personal achievement?

    • A Success results from working harder than other people.
    • B Success is mainly determined by collective support.
    • C Personal achievement is less valuable than friendship.
    • D Every individual has an equal chance to win.
    • E Awards are the only valid measure of achievement.
    • F People succeed when they avoid all distractions.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:A

    该项忠实压缩了 winning or succeeding is a consequence of working harder than the next person。results from 对应 consequence of,other people 概括 the next person。障碍在于原文把它标为 assumption,而选项将其写成完整判断;考生必须识别这是社会默认前提,并非作者确认的真理。

    标签后从句 看到 assumption,直接在 第5段 进行“标签后读法”:跳过前面的铺垫,只精读 based on the assumption that 后面的从句。将其压缩成“成功=相对更努力的结果”,再匹配表达同一因果关系的正确项。

  6. 第 6 段 定位词 popular accounts of success repeatedly conveyed

    What message is repeatedly conveyed in popular accounts of success?

    • A Friendships are the most reliable route to college admission.
    • B Losing friends is an acceptable price to pay for achievement.
    • C People should spend equal amounts of time on work and friends.
    • D Only motivational speakers understand real growth.
    • E Academic success matters only during high school.
    • F Success depends on refusing all advice from others.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:B

    该项概括了 don't worry about losing friendships、be complacent to the inevitable end of losing friends,以及让关系时间让位于 work 的连续劝导。acceptable price to pay 没有逐字出现,却准确重现“把友谊损失正常化”的核心。障碍在于段落含有作者的批评口吻,考生须分清被传播的信息与作者的真实态度。

    多例归一 在 第6段 用“多例归一”法:只读引语末句、success stories 句和两个反问式训诫,分别写出它们对 friendship 的态度。三个信息若指向同一价值判断,就用该共同判断筛选正确项,而不逐字翻译整段。

  7. 第 7 段 定位词 tangible success socially normal

    What has the pressure for tangible success made socially normal?

    • A Earning awards and higher positions.
    • B Ignoring all forms of personal improvement.
    • C Sacrificing friendships in order to succeed.
    • D Questioning the value of higher grades.
    • E Seeking help from others to achieve more.
    • F Experiencing change in everyday life.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    原文末句直接说明 In order to succeed, we lose friends,且这一现象 has sadly become normalized。正确项以 sacrificing friendships 概括 lose friends,保留目的关系 in order to succeed。障碍在于答案并非 awards 或 grades 等显性名词,而是这些压力所导致的人际代价。

    末句回钩法 以 socially normal 为终点,在 第7段 直接扫 normalized 所在句,再向左回读一个因果短语。将“为了成功”与“失去朋友”连成目的—代价对,能迅速选出同时保留两端的正确项。

  8. 第 8 段 定位词 with the help of others maintain

    What does the author maintain about achieving success with the help of others?

    • A It proves that a person lacks ambition.
    • B It is less meaningful than succeeding alone.
    • C It removes the need to challenge oneself.
    • D It does not make a person less successful or less worthy.
    • E It guarantees lasting friendships.
    • F It makes personal success unnecessary.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    正确项同义改写 does not make you more successful or any better than someone who achieved it with the help of others。题干从“有帮助者”角度提问,因此选项须表达其并不低人一等。障碍在于原文采用“独自者并不更好”的比较表达,正确项转换为“获助者并不更差”,属于比较方向转换。

    比较镜像转换 在 第8段 用比较式镜像转换:抓住 alone、more successful、better、help of others 四个词,不必逐句翻译。将“alone 不更优”镜像改写成“with help 不更差”,能直接识别正确项,并排除把转折前后立场混淆的选项。

  9. 第 9 段 定位词 final outcome more important

    What does the author regard as more important than the final outcome?

    • A The independent pursuit of achievement.
    • B Keeping an entirely free schedule.
    • C Achieving results without anyone else's involvement.
    • D Avoiding all changes in one's everyday life.
    • E Having supportive and loving people throughout one's journey.
    • F Receiving public recognition for hard work.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    正确项准确概括 having people to support and love you on the way,并保留 throughout one's journey 对 on the way 的过程性改写。它不是笼统的 friendship,而是带有 support 和 love 的持续关系。障碍在于作者先承认社会 treasure independent pursuit of achievement,考生容易误把让步从句中的社会价值当作作者结论。

    让步主句截取 时间最紧张时,用 final outcome 在 第9段 锁定 end result,直接从 than 向左读取 far more important 的主语部分。先切掉 Although 从句这个“社会现实背景”,再将主句中的关系价值对应到正确项。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的议论文骨架

按议论文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引言 P1 P2

    友谊在成功追求中被牺牲的现象

    这个 introduction 提出了一个 prevalent phenomenon:人们在 pursuing individual success 的过程中 lose friends,而这已经 become part of the process,为全文的 central argument 搭建了 contextual foundation

    引言通过 presenting the problem 即 losing friendships 在 pursuit of success 中的 normalization,为后文 challenging this cultural narrative 和 advocating for maintaining relationships 奠定了 argumentative basis

    提出被批判的现象
  2. 分论点 P3

    呼吁重新评估极端个人主义的危害

    这个 sub-argument 通过 must relearn 和 must reevaluate 的 imperative tone,explicitly propose 作者的 counter-position:我们应该 value connections 而非将 life 视为 individual race,直接 point out 需要 reevaluate radical individual freedom 的 harm

    这个 paragraph 作为 first sub-argument 直接 articulate 了作者的 thesis:challenging radical individualism。它通过 contrasting 两种 perspectives(race vs. connections)establish 了整篇文章的 argumentative direction,是从 problem 到 solution 的 pivotal transition

    提出核心主张
  3. 剖析极端个人主义文化的表现

    这组 sub-arguments 通过 defining radical individualism、providing concrete examples、analyzing societal values 和 presenting real-life anecdotes,系统地 dissect 个人主义 culture 如何 manifest 在 celebrating personal achievement、normalizing losing friendships 以及 prioritizing work over relationships 等方面

    这些 paragraphs 通过 in-depth analysis 和 concrete evidence 来 substantiate 作者在 第3段 提出的 claim。它们 explain why 我们需要 challenge individualism:因为 society idolizes、preaches、normalizes 这种 sacrifice friendships 的 culture,从而为后文的 call to action 提供了 solid logical foundation

    揭示问题根源
  4. 结论 P8 P9

    倡导在追求成功时维护友谊关系

    这个 conclusion 通过 cannot be complacent、put effort、far more important 等 strong language,deliver 作者的 final call to action:在 pursue success 的同时 prioritize 和 maintain healthy relationships,explicitly challenge 那些 self-proclaimed success experts 的 advice,强调 support and love 比 end result 更 important

    结论段 synthesize 全文的 argument,从 should not be complacent 的 negative assertion 到 put effort 的 positive prescription,完成了从 challenging the narrative 到 advocating for new values 的 complete argumentative arc,为读者 leave 一个 clear actionable message 和 value judgment

    提出解决方案
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

6 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 6 步按2025年12月英语六级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 首段转折定调 P1

    议论文的 opening 往往会 establish the context,这篇文章在 第1段 提到 friendships 是 comfort blanket,但立刻用 however 引出 losing friends 的现象,这个 contrast 暗示作者要 challenge 某种 assumption,帮助我们预判文章会对这种现象进行 critical analysis

  2. 情态动词聚焦 P3

    第3段 出现连续的 must relearn 和 must reevaluate,这种 strong imperative tone 是作者 central claim 的典型标志,表明作者不仅在 describe problem 更在 advocate solution,这直接指向文章主旨的 prescriptive dimension

  3. 批判性词汇聚类 P3 P5 P7

    第3段 的 harm of radical individual freedom、第5段 的 fallen victim、第7段 的 blinded us 都带有强烈的 negative connotation,表明作者在 critique 而非 neutral description,这些 evaluative terms 直接支撑了文章对 individualism 的 critical position

  4. 反驳点定位 P4 P5 P6 P8

    第4段 到 第6段 详细描述了 radical individualism 和社会对 losing friends 的 normalization,第8段 用 But contrary to 明确 refute 这些观点,这个 contrastive structure 清晰显示作者的 thesis 是 oppose 前面描述的 individualistic narrative

  5. 结尾强化确认 P8 P9

    第8段 和 第9段 明确表达 cannot be complacent、having people to support you is far more important,这些 conclusive statements 直接点明作者的 ultimate position,即 prioritize relationships over solitary success,与文章主旨完美契合

  6. 这篇文章的主旨判断是一个 multi-layered process:首段 introduce losing friends 的现象 → 中段用 must 提出 revalue connections → 大量 negative terms 批判 individualism → 明确 refute 孤独成功的 narrative → 结尾 emphasize relationships 的 priority。五个步骤形成 convergent evidence,共同指向同一个 thesis

主旨信号词 However P1 must P3 radical individualism P4 normalized P7 contrary to P8 cannot be complacent P8 far more important than P9

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

文章反对极端个人主义以及在追求成功过程中失去友谊的常态化现象。它主张在追求个人成就的同时优先考虑并维护有意义的人际关系,挑战了为了成功必须牺牲人际联系的文化叙事。
The article argues against radical individualism and the normalized acceptance of losing friendships in pursuit of success. It advocates for prioritizing and maintaining meaningful relationships alongside personal achievement, challenging the cultural narrative that sacrificing connections is necessary for success.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

5 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • turmoil 动荡;骚动;混乱状态

    现在我们把这三条线索串联起来。首先,从 syntactic structure 看,turmoil 与 chaos 通过 and 并列,提示它们 semantically similar。其次,从 semantic field 分析,两者共同被定义为 aggressive obstacle,确认了 negative connotation。最后,从 contrast 角度,turmoil 是 stable friendships 的对立面,指向不稳定、动荡的含义。将这三个维度结合,我们可以推断 turmoil 表示一种持续的、混乱的、动荡不安的状态。

    抽象名词三步推断法
  • shrug 耸肩不理;对...不以为然;轻视

    让我们整合这三条线索。首先,从 semantic collocation 看,shrug off 后接 negative outcome,且与 excuse 搭配,提示这是一种 dismissive attitude。其次,从 morphological pattern 看,off 作为 particle 暗示 removal or disregard。最后,从 argumentative structure 看,作者对这种行为持 critical stance,确认了 shrug off 是一种 negative, irresponsible behavior。综合判断,shrug off 表示耸肩不理、对某事不以为然、轻视或推卸责任。

    短语动词四维分析法
  • complacent 自满的;满足于现状的;不加批判地接受的

    让我们综合三条线索。首先,从 syntactic context 看,complacent 是 motivational speakers push people to adopt 的一种 attitude toward inevitable outcomes。其次,从 contrastive structure 看,cannot be complacent 与 valuing friendships as anchors 对立,说明 complacent 是一种 neglectful attitude。最后,从 rhetorical repetition 和 etymological clues 看,complacent 带有 negative connotation,表示过于满足现状、自满、不加批判地接受。综合判断,complacent 表示自满的、满足于现状的、不思进取的状态。

    评价形容词对比重复法
  • idolize 崇拜;把...视为偶像;极度推崇

    现在我们整合三条线索。首先,从 semantic field 看,idolize 与 preach 和 embed 并列出现,表示某种 deep societal attitude。其次,从 morphological analysis 看,idol + -ize 结构清晰地指向 treat as idol 的含义。最后,从 argumentative progression 看,idolize 是 celebrate 的 intensified version,表示更强烈的 admiration。综合这三个维度,idolize 表示过度崇拜、视为偶像、极度推崇某事物。

    派生动词构词语境法
  • foster 促进;培养;培育

    让我们串联这三条线索。首先,从 parallel structure 看,fostering 与 maintaining 并列,表示 relationship development 的 earlier stage。其次,从 semantic collocation 看,put effort into fostering 暗示这是一个 active, intentional process of growth。最后,从 thematic contrast 看,fostering 是 losing 的 opposite,表示 nurturing and building。综合判断,foster 表示促进、培养、培育某事物的成长和发展。

    解决方案动词映射法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

9 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 比喻修辞

    P1

    作者在开篇用 comfort blanket 这个 metaphor 来描述 friendships,把友谊比作 a shoulder to cry on 和 a reliable soul,生动传达了友谊本应提供的 emotional support 和 security。但紧接着用 however 转折,指出人们在 pursuit of individual success 中 lose friends,这个 contrast 为全文批判 radical individualism 的 thesis 奠定了情感基础,让读者意识到我们正在失去这条 comfort blanket。

    信号词 like as metaphorically is a serves as resembles

    仿写: 当你想表达 abstract relationship 或 abstract value 时,试着找一个 tangible object 或 familiar experience 来比喻。问自己:这个概念给人什么 feeling?有什么 physical thing 能传达相同的 feeling?模版:「X is like Y, providing Z」,比如「Knowledge is like a torch, illuminating the path forward」。记住要选择 universally understood 的 image,避免 obscure references。

  • 比喻修辞

    P3

    这里的 race metaphor 把人生竞争 visualize 成 athletic competition,其中 track 既是 racing path 也暗含 life journey。作者用这个 familiar image 让读者重新审视:在这场 race 中,connections 是否真的 dispensable?通过这个 metaphor,抽象的 life philosophy 变成了可以 picture 的 scene,增强了 argument 的 emotional appeal 和 clarity。

    信号词 race path track journey road

    仿写: 选择一个 central image 后,想想它的 different aspects 可以怎样 map onto 你要讨论的 topic 的不同维度。比如 race 有 runners, track, finish line, pace 等元素,每个都能对应 life 的某个 aspect。模版:建立 base metaphor 后,用「along the X」「on this Y」「the Z of」等 phrases 来 extend it。关键是 consistency:一旦选定 metaphorical domain,就要 stick with it,不要突然 switch 到 unrelated imagery。

  • 举例论证

    P4

    第四段作者用 universal healthcare 作为 concrete example 来 illustrate radical individualism 的 manifestation。这个 specific instance 把抽象的 political philosophy 落地到 real-world policy debate,让读者 grasp radical individualism 不仅是 theoretical concept,而是 actively shapes social policies。通过这个 example,作者 demonstrates 这种 ideology 如何 prioritize individual freedom over collective welfare,为后文批判其在 personal relationships 中的 harm 提供了 broader context。

    信号词 for instance for example such as take consider like including

    仿写: 在提出 broad statement 后,立刻问自己:有什么 real-world case 能 embody 这个观点?选择 widely known 或 easily understood 的 examples。使用「for instance」「such as」「take X as an example」等 transition phrases。模版:「X argues that Y. For instance, Z demonstrates this by...」记住 example 要 directly relevant,不要 tangential,要能清晰 map back 到你的 main point。

  • 引用论证

    P6

    第六段作者 quote 了自己在 high school 听到的话:「Don't worry about losing friendships, just focus on study and getting into college」。这是 direct quotation,虽然不是 famous figure 的话,但代表了 pervasive societal attitude。这个 quote 作为 concrete evidence,展示了 individualistic mindset 如何被 explicitly preached 给年轻人。作者紧接着说这个 sentiment is not unique,证明它是 systemic problem。这个 quoted advice 成为作者批判的 target,有力支撑了文章 thesis 关于 normalized loss of friendship 的 argument。

    信号词 I remember hearing as X said according to quoted stated that claimed remarked

    仿写: 使用 quotation 时要 set it up:说明 who said it 和 in what context。用 quotation marks 标示 exact words。Quote 后要 analyze:解释它 proves what 或 reveals what about the issue。模版:「As X once said, 'Y,' which demonstrates Z」或「The prevailing view that 'X' fails to consider Y」。记住 quotation 不能 stand alone,必须 integrate 进你的 reasoning,要 comment on 或 build upon 它。

  • 排比修辞

    P6

    第六段连续用三个 imperative sentences 构成 parallelism:「Spend too much time with friends? You're losing time...」「Invest time in your relationships? Invest time in your work instead.」这种 repetitive structure 通过 rhythmic pattern 强化了 individualistic culture 的 relentless pressure。每个 question-answer pair 都遵循相同的 format,creating a sense of 被这种 ideology bombarded。这个 parallel structure 让读者 feel the overwhelming nature of these messages,有力支撑了作者关于这种 mindset being pervasive 的 claim。

    仿写: 寻找可以用 same structure 表达的 multiple related ideas。确保每个 parallel element 的 grammatical form identical:都是 noun phrases,或都是 imperative sentences,或都是 questions。模版:「Do X? Result A. Do Y? Result B. Do Z? Result C.」或「We must X, we must Y, we must Z」。关键是 consistency in form,让 pattern 明显,这样 repetition 能 amplify your point 而不是显得 redundant。

  • 排比修辞

    P7

    第七段用 parallel structure 列举 societal expectations:「earn awards, get higher positions, earn better grades」。三个 verb phrases 形成 rhythm,都是「verb + noun」结构,表现出 society 对 tangible success 的 relentless demands。这个 parallelism 通过 accumulation effect 让读者感受到这些 expectations 的 overwhelming nature。它 reinforces 作者的 point:我们被 multiple metrics of success 所 pressure,这 contributes to the normalized loss of friendships。

    仿写: 当你要 list multiple examples 或 characteristics 时,把它们 cast in the same grammatical mold。确保每个 item 用 same type of phrase(都是 verb phrases,或都是 noun phrases)。模版:「We must X, Y, and Z」或「They demand A, expect B, and require C」。保持 parallel elements 数量在 3-4 个,太少不够 impactful,太多会 dilute effect。注意 rhythm:相近的 length 读起来更 smooth。

  • 对比论证

    P8

    第八段作者 contrast 两种 approaches to success:「doing it alone」versus「with the help of others」。这个 explicit comparison 直接挑战 prevailing belief,指出 solo achievement 并不 superior to collaborative success。作者用「contrary to all the self-proclaimed success experts」这个 phrase 来 set up the contrast,然后 assert 有 support system 的 success 同样 valid。这个 contrast 是 counterargument 的核心,直接服务于文章 thesis,驳斥 individualistic ideology。

    信号词 contrary to but however while whereas unlike in contrast on the other hand

    仿写: 明确 identify 要对比的两个 alternatives。用 contrasting language:「while X..., Y...」「unlike X, Y...」「X, but Y」「contrary to X, Y」。确保对比的两方在 same dimension 上比较(都是方法,或都是结果)。模版:「While some believe X leads to Y, in reality Z achieves W」或「Contrary to the notion that X, evidence shows Y」。让 contrast 为你的 argument service:clarify why one option is better。

  • 排比修辞

    P8

    第八段作者用三个 short imperative sentences 形成 climactic parallelism:「Yes, pursue success. Challenge yourself. Push limits.」这三个 commands 都是「verb + object」结构,创造 energetic rhythm,实际上是 acknowledge individualistic values。但这个 concession 立刻被「But」转折,引出作者真正的 point。这个 parallel series 通过 rhythm 和 brevity 显得 powerful,让 subsequent contrast 更加 striking。它展示作者不是 blindly opposing success,而是 redefining it。

    仿写: 用 short, simple imperative sentences,每个只包含 verb + object,避免 modifiers。让每个 sentence 表达 one clear action 或 idea。保持 length 相似,让 rhythm 明显。模版:「Do X. Achieve Y. Embrace Z.」或「Stop X. Start Y. Transform Z.」把这些 parallel imperatives 放在 argument 的 key moment,用它们的 energy 来 drive home your point。记住后面要有 payoff:这种 buildup 应该 lead to 一个 important conclusion。

  • 比喻修辞

    P8

    第八段作者称 friendships 为「our anchors」,这个 nautical metaphor 把友谊比作 stabilizing force。Anchor 的 function 是 keep ships steady 在 turbulent waters,这 perfectly captures friendships 在 chaotic life 中提供的 stability 和 grounding。这个 metaphor 呼应了开篇的「comfort blanket」,但「anchor」更 emphasize stability 和 necessity,暗示没有它们我们会 drift aimlessly。这个 powerful image 强化了文章 central claim:friendships are not optional luxuries but essential supports。

    信号词 are our serve as act as function as

    仿写: 选择 functional objects 作为 metaphor source,它们的 purpose 能 clearly map onto 你要描述的 abstract concept。问:这个东西 does what?那个 function 如何 parallel 我要表达的 idea?模版:「X are our Y, providing Z」,如「Mentors are our compasses, guiding us through uncertainty」。关键是选择 objects whose function is universally known,这样 metaphor 能 instantly resonate。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

9 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 友谊被视为次要的安慰工具

    P1
    Many see friendships as a comfort blanket: a shoulder to cry on, a reliable soul to confide in. However, more often than not, in our eagerness to seek individual success, we lose friends along the way and that has become part of the process.

    转折类 However however but yet nevertheless nonetheless on the contrary

    这个 implication 是作者在 criticize 当代社会把 friendship 当作可以被 sacrifice 的东西。表面上说 friendships 是 comfort blanket,但 however 之后揭示真相:人们在 pursuit of success 过程中 normalize 了 losing friends。这种 implication 为全文的 thesis 奠定基础,即 challenging 这种 normalized phenomenon,对主旨的 value 在于 establish 了需要被 critique 的 social problem

  • 学生用借口来合理化失去友谊

    P2
    As students, we use this excuse to shrug off losing people who we once thought to be loved ones.

    委婉表达 use this excuse to shrug off excuse shrug off dismiss brush aside overlook rationalize

    这个 underlying meaning 是作者在 condemn 学生群体的 self-deception behavior。说 'use excuse' 暗示这些 reasons 不是 legitimate,'shrug off' 暗示 casual 和 irresponsible 的 attitude,而 'loved ones' 强调被 sacrificed 的关系的 importance。这对主旨的 contribution 是 illustrate 个人主义文化如何 permeate 到年轻一代,让他们 internalize 这种 harmful mindset

  • 当前观念将生活视为竞争而非共同旅程

    P3
    Instead of viewing our lives as a race, where everyone is on their own path to some form of success, we must relearn to value the connections we make along the track.

    对比类 Instead of instead of rather than as opposed to in place of contrary to unlike

    这段的 implication 非常 profound:作者通过 metaphor of race 暗示当前社会把 life 当作 zero-sum competition,'relearn' 这个词 suggests 人类社会曾经 valued connections 但后来 lost 了这个 wisdom。这对主旨的 significance 在于 explicitly propose 解决方案——从 individualistic mindset 转向 valuing relationships,这是文章 argumentative core 的 turning point

  • 个人主义威胁集体福祉的实例

    P4
    It argues, for instance, that universal healthcare, an example of collectivism, threatened the dream of many Americans.

    例证类 for instance for example such as namely specifically to illustrate case in point

    这个 implication 是作者在 critique American-style individualism 的 extreme form。通过 healthcare example,暗示 radical individualism 让社会 prioritize personal freedom over collective good,这种 ideology 是 harmful 的。对主旨的 contribution 是提供 theoretical framework——把 losing friendships 这个 personal issue 连接到更大的 ideological problem,即 radical individualism 的 societal harm

  • 成功的定义建立在错误假设之上

    P5
    Society tends to celebrate personal achievement and commend it based on the assumption that winning or succeeding is a consequence of working harder than the next person.

    模糊限制语 based on the assumption that assumption tend to seem appear supposedly allegedly

    这里的 underlying message 是作者在 debunk meritocracy myth——社会 celebrate success 基于一个 false assumption,即 success 完全 depends on individual effort。用 'assumption' 暗示这个 belief 缺乏 solid evidence,实际上 ignore 了 systemic factors 和 social support。对主旨的 value 是 expose 个人主义文化的 ideological foundation 是 flawed 的,为后文 advocate 重视 relationships 提供 logical basis

  • 社会将有害观念包装为成功哲学

    P6
    As a society, we idolize the concept of 'losing friends on the road to success'.

    情态词 idolize worship glorify romanticize mythologize fetishize obsess over

    这个 implication 极其 sharp:作者在 condemn 社会把 destructive behavior glorify 成 success philosophy。'Idolize' 暗示盲目崇拜,配合整段中 motivational speakers 和 success stories 的 examples,揭示这是被 systematically promoted 的 toxic narrative。对主旨的 crucial contribution 是 expose 这种观念如何被 mainstream culture packaged 和 disseminated,造成 widespread harm

  • 所谓的必然代价实为被人为常态化

    P7
    In order to succeed, we lose friends, and that has sadly become normalized.

    情态词 has sadly become normalized sadly unfortunately regrettably tragically disturbingly alarmingly

    这个 deep meaning 是作者在 lament 社会的 moral desensitization——本应被 questioned 的 harmful practice 却被 normalized。'Sadly' 不仅表达 regret,更 imply 这种 normalization 是 preventable tragedy。对主旨的 significance 在于 emphasize 问题的 urgency:这不仅是个人 choice issue,而是整个社会 value system 的 distortion,需要 collective awakening

  • 独自成功并非更优越的成就方式

    P8
    But contrary to all the self-proclaimed success experts, doing it alone does not make you more successful or any better than someone who achieved it with the help of others.

    对比类 contrary to despite in spite of notwithstanding against

    这个 implication 是 climactic refutation:作者 directly challenge success industry 的 core narrative。说 'self-proclaimed experts' 暗示他们缺乏 genuine authority,说 'doing it alone does not make you better' 直接 dismantle superiority myth associated with individual achievement。对主旨的 critical role 是提供 definitive counter-argument,explicitly state achieving with help 不是 weakness 而是 equally valid 甚至更 valuable 的 path

  • 社会价值观与真正重要之事的错位

    P9
    Although we may be living in a society that treasures the independent pursuit of achievement, having people to support and love you on the way is far more important than any end result.

    让步类 Although although though even though while whereas despite the fact that

    这个 final implication 是全文的 culminating message:作者 acknowledge individualistic society 的 reality,但 assert 一个 superior truth——relationships 的 value transcends any achievement。'Far more important' 不是 slight preference 而是 fundamental priority inversion。对主旨的 concluding value 是 deliver 作者的 ultimate prescription:在个人主义 dominant 的社会里,我们需要 consciously choose 不同的 value hierarchy,把 human connections 放在 highest position

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:消极批判

结论先行:本文作者态度为消极批判( critical of individualism, advocating for valuing friendships)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 开头段问题定性 P1 P2

    议论文的 opening 往往会 establish 作者要 address 的核心 problem。如果作者用 however、but 这类 contrast markers 来引出一个 negative consequence,说明作者对这个 consequence 持 critical stance。这里 lose friends 被描述为 success pursuit 的副产品,tone 是 regretful 的。

  2. 情态动词强度 P3 P8

    在议论文里,modal verbs of necessity(must、should、need to)是作者 prescriptive stance 的直接体现。当作者说 we must do something,意味着现状是 undesirable 的,需要被 corrected。这里作者说我们 must relearn 和 reevaluate,说明作者认为当前的 values 和 practices 是 misguided 的。

  3. 用词倾向对比 P2 P4 P5 P7

    议论文中的 word choice 是 revealing author's stance 的重要 signal。当作者选择用 chaos、victim、blinded 这类强烈的 negative words 来描述一个 phenomenon,而不是用中性词如 change、difference、focus,说明作者对这个 phenomenon 持 disapproving attitude。Radical 这个词在 Western academic context 里常用来 criticize 某种 excessive 或 extreme 的 ideology。

  4. 观点引用反驳 P6 P8

    在议论文中,当作者 present 一个 commonly held belief 或 quote,然后用 but、however、contrary to 来 introduce their own view,这是 clear signal 表明作者 disagrees with 那个 belief。这里作者先 present 社会上 prevalent 的 individualistic advice,然后说 doing it alone does not make you more successful,这是 direct rebuttal。

  5. 结尾段立场强度 P8 P9

    议论文的 conclusion 是作者 consolidate their position 的地方。这里作者不仅 restate 自己的观点,还用了 strong language(far more important)来 emphasize 友谊的 value 超过个人成就。Although we may be living in a society that... 这个 concessive clause 承认现实,但 having people to support you is far more important 这个 main clause 是作者的 ultimate judgment,显示作者坚定地 stand against 主流的 individualistic culture。

  6. 把以上各个 steps 串联起来,可以看到作者从头到尾都在 build a case against individualism。没有任何地方作者 acknowledge individualism 的 merits 或 present a balanced view。所有的 concessions(如承认 society treasures independent pursuit)都是为了 set up 更强的 counter-argument。这种 one-sided argumentation 配合强烈的 negative language 和 prescriptive tone,清楚地表明这是一篇 critical essay with a clear advocacy position。

文中的态度信号词

  • chaos P2

    Chaos 这个词 describes 日常生活的状态为 disordered and overwhelming,用来 paint 当前 individualistic culture 带来的 negative consequences。在议论文中,当作者选择 chaos 而不是 busyness 或 activity,说明作者认为这种状态是 problematic and harmful 的,不只是 neutral 的 busy。这个词 sets a negative tone for 描述 modern life under individualism。

    同类词 turmoil upheaval disorder confusion mayhem

  • must P3

    Must 是 strongest modal verb of obligation,表达作者认为某个 action is not optional but necessary。这里作者说 we must relearn 和 we must reevaluate,显示作者在 making a strong prescriptive claim:当前的 approach is wrong,需要 fundamental change。这种 strong deontic language 是作者 critical attitude 的直接 manifestation。

    同类词 should need to have to ought to it is necessary that

  • radical individualism P4

    Radical 这个 modifier 给 individualism 加上了 extreme and potentially dangerous 的 connotation。在 Western political discourse 中,radical 通常用来 criticize 某种 ideology as going too far。作者选择 radical individualism 而不是 just individualism,说明作者在 problematize 不是 individualism per se,而是其 extreme form。这个 term 本身就 carries a critical tone。

    同类词 extreme individualism hyper-individualism excessive individualism unchecked individualism

  • victim P5

    Victim 这个词 implies 有 harm done to someone,而且 someone is passive and powerless。作者说 many of us have fallen victim to an individualistic culture,这个 framing 把人们描述为被 culture harm 的对象,不是 active participants。这种 language choice 表明作者认为 individualistic culture is damaging and people are suffering from it。

    同类词 casualty prey sufferer target

  • idolize P6

    Idolize 原本指 worship idols,有 blind devotion 和 misplaced reverence 的意思。作者说 society idolizes the concept of losing friends on the road to success,这个 word choice 暗示社会对这个 concept 的 admiration is excessive and misguided。Idolize 带有 critical undertone,因为它暗示被 idolize 的东西其实 does not deserve such admiration。

    同类词 worship glorify revere exalt romanticize

  • blinded P7

    Blinded 是 metaphor,表示 inability to see clearly,implying 某种 force or condition prevents understanding。作者说 constant need to succeed has blinded us,意思是这种 obsession 导致我们 lose perspective and cannot see 更重要的东西。Blind 作为 verb 通常有 negative connotation,暗示某种 harmful influence。

    同类词 obscured clouded veiled masked distorted

  • contrary to P8

    Contrary to 是 strong contrastive marker,用来 introduce 一个观点 that directly opposes 前面提到的观点。这里作者说 contrary to all the self-proclaimed success experts,然后提出自己的 counter-claim。这个 phrase 明确 signal 作者在 refute 专家们的观点,是 disagreement 和 criticism 的直接表达。

    同类词 in contrast to unlike despite in opposition to as opposed to

  • sadly P7

    Sadly 是 explicit attitudinal adverb,直接 express 作者的 emotional stance toward 某个 fact。作者说 that has sadly become normalized,这里 sadly 明确表达作者认为这个 normalization is regrettable and should not have happened。这类 adverbs 是作者 inject personal judgment 的最直接方式。

    同类词 unfortunately regrettably disturbingly alarmingly tragically

  • far more important P9

    Far more important 是 strong comparative structure,表达作者在两个 values 之间做了明确的 prioritization。Far 是 intensifier,强调差距很大。作者说 having people to support you is far more important than any end result,这是 absolute judgment,没有 qualification or hedging,显示作者的 conviction is strong。

    同类词 much more valuable significantly more crucial vastly superior infinitely better

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇议论文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语六级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇议论文?

  1. 首段立场信号 P1

    说明文expository writing通常是neutral presentation of facts,新闻报道focuses on reporting events objectively。而议论文argumentative essay的核心特征就是作者has a position to argue。这篇文章的第一段就用'more often than not'和'has become part of the process'表达了一种critical attitude,这是明确的argumentation signal,不是objective explanation或news reporting。

  2. 行动呼吁语言 P3 P8

    第3段出现了连续的prescriptive commands:'we must relearn'、'we must reevaluate'。说明文不会command读者做什么,它只是inform;新闻报道也不会prescribe actions,它只是report。只有议论文argumentative writing才会用这种强烈的imperative tone来persuade和advocate for change。

  3. 批判性论证展开 P4 P5 P6 P7

    第4段到第7段系统性地批判了radical individualism和society's celebration of losing friends for success。作者用'fallen victim to'、'has blinded us'、'sadly become normalized'这些strongly negative expressions来condemn现状。说明文会objectively describe individualism的characteristics,新闻会report关于individualism的events,但只有议论文会make moral judgments说这是wrong或harmful。

  4. 结尾说服强化 P8 P9

    第8段和第9段明确地urge readers:'We cannot be complacent'、'Put effort into fostering healthy relationships'。最后一段用'far more important than'做final value judgment,这是典型的argumentative conclusion——不是summarizing information(说明文),不是concluding a news story with facts(新闻),而是making a final persuasive push。

  5. 说明文的purpose是to explain,所以它maintains objectivity throughout;新闻的purpose是to inform,所以它sticks to verifiable facts。议论文的purpose是to persuade,所以它必然包含author's stance、value judgments、criticism of opposing views、和calls to action。这篇文章clearly demonstrates所有这些features:从opening的critical tone到middle的systematic attack on individualism,再到ending的passionate advocacy,entire structure都是designed to convince readers改变对friendships的态度。

哪些词暴露了议论文体裁?

  • However P1 论证逻辑连接词 Nevertheless Nonetheless Yet On the contrary In contrast
  • must P3 立场表态词 should ought to need to have to it is essential that
  • Instead of P3 论证逻辑连接词 Rather than As opposed to In place of In lieu of Contrary to
  • argues P4 观点引导词 claims asserts contends maintains posits
  • We cannot be complacent P8 立场表态词 We must not ignore We should not overlook It is wrong to We cannot accept It is unacceptable that
  • But contrary to P8 论证逻辑连接词 Contrary to popular belief Despite what many think In opposition to Against the notion that Contradicting the view that
  • Yes, ... But ... P8 论证逻辑连接词 True, ... However ... Certainly, ... Yet ... Admittedly, ... Nevertheless ... Indeed, ... Still ... Granted, ... But ...
  • Although P9 论证逻辑连接词 Though Even though While Whilst Despite the fact that
  • far more important than P9 立场表态词 more valuable than more crucial than more significant than preferable to superior to
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FAQ · 常见问题

关于 《失去的朋友:自满是危险的》 的常见问题

2025年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part III Section C 文章 Lost friends: complacency is dangerous 的原文出自哪里?
2025年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part III Section C 文章 Lost friends: complacency is dangerous 选自2022年3月31日刊登在 trinitonian.com(美国三一大学学生报 The Trinitonian)上的一篇由 Mai Vo 撰写、标题为“Lost friends: complacency is dangerous”(《失去的朋友:自满是危险的》)的文章。
2025年12月英语六级真题第1套文章《失去的朋友:自满是危险的》的主旨是什么?
2025年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part III Section C 文章 Lost friends: complacency is dangerous 反对极端个人主义以及在追求成功过程中失去友谊的常态化现象。文章主张在追求个人成就的同时优先考虑并维护有意义的人际关系,挑战了为了成功必须牺牲人际联系的文化叙事。(英文表述:The article argues against radical individualism and the normalized acceptance of losing friendships in pursuit of success. It advocates for prioritizing and maintaining meaningful relationships alongside personal achievement, challenging the cultural narrative that sacrificing connections is necessary for success.)
Lost friends: complacency is dangerous(2025年12月英语六级真题第1套文章)是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为议论文,作者立场是消极批判(critical of individualism, advocating for valuing friendships)。CEFR 难度 C1,全文 448 词、9 段;在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中,C1 级共 343 篇(占 58%)。
2025年12月英语六级真题第1套文章《失去的朋友:自满是危险的》的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 9 段按议论文骨架分为 4 个意群:引言 · 第1段、第2段——友谊在成功追求中被牺牲的现象;分论点 · 第3段——呼吁重新评估极端个人主义的危害;分论点 · 第4段、第5段、第6段、第7段——剖析极端个人主义文化的表现;结论 · 第8段、第9段——倡导在追求成功时维护友谊关系。
Lost friends: complacency is dangerous 一文的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是消极批判(critical of individualism, advocating for valuing friendships)。判断路径:开头段问题定性 → 情态动词强度 → 用词倾向对比 → 观点引用反驳 → 结尾段立场强度 → 全文论证方向一致性;文中的态度信号词包括 chaos(第2段)、must(第3段)、radical individualism(第4段)、victim(第5段)、idolize(第6段)、blinded(第7段)、contrary to(第8段)、sadly(第7段)、far more important(第9段)。
2025年12月英语六级真题第1套文章 Lost friends: complacency is dangerous 中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 5 个:turmoil(动荡;骚动;混乱状态)、shrug(耸肩不理;对...不以为然;轻视)、complacent(自满的;满足于现状的;不加批判地接受的)、idolize(崇拜;把...视为偶像;极度推崇)、foster(促进;培养;培育),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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