懒笔记
2012年考研英语二真题 Section II Part A (3) Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear
Postgraduate · 来自 2012年考研英语二真题 · Section II Part A (3) · 阅读理解（四选一）

Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear

2012年考研英语二真题文章逐层精读

The Economist(《经济学人》)2011年8月4日一篇題为Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear (Myriad的基因专利战:真正不明朗)的文章。

本页是 2012年考研英语二真题 Section II Part A (3) 文章的精读视角页——这篇新闻报道全文 406 词、6 段，CEFR 难度 C1（C1 级在考研英语二文章中占 77%），作者立场为「客观中立」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他考研英语真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

6 段英文原文

以下为2012年考研英语二真题 Section II Part A (3) 的阅读理解（四选一）原文，共 6 段。左侧 P1–P6 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear

In 2010, a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades – by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a "preliminary step" in a longer battle.

On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.

But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule "is no less a product of nature…than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds."

Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.

As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules – most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug's efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for "connecting the dots," explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.

Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

6 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2012年考研英语二真题 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The First Blow to Gene Patents

    A 2010 ruling against gene patents triggered alarm and resistance in the biotechnology industry.

    这一段承担全文的 background-setting 功能：它先说明争议为何重要，再建立“法院判决”与“产业利益”之间的 tension，为后文的上诉逆转、批评声音和新诉讼埋下逻辑伏笔。

    判决引爆行业震动
  2. P2

    A Temporary Victory for Myriad

    The appeals court temporarily restored Myriad's gene patents, pleasing the biotechnology industry.

    本段在文章结构中构成对第一段的 immediate reversal：它说明行业的反击暂时奏效，同时保留“temporary”这一不确定性，从而自然引出第三段关于持续诉讼和反对理由的讨论。

    上诉逆转暂获胜
  3. P3

    The Case Against Gene Patents

    Strong legal and policy arguments against gene patents ensure that the Myriad dispute will continue.

    这一段是全文的 argument-expansion 部分：它平衡了第二段偏向企业的声音，具体解释为何 gene patents 仍有重大争议，并把案件从商业利益扩展到自然属性、创新机制和医疗可及性等公共议题。

    三重理由反对专利
  4. P4

    Unanswered Questions and a Possible Supreme Court Review

    Unresolved questions about genome sequencing may push the gene-patent case to the Supreme Court.

    本段进一步凸显案件的 legal uncertainty：它说明争议不只关乎两段 isolated DNA，也会影响 whole-genome sequencing 等新技术，并为文章后半部分转向更广泛的新型专利诉讼作过渡。

    测序侵权尚无定论
  5. P5

    Patenting Genetic Connections

    As basic DNA patents lose importance, firms seek patents on genetic correlations and medical predictions.

    本段把文章视野从 Myriad 的既有案件扩展到 industry 的未来布局：即便单个基因的专利空间减少，企业仍会通过 correlation patents 寻求竞争优势，因此新的法律冲突很可能比旧案更具影响力。

    专利目标转向基因关联
  6. P6

    Preparing for the Next Patent Battle

    The Supreme Court's Mayo case may reshape patents on genetic correlations, prompting industry preparation.

    作为结尾，本段将前文的争议落到即将审理的 Mayo case，并以行业律师培训的现场细节增强新闻感；它最终表明，美国基因专利 law 仍在重塑中，企业、患者和创新制度都将受到后续判决影响。

    最高法院案牵动行业备战
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

6 道逐段细节自检题

针对2012年考研英语二真题这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 BIO

    What was BIO's initial reaction to the 2010 ruling on gene patents?

    • A It welcomed the ruling as a breakthrough for patient care.
    • B It announced that most human genes should enter the public domain.
    • C It portrayed the ruling as only an early stage of a continuing legal fight.
    • D It urged the Supreme Court to reform genetic-test patents immediately.
    • E It accepted that gene patents had permanently lost their legal basis.
    • F It shifted its attention from DNA patents to drug-efficacy research.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    该项完整转述了机构的 assured message：它没有否认 ruling 的存在，却把其降格为 preliminary step，并强调 longer battle。命题人设置的障碍在于把 preliminary step 改写为 early stage，把 longer battle 改写为 continuing legal fight；考生必须识别同义改写，而不能执着于原词复现。

    引号态度速判 时间极紧时，直接扫描 BIO，并只读取其后第一个 reporting verb 到引号结束的内容；在 第1段 完成定位。随后不逐项翻译选项，只把选项压缩为“暂时性判断”或“终局性判断”两类，选择保留暂时性法律阶段的正确项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 appeals court Myriad Genetics

    What did the appeals court decide in favor of Myriad Genetics?

    • A It ruled that every isolated human gene was patentable.
    • B It required Myriad to make its genetic tests freely available.
    • C It found that gene patents usually suppress innovation.
    • D It held that the company could retain patents on two breast-cancer risk genes.
    • E It transferred the case directly to the Supreme Court.
    • F It approved patents for methods of predicting drug efficacy.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    该项保留了裁决主体的核心法律后果：Myriad could hold patents，并保留对象的数量 two 和功能 breast-cancer risk。retain 是对 hold patents 的自然同义改写。陷阱在于题目可能诱导考生把 favorable ruling 理解成全面胜诉，但正确项严格限定为 two genes。

    裁决宾语配对 最快方式是用 Myriad Genetics 回扫文章，并在同一句中抓住 ruling 后的动词宾语结构；定位至 第2段。判定时忽略患者、创新等背景词，只做“法律动作 + 权利对象”配对，能与该结构完全对应的正确项即为答案。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 critics gene patents

    Which concern about gene patents is explicitly raised by their critics?

    • A They consistently reward innovation by guaranteeing researchers exclusive profits.
    • B They prevent courts from considering products of nature.
    • C They make whole-genome sequencing technically impossible.
    • D They have already been rejected by the Department of Justice.
    • E They may restrict access to genetic testing through monopoly power.
    • F They ensure that genetic tests are equally affordable for all patients.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    该项准确改写 patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests。restrict access 与 monopoly power 保留了原文的因果链，genetic testing 对应 Myriad's tests。障碍在于原文把 monopoly 放在 patents' 前，选项则转换为 through monopoly power；这是考研常见的语序重组与抽象名词转换。

    并列论点分类 时间紧张时，搜索 critics 后面的数字化列举信号，并定位到 第3段；无需通读整段。然后按各选项所讨论的问题类型进行归类，检查哪一项能与列举内容同类对应且因果方向不变，选择满足这两个条件的正确项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 individual genes

    What uncertainty is highlighted regarding whole-genome sequencing?

    • A It has been declared exempt from all gene-patent claims.
    • B It can predict a woman's breast-cancer risk more accurately than genetic tests.
    • C It makes isolated DNA molecules products of nature.
    • D It will automatically invalidate patents held by biotechnology firms.
    • E It has removed the need for Supreme Court review.
    • F It is unclear whether it infringes patents on individual genes within the genome.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    该项保留了 it is unclear 的不确定性，并准确呈现 whole genome 与 individual genes within it 的嵌套关系，以及 violates patents 的法律问题。infringes 是对 violates patents 的规范同义替换。难点是学生容易只看 whole genome，忽略 individual genes 这一决定法律冲突范围的词组。

    选项定位判情态 先从选项中提取 individual genes，并用它直接定位到 第4段。判题时采用“情态词反向淘汰”：先删除所有把未决问题写成已证实结论的选项，余下与法律对象对应的正确项即可确定。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 human DNA molecules

    What kind of patent opportunities are biotechnology firms increasingly pursuing?

    • A Patents on correlations among genes that can explain disease or predict drug response.
    • B Patents on newly isolated human DNA molecules.
    • C Patents that exempt whole genomes from individual gene claims.
    • D Patents guaranteeing public access to genetic tests.
    • E Patents awarded for court decisions on natural products.
    • F Patents covering every medical use of a single gene.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：A

    该项整合了 genes interact、correlations、causes of disease 和 predict a drug's efficacy，并以 patents on correlations 概括 connecting the dots。命题障碍是原文没有直接使用 opportunities 一词，且正确项需要将多个连续分句压缩成一个名词短语；但其逻辑链没有增加实质信息。

    选项反查转折 先用选项中的 human DNA molecules 反向定位到 第5段，再利用否定表达和转折结构划分旧方向与新方向。判题时无需逐项翻译，只核验各项属于被否定的旧对象还是转折后的新对象，选择处于新方向且范围不越界的正确项。

  6. 第 6 段 定位词 BIO sessions

    What does the strong attendance at BIO's patent-law sessions suggest?

    • A The Supreme Court had already resolved the Mayo Clinic suit.
    • B Lawyers saw a pressing need to understand changing patent rules.
    • C Companies no longer needed legal advice on DNA patents.
    • D BIO had decided to stop defending gene patents in court.
    • E Patent rules had become simpler and more predictable for firms.
    • F Patients were attending the sessions to learn about breast cancer.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：B

    该项将 coach lawyers on the shifting landscape 与 each meeting was packed 合理合并：会议爆满说明培训内容具有迫切需求。pressing need 是对 packed 的有限推断，changing patent rules 是对 shifting landscape for patents 的同义概括。障碍在于答案并未机械复现 packed，而要求由现场现象推出专业需求。

    爆满会议反推 用 BIO 加 sessions 组合定位至 第6段，只读取 convention 句和 packed 句。随后采用“会议反推法”：不翻译全部选项，只问每项能否解释为什么面向 lawyers 的培训会 packed；能够解释培训需求且不引入终局性判断的正确项即为答案。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

6 个意群的新闻报道骨架

按新闻报道 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. P1

    导语：基因专利争议的起源

    这个意群是典型的新闻导语 lead，通过 2010 federal judge 的 ruling 引出了 gene patents 这个核心 controversy。文章用 shook...to its core 这样的强烈表达来 highlight 事件的 significance，然后 provide background information 说明在此之前 20% of human genes 已经被 patented，最后以 BIO 的 reaction 来 illustrate 行业的 concern

    作为新闻报道的 opening，这个意群通过 dramatic event 来 grab reader's attention，同时 establish 文章要探讨的 central issue：genes 是否 patentable。它为后续的 legal battles 和 industry impact 奠定了 contextual foundation

    引出基因可专利性争议
  2. P2

    最新进展：上诉法庭的逆转判决

    这个意群 present 了 latest development，通过 July 29th 这个具体 date 来 signal timeline progression。Federal appeals court 的 decision overturned 了之前的 ruling，allowing Myriad Genetics 保留 gene patents。Myriad's CEO 的 positive response（blessing to firms and patients）为这个 favorable outcome 提供了 industry perspective

    作为 follow-up development，这个意群 update 了 legal situation，showing 法律 landscape 的 dynamic nature。它通过 court reversal 来 demonstrate 这个 issue 的 complexity 和 ongoing nature，为后续更深入的 analysis 做好 transition

    呈现法庭裁决反转
  3. P3

    深度分析：反对基因专利的三大论据

    这个意群通过 adversative transition（But）来 shift focus from favorable ruling 到 ongoing challenges。它 systematically present 了 critics 的 three main arguments：genes 是 product of nature、patents suppress innovation、patents restrict access。文章还 cite 了 federal task-force 和 Department of Justice 的 positions 来 strengthen 这些 criticisms 的 credibility

    这是典型的 news analysis section，providing depth 和 context。它通过 enumerate opposing arguments 来 show 这个 legal battle 的 complexity，帮助 readers understand why courts will remain busy。Multiple authoritative sources（task-force, DOJ）的引用增强了 analysis 的 objectivity 和 thoroughness

    阐述专利争议核心分歧
  4. P4

    悬而未决：法律问题的未来走向

    这个意群通过 "Despite" 来 acknowledge previous ruling 的同时 emphasize remaining uncertainties。它 raise 了 specific unresolved question（whole genome sequencing 是否 violate individual gene patents）并 mention possible Supreme Court involvement，creating sense of ongoing legal uncertainty

    作为 transitional paragraph，这个意群 bridge 了 current legal status 和 future implications。它通过 highlight unresolved questions 来 maintain narrative momentum，preventing readers 从认为 appeals court decision 就是 final answer。Short paragraph length 也 emphasize 其 transitional nature

    指出未解决的法律问题
  5. P5

    行业前瞻：基因交互研究的专利趋势

    这个意群通过 temporal marker "As the industry advances" 来 shift focus from current disputes 到 future patent landscape。它 explain 了 industry evolution：从 individual DNA molecules（已经 largely patented）到 gene interactions 和 correlations。BIO lawyer 的 quote "connecting the dots" vividly capture 了这个 new frontier 的 nature

    这个意群 broaden 文章的 scope from historical/current disputes 到 emerging issues，showing 这个 topic 的 evolving nature。它为 readers provide forward-looking perspective，indicating 法律战 will continue 但 focus 会 shift。Industry expert quote 增加了 insight 的 authenticity

    展示专利争议新方向
  6. P6

    结语：持续影响与行业应对

    这个 concluding sense group 通过 concrete example（Mayo Clinic suit）来 illustrate 第5段 提到的 future impact，然后用 BIO convention 的 packed sessions 来 demonstrate industry's intense engagement with这个 shifting landscape。这个 vivid detail（packed meetings）为文章提供了 strong closing image

    作为 news article 的 conclusion，这个意群通过 specific upcoming case 和 industry mobilization 来 reinforce 文章的 central message：gene patent disputes 将 continue to shape 行业。Closing with concrete image（packed convention sessions）leaves readers with 对 issue's ongoing significance 的 vivid impression

    例证未来持续影响
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2012年考研英语二真题 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他考研英语文章。

  1. 首段冲突识别 P1

    首段直接呈现了 2010 federal judge 的 ruling 让 biotech industry 震惊这个 core event，同时点明 gene patents 的 controversy，这是整篇文章要讨论的 central issue，新闻报道的 inverted pyramid structure 决定了最重要信息在开头

  2. 法律进程追踪 P2 P3 P4

    第二段的 July 29th appeals court overturned，第三段的 courts will remain rather busy 和 case itself is probably not over，第四段的 big questions remain unanswered 和 may yet reach Supreme Court，清晰展现这是 unresolved legal dispute，ongoing nature 正是文章主旨的核心特征

  3. 多方立场梳理 P2 P3 P5 P6

    文章呈现了 industry perspective（BIO, Myriad executives 认为是 blessing），critics' arguments（三个反对理由），government stance（Justice Department 的 brief），以及未来的 implications（Mayo Clinic suit），multiple viewpoints 的存在证明这是 complex, unresolved debate，而非单方面结论

  4. 未来走向判断 P4 P5 P6

    第四段明确说 big questions remain unanswered 和 may yet reach Supreme Court，第五和第六段讨论 future implications 和 other suits，especially 最后一句 Each meeting was packed 暗示 industry 仍在积极应对这个 evolving landscape，这些都指向 ongoing nature 而非 concluded matter

  5. 要素整合归纳 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

    将识别出的元素整合：core issue 是 gene patent disputes（首段），current status 是 appeals court 暂时支持但争议未解（第二段），stakeholders 包括 industry/critics/courts（多段），future outlook 是 legal battles continuing（末段）。主旨不是某一方的 position，而是 presenting the ongoing controversy itself

主旨信号词 remain P3 probably not over P3 unanswered P4 may yet reach P4 continue P3

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

美国法院正在处理基因专利争议,特别是分离的DNA是否可获得专利。2010年上诉法院的裁决支持Myriad Genetics公司,但持续的法律诉讼继续塑造生物技术专利法,业界对创新和患者获取基因检测的权利表示关切。
U.S. courts are grappling with gene patent disputes, particularly whether isolated DNA is patentable. A 2010 appeals court ruling favored Myriad Genetics, but ongoing legal battles continue to shape biotechnology patent law amid industry concerns about innovation and patient access to genetic tests.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进考研英语高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • agitate 激动的;焦虑不安的;心烦意乱的

    现在让我们把所有 clues 串联起来。首先,从 situational context 来看,一个 shocking legal ruling 导致了 industry 的 core 被 shaken,这种 dramatic change 必然引发 strong emotional reaction。其次,violently 这个 intense modifier 进一步 emphasizes 了 reaction 的 severity。第三,从 morphology 角度,agitated 是一个 describing state 的 adjective。最后,trade group 的 immediate assurance action 反向 confirms 了 executives 当时处于需要 calming down 的 disturbed state。所有这些 clues 共同指向一个 conclusion:agitated 描述的是一种因为 disturbing news 而产生的 upset、anxious、emotionally disturbed 的 state。

    情境触发-程度标记-结构确认-行为验证
  • suppress 抑制;压制;阻碍

    让我们整合所有 evidence。首先,从 contrastive structure 来看,suppress 与 reward 形成 binary opposition,这确定了它的 negative nature。其次,从 argumentative context 来看,这是 critics 用来 attack gene patents 的 reason,说明 suppress innovation 是一个 undesirable outcome。第三,从 morphology 角度,sup-press 的 structure 暗示了一种'压制'的 action。最后,通过与 restrict 的 parallel usage,我们可以确认 suppress 属于 inhibiting/hindering semantic field。综合这些 clues,suppress 的意思应该是'抑制、压制',specifically 指 prevent something from developing or functioning。

    对比定向-立场着色-词素解构-平行验证
  • monopoly 垄断;专卖;独占

    现在整合所有 analytical threads。从 immediate context 来看,monopolies 与 restrict access 直接关联,说明它是一种 limiting mechanism。从 morphology 来看,mono- prefix 明确指向'单一、唯一'的概念。从 causal relationship 来看,patent holding 导致 monopolies,而 monopolies 又导致 restricted access,这个 chain 揭示了 monopoly 是一种因 exclusive ownership 产生的 market condition。最后,从 broader context 来看,这是 critics 所反对的一种 situation,where single entity controls entire market for certain product or service。综合这些 evidence,monopoly 指的是'垄断',即 exclusive control of supply or trade in commodity or service。

    语素解码-关系锚定-链条溯源-实质提炼
  • efficacy 功效;有效性;疗效

    让我们 synthesize all analytical strands。首先,从 parallel structure 来看,efficacy 与 disease causes 处于 coordinate position,说明它是 drug 的一个 fundamental property,如同 causes 是 disease 的 fundamental aspect。其次,从 research logic 来看,pharmaceutical companies 研究 gene interactions 是为了 achieve better therapeutic outcomes,而 predicting drug's efficacy 正是这个 goal 的体现。第三,从 morphology 来看,effic- root 与 effect/efficient 的 connection 暗示了'效果、有效'的 semantic field,而 -acy suffix 将其 nominalize 为表示 quality 的 abstract noun。最后,从 precision medicine context 来看,efficacy 指的是 drug 在 specific patients 中 produce therapeutic effect 的 capacity。综合这些 clues,efficacy 意为'功效、有效性',specifically referring to drug's ability to produce intended therapeutic result。

    并列定位-领域逻辑-词族映射-语境印证
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 数据引用

    P1 P2 P3

    文章开篇就用了 concrete numbers，提到 by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented，这种 statistical evidence 直接展示了 gene patents 在美国的 widespread presence。这个数字让读者立刻 grasp 问题的 scale 和 significance，为后续讨论法律纠纷的 impact 打下基础。通过 quantitative data 来 establish 话题的重要性，是 news reporting 中建立 credibility 的经典手法。

    信号词 20% by 2005 some July 29th two genes three main arguments Last year

    仿写： 当你要 highlight 某个 issue 的重要性时，可以先问自己：有没有 relevant statistics 可以 illustrate 这个问题的 magnitude？比如你要写关于 climate change 的报道，与其说 'many species are endangered'，不如说 'scientists estimate that 25% of species face extinction by 2050'。仿写模版：By [时间], [具体百分比/数字] of [对象] were [状态/动作]，这样能让读者 immediately sense the scope。

  • 引语运用

    P1 P2 P3 P5

    文章 strategically 使用了多处 quotations 和 reported speech，比如 BIO assured members this was a 'preliminary step'，Myriad's chief executive said the ruling was a 'blessing'，还有 Department of Justice 的 argument 说 isolated DNA 'is no less a product of nature'。这些 direct quotes 和 paraphrased statements 让文章不只是记者的 one-sided narrative，而是 present multiple voices 和 perspectives。通过引入不同 stakeholders 的 voices，文章展现了 controversy 的多面性，同时保持了 journalistic neutrality。

    信号词 said assured arguing that explains according to

    仿写： 写新闻报道时，identify key players 并 incorporate 他们的 statements。可以用 direct quotation 来 capture 原话的 impact（尤其是 strong opinions 或 emotional responses），用 reported speech 来 summarize 较长的 positions。记住要 attribute clearly——谁说的话必须明确。仿写模版：[身份/组织] said/argued/assured that [观点内容]，或者用 According to [来源], [claim]。注意 balance different sides 的 voices。

  • 对比手法

    P1 P2 P3 P4

    文章巧妙地用了 contrast 来 highlight 立场的 divergence。第一段说 companies had won patents for decades，但 judge ruled genes were unpatentable，这个 sharp reversal 立即制造了 tension。第二段又说 appeals court overturned the prior decision，形成了 back-and-forth 的 dramatic effect。第三段列出 critics 的 three arguments against gene patents，与前面 industry's relief 形成 ideological contrast。这种 contrasting positions 让读者清楚看到 conflict 的本质。

    信号词 But however Despite rather than against overturned

    仿写： 使用 contrast 时，可以从 temporal dimension（过去 vs 现在）、positional dimension（支持方 vs 反对方）、或 outcome dimension（预期 vs 实际）切入。设置 contrast 的 signal 可以是 'but'、'however'、'in contrast'，或直接用 parallel structure 来 present opposing views in adjacent sentences。仿写模版：[群体A] believed/did [X], but [群体B] argued/ruled [opposite of X]，或者 While [situation A], [contrasting situation B]。

  • 背景交代

    P1 P5

    第一段开头 'In 2010' 和 'by 2005' 给出了 historical context，让读者 understand 这不是 isolated incident 而是 long-standing practice 的 turning point。第五段解释 'most [genes] are already patented or in the public domain' 以及 companies 现在 studying how genes interact，这个 background information 帮助读者 grasp why the focus is shifting。这种 contextual framing 让 current events 不是 floating in vacuum，而是有 historical trajectory 和 future implications。

    信号词 In 2010 by 2005 for decades Last year already now As the industry advances

    仿写： 写 background 时要 selective——只包含 essential context that directly relates to 当前 story。可以用 time markers（'since 2010', 'for decades'）来 anchor historical progression，用 explanatory clauses（'which the Supreme Court will hear'）来 clarify unfamiliar terms or processes。仿写模版：[Time marker], [background event/situation]，或 [Current situation] stems from [historical context]。记住 background 应该 serve 而不是 overshadow 主要 narrative。

  • 设问引导

    P4

    第四段用 'big questions remain unanswered' 和 'For example, it is unclear whether...' 来 raise unresolved issues，这个 rhetorical move 不是真的 asking readers for answers，而是 highlighting the ongoing uncertainty。通过 present questions explicitly，文章 draw attention to 法律争议的 complexity 和 unfinished nature，引导读者 recognize 这个 story 还在 evolving。这种 questioning approach 制造 anticipation 并 suggest future developments。

    信号词 unclear questions remain unanswered whether may yet For example

    仿写： 使用 questions 时要 strategic——可以用来 introduce new sections（'What does this mean for patients?'），highlight gaps in knowledge（'it remains unclear whether...'），或 transition between topics（'But what about...'）。Questions 可以是 direct interrogatives 或用 'unclear', 'unknown', 'unanswered' 等词 imply uncertainty。仿写模版：[Situation/decision], but questions remain: [specific question]，或 It is unclear/unknown whether [uncertainty]。

  • 客观描述

    P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

    文章大量使用 neutral, factual language 来 present events without editorial judgment。比如 'A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision'，'The case may yet reach the Supreme Court'，这些 statements 是 purely descriptive，记者不 inject personal opinions。即使描述 'Executives were violently agitated'，也是 reporting observable reactions 而非 making value judgments。这种 objective tone 是 professional journalism 的 hallmark，让读者 form their own conclusions based on facts presented。

    信号词 ruled overturned filed advances brought held

    仿写： Practice objective description 要 focus on observable facts（what happened, who said what, when and where）而不是 your interpretation of why or whether it's good/bad。Use neutral verbs（'stated', 'occurred', 'decided'）instead of charged ones（'claimed', 'admitted', 'suffered'）。当 reporting opinions，attribute them clearly to sources。仿写模版：[主语] [中性动词] that [事实陈述]，或 [Event] occurred [时间/地点]。避免 'obviously', 'clearly', 'unfortunately' 这类 subjective modifiers。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

11 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 生物科技行业对判决的强烈反应暗示其利益受损

    P1
    Executives were violently agitated.

    情感强度词 violently agitated violently desperately furiously intensely fiercely sharply

    Violently agitated 这个 extreme expression 传递的 subtext 是:gene patents 对 biotech industry 的 business model 至关重要,这个 ruling 触及了 industry 的 core interests。这为 article 的 main theme 奠定基础 — 这不是简单的 legal dispute,而是关乎 industry survival 和 fundamental business practices 的 battle。作者通过这个 implication 让 readers 理解后续 legal fights 的 intensity 和 stakes。

  • 行业组织的安抚话语暗示判决威胁巨大

    P1
    a trade group, assured members that this was just a 'preliminary step' in a longer battle

    委婉表达 assured reassured clarified emphasized stressed insisted maintained

    BIO 的 assurance 这个 action 本身就 reveals industry's vulnerability。如果 ruling 真的 insignificant,就不需要 trade group 出面 reassure。Preliminary step 这个 framing 是在 minimize damage,但 ironically 反而 confirms 这个 ruling 对 industry 造成了 substantial threat。这个 implication 支撑了 article's theme:gene patent disputes 对 biotech sector 有 profound implications,而 industry 正在 defensive mode。

  • 暂时性缓解暗示问题远未解决

    P2
    they were relieved, at least temporarily

    限制性修饰语 at least temporarily for now at present currently so far to some extent partially

    At least temporarily 这个 qualifier 传递的 message 是:尽管 appeals court 做出了 favorable ruling,但 uncertainty 依然存在,而且可能 reversed。这个 implication 直接 connects to article's main point:gene patent issue 仍处于 flux,legal battles 将 continue。通过这个 subtle hedging,作者 prepares readers for 第三段提到的 ongoing challenges 和第四段的 unanswered questions,形成 coherent narrative about ongoing uncertainty。

  • 法庭将保持忙碌预示争议持续升级

    P3
    the courts will remain rather busy

    委婉表达 remain rather busy rather busy somewhat challenging a bit complicated fairly difficult quite involved relatively complex

    Rather busy 这个 understated phrase 实际在 imply:patent disputes 将 proliferate,legal system 将被 inundated with cases。这个 implication 支持 article's central argument:gene patenting 问题不是 isolated case,而是 systemic issue that will generate ongoing litigation。这为后文 discussing future cases (Mayo Clinic suit)和 industry's preparation (packed lawyer sessions)做了 foreshadowing,强化了 theme of sustained legal uncertainty。

  • 批评者的三个论点暗示专利制度存在根本缺陷

    P3
    Critics make three main arguments against gene patents

    结构化枚举 Critics make three main arguments three main arguments multiple concerns several objections various criticisms key problems major issues

    Three main arguments 这个 structured presentation 的 subtext 是:gene patents 面临的不是 superficial criticism,而是 comprehensive challenge to their legitimacy。通过 presenting legal、innovation 和 access concerns,作者 implies patent system 在 multiple fundamental aspects 存在 problems。这个 implication 加强了 article's theme:这不仅是 legal technicality dispute,而是关乎 patent system's basic principles 和 public interest 的 profound debate,解释了为什么 courts remain busy 且 issue unresolved。

  • 越来越多人同意批评暗示舆论和政策风向转变

    P3
    A growing number seem to agree.

    趋势性表达 A growing number seem to agree a growing number increasing mounting rising expanding escalating

    Growing number seem to agree 这个 observation 的 implication 是:尽管 Myriad 赢得了 appeals court ruling,但 broader consensus 正在 move against gene patents。这个 subtext 解释了为什么 big questions remain unanswered (第四段)以及为什么 case may reach Supreme Court。作者通过 highlighting this trend 来 suggest:即使 current ruling favors industry,long-term outlook 并不 certain,因为 policy and public opinion momentum 正在 shift。这强化了 article's theme of ongoing uncertainty。

  • 司法部的立场表明政府态度转向反对基因专利

    P3
    the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule 'is no less a product of nature…than are cotton fibres'

    权威介入信号 Department of Justice filed a brief Department of Justice filed federal task-force urged government intervened regulators stepped in authorities argued officials stated

    DOJ 的 intervention 传递的 deep implication 是:gene patent 的 legal foundation 正在被 federal government itself 质疑。这不再是 private parties 之间的 dispute,而是 government challenging industry practice。Cotton fiber comparison 直接 attacks patents' basic premise。这个 development 解释了为什么 appeals court decision 不能 settle the issue,也 foreshadows Supreme Court 可能的 involvement。对 article's theme,这 reinforces 核心观点:legal landscape 处于 fundamental flux,industry's previous certainties 正在 erode。

  • 重大问题悬而未决暗示判决意义有限

    P4
    Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered.

    让步转折 Despite despite although while even though in spite of notwithstanding

    Despite structure 的 implication 是:Myriad's victory 虽然存在,但 doesn't resolve underlying issues。Big questions 如 whole genome sequencing 的 legality 仍 uncertain,而且 case may reach Supreme Court,意味着 current ruling 可能被 overturned。这个 subtext 与 article's main theme 完全 aligned:gene patent landscape 充满 uncertainty,industry 不应该因为 one favorable ruling 而 complacent。作者在 systematic downplay single victory's significance,emphasizing ongoing volatility。

  • 行业推进暗示诉讼影响更大

    P5
    As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact.

    转折对比 however but nevertheless nonetheless yet still on the other hand

    However 之后的 content 传递的 message 是:industry's focus 应该 shift from DNA patents to gene interaction patents,而后者将 face even bigger legal challenges。Even greater impact 暗示 Mayo Clinic suit 等 cases 可能 more fundamentally reshape biotech landscape than Myriad。这个 implication 服务于 article's theme:当前 disputes 只是 beginning,真正 transformative battles 还在 ahead。作者在 redirect attention from immediate controversy to emerging frontier,showing this is evolving story rather than concluded one。

  • 专利焦点转移暗示商业模式根本转型

    P5
    Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules – most are already patented or in the public domain.

    趋势否定表达 unlikely to file many more patents unlikely to no longer rarely seldom few companies little incentive

    Unlikely to file 的 subtext 是:biotech business model 正在 fundamentally transform from patenting isolated genes to patenting gene interactions and correlations。Connecting the dots 这个 phrase 表明 industry 从 simple entity patents 转向 complex relationship patents。这个 shift 解释了为什么 other suits may have greater impact — 因为 future battles 将围绕 这些 more complex, more valuable patents。对 article's theme,这 shows legal disputes 将 evolve alongside industry evolution,meaning uncertainty 不会 disappear but take new forms。

  • 会议爆满暗示行业焦虑和不确定性

    P6
    Each meeting was packed.

    状态描述暗示 Each meeting was packed packed overflowing sold out standing room only fully booked high attendance

    Each meeting was packed 这个 seemingly factual description 的 deep implication 是:biotech industry 处于 high alert,lawyers 急需 understand rapidly shifting patent landscape。Packed sessions 反映 pervasive uncertainty and concern across industry。这个 ending detail serves as powerful conclusion,confirming article's central theme:gene patents 处于 flux,legal battles 将 continue,而 industry 正在 scrambling to adapt。通过 this concrete image of packed rooms,作者 viscerally conveys the anxiety and urgency permeating the sector,giving readers a lasting impression of ongoing turbulence。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：客观中立

结论先行：本文作者态度为客观中立（ Cautiously Neutral Observation）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 区分情绪归属 P1 P2

    新闻报道类文章开篇通常先呈现matter-of-fact的event背景，如果强烈情绪词汇是attributed给报道对象（如企业高管、公司）而非作者本人，就说明作者在保持journalistic distance，这是判断客观中立态度的第一信号。

  2. 正反篇幅对照 P2 P3

    新闻报道要遵循新闻专业主义的balance原则，如果作者给正反两方都分配了相似篇幅和权重，比如industry的win和critics的counterarguments都被详细列出，这说明作者没有明显偏向一方，倾向于objective reporting。

  3. 高频模糊限定词 P3 P4 P5

    新闻报道涉及法律或政策议题时，作者常用hedge language来avoid premature judgment，这类词汇密集出现说明作者在故意保持uncertainty，是判断客观中立而非旗帜鲜明表态的关键证据。

  4. 中立细节收尾 P6

    新闻报道的结尾往往最能暴露作者真实立场，如果作者选择用一个中立的细节描写（而不是"this proves..."之类的定论句）来结束全文，说明作者始终保持着reporter's distance，不愿给出personal verdict。

  5. 全篇中立观察 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

    由于作者没有在任何一段直接给出"这项判决是对的/错的"这样的personal verdict，而是持续用critics vs industry的双线叙事和大量modal uncertainty词汇维持中立，因此可以判定整体态度为客观中立，且带有一丝对未来走向的watchful关注。

文中的态度信号词

  • violently agitated P1

    这类词汇描述的是biotech industry高管和企业的情绪reaction，而不是作者自己的judgment，用来客观呈现事件带来的冲击，帮助读者感受event的severity，却不暴露作者的personal stance。

    同类词 shook...to its core relieved blessing

  • probably not over P3

    这些hedge phrase表明作者对Myriad case未来走向持保留态度，说明作者不愿意给出definitive conclusion，而是承认议题的uncertainty，这正是客观中立态度的核心体现。

    同类词 may yet reach it is unclear whether may have an even greater impact

  • Critics make three main arguments P3

    这是典型的reporting verb结构，作者只是转述critics的观点而不加自己的评论，说明作者在做fact-based reporting，为反方观点提供同等的呈现空间。

    同类词 argues urged explains

  • seem to agree P3

    "A growing number seem to agree"这句话是作者对trend的观察性描述，用"seem to"弱化了论断的确定性，暗示作者只是report一个正在发生的现象，而非表达personal endorsement。

    同类词 seem to appear to

  • packed P6

    用一个具体的场景细节（会议室座无虚席）来结尾，没有加上任何explicit evaluation，这种show-not-tell的写法让读者自己去感受industry的anxiety，进一步印证作者刻意维持的neutral tone。

    同类词 Each meeting was packed

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇新闻报道

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他考研英语 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇新闻报道？

  1. 具体时间标记 P1 P2

    新闻报道的 core feature 是 time-sensitive event coverage,它会用 concrete dates 来 anchor 事件,而议论文通常用 general statements,说明文则侧重 timeless explanations 而不强调 when something happened

  2. 事件时序链条 P1 P2 P3 P4

    新闻报道会 follow 事件的 timeline 来 organize content,有明确的 before-and-after relationship,而议论文是 logic-driven structure 围绕 thesis 展开,说明文则是 topic-centered organization 按照 categories 或 features 来安排

  3. 具名主体行为 P1 P2 P3 P4 P6

    新闻报道的 DNA 是 who-did-what specificity,它会 name actual people, organizations, and their actions,而议论文倾向于 generalized subjects 和 abstract concepts,说明文则 focus on explaining phenomena 而不是 reporting actors and their deeds

  4. 多方观点呈现 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

    新闻报道追求 balanced presentation of different stakeholders 和 evolving situations,它会 include various voices 而不 push one agenda,议论文则有明确的 stance 要 defend,说明文是 neutral explanation 但不涉及 conflicting parties 和 unresolved issues

  5. 四要素综合识别 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

    这个 comprehensive approach 抓住了新闻报道的 essential characteristics,它区别于议论文的 thesis-driven argumentation 和说明文的 concept-focused exposition,因为它的 primary function 是 documenting real-world events as they unfold with factual precision

哪些词暴露了新闻报道体裁？

  • In 2010 P1 即时性时间与地点词 by 2005 in March 2010 On July 29th Last year In October
  • a federal judge ruled P1 核心事实概括词 A federal appeals court overturned said the ruling Critics make three main arguments a federal task-force urged the Department of Justice filed a brief
  • Executives were violently agitated P1 新闻来源与引用词 The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said Critics make three main arguments explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO brought by the Mayo Clinic
  • shook America's biotech industry P1 核心事实概括词 overturned the prior decision ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents patents suppress innovation restrict access to genetic tests the case may yet reach the Supreme Court
  • On July 29th they were relieved P2 即时性时间与地点词 On July 29th In 2010 in March 2010 by 2005 Last year
  • a company in Utah P2 即时性时间与地点词 America's biotech industry federal appeals court the Supreme Court the Mayo Clinic
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

5 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear 的常见问题

2012年考研英语二真题 Section II Part A (3) 文章 Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear 的原文出自哪里？
The Economist(《经济学人》)2011年8月4日一篇題为Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear (Myriad的基因专利战:真正不明朗)的文章。
2012年考研英语二真题文章 Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear 的主旨是什么？
美国法院正在处理基因专利争议,特别是分离的DNA是否可获得专利。2010年上诉法院的裁决支持Myriad Genetics公司,但持续的法律诉讼继续塑造生物技术专利法,业界对创新和患者获取基因检测的权利表示关切。（英文表述：U.S. courts are grappling with gene patent disputes, particularly whether isolated DNA is patentable. A 2010 appeals court ruling favored Myriad Genetics, but ongoing legal battles continue to shape biotechnology patent law amid industry concerns about innovation and patient access to genetic tests.）
Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear（2012年考研英语二真题文章）是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为新闻报道，作者立场是客观中立（Cautiously Neutral Observation）。CEFR 难度 C1，全文 406 词、6 段；在考研英语二全部 94 篇真题文章中，C1 级共 72 篇（占 77%）。
2012年考研英语二真题文章 Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear 的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 6 段按新闻报道骨架分为 6 个意群：第1段——导语：基因专利争议的起源；第2段——最新进展：上诉法庭的逆转判决；第3段——深度分析：反对基因专利的三大论据；第4段——悬而未决：法律问题的未来走向；第5段——行业前瞻：基因交互研究的专利趋势；第6段——结语：持续影响与行业应对。
Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear 一文的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是客观中立（Cautiously Neutral Observation）。判断路径：区分情绪归属 → 正反篇幅对照 → 高频模糊限定词 → 中立细节收尾 → 全篇中立观察；文中的态度信号词包括 violently agitated（第1段）、probably not over（第3段）、Critics make three main arguments（第3段）、seem to agree（第3段）、packed（第6段）。
2012年考研英语二真题文章 Myriad's gene-patent battle : Gene-uinely unclear 中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 4 个：agitate（激动的;焦虑不安的;心烦意乱的）、suppress（抑制;压制;阻碍）、monopoly（垄断;专卖;独占）、efficacy（功效;有效性;疗效），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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