2015年考研英语二真题 Section I This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop
Postgraduate · 来自 2015年考研英语二真题 · Section I · 完形填空(四选一)

This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop

2015年考研英语二真题文章逐层精读

The Huffington Post(《赫芬顿邮报》)2014年5月16日一篇题为 This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop(这就是你为何在地铁上无视他人、以及你为什么应该终止该行为的原因)的文章。

本页是 2015年考研英语二真题 Section I 文章的精读视角页——这篇议论文全文 352 词、7 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在考研英语二文章中占 22%),作者立场为「积极支持」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他考研英语真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

7 段英文原文

以下为2015年考研英语二真题 Section I 的完形填空(四选一)原文,共 7 段。左侧 P1–P7 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop

In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with – or even looking at – a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling to their phones, even without a signal on a subway.

It's a sad reality – our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings – because there's much to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn't know it, plugged into your phone. This universal protection sends the message: "Please don't approach me."

What is it that makes us feel we need to hide behind our screens?

One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be misinterpreted as "weird." We fear we'll be judged. We fear we'll be disruptive.

Strangers are inherently unfamiliar to us, so we are more likely to feel anxious when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we turn to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more dangerous."

But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesn't hurt so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a conversation. They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow passengers. "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to predict how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their ride would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," The New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn't expect a positive experience, after they went through with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been embarrassed."

In fact, these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, since human beings thrive off of social connections. It's that simple: Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

7 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2015年考研英语二真题 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    A Culture of Avoidance

    Modern people use phones to avoid contact with strangers.

    本段承担 opening 的功能,先提出当代人回避陌生人的普遍现象。它为全文的 argument 建立了现实起点:既然大家都在 avoiding contact,文章便需要进一步追问这种行为的原因及其后果。

    手机筑起社交屏障
  2. P2

    The Cost of Phone Protection

    Phones prevent people from gaining the benefits of stranger interaction.

    本段深化了第一段的现象,指出回避陌生人并非无害,而是有明确的 social cost。它同时提出交流本有收益这一观点,为后文的实验论证和最终结论预先搭建了论证方向。

    回避导致错失收益
  3. P3

    The Question Behind Avoidance

    Why do people hide behind their screens?

    本段是全文的 pivot,它把前两段对现象和危害的描述转化为对原因的追问。正因为有了这个 question,第四、五段关于 fear 和 anxiety 的解释才显得逻辑自然。

    从现象转向追因
  4. P4

    Fear of Social Judgment

    Fear of negative social outcomes makes people avoid strangers.

    本段回答了人们回避交流的直接心理原因,使文章的论证从社会现象进入 individual psychology。它还为第五段说明“陌生性为何会引发焦虑”提供了第一个原因层面的解释。

    归并四种社交担忧
  5. P5

    Phones as a Security Blanket

    People use phones as psychological protection from stranger anxiety.

    本段进一步完善因果解释:陌生人的 unfamiliarity 产生焦虑,而手机成为回避焦虑的 coping mechanism。至此,文章完整说明了“为何回避”,随后第六段便转入“这种恐惧是否合理”的实证检验。

    手机充当心理安全毯
  6. P6

    Testing the Fear of Conversation

    Research shows that conversations with strangers are less embarrassing than expected.

    本段是全文最关键的 evidence,它以实验反驳了人们因 fear 而回避陌生人的心理预期。它使文章从“解释回避行为”转向“证明这种回避并无必要”,为结尾的积极结论提供事实基础。

    预期尴尬却无人尴尬
  7. P7

    The Value of Social Connection

    Talking to strangers improves well-being by creating social connection.

    本段完成全文的 final conclusion:与陌生人交谈不但不会如预想般造成尴尬,反而能提升愉悦感并满足人类对 social connection 的需要。它与开头人们躲在手机后的孤立画面形成鲜明 contrast,从而有力完成全文论证。

    交谈带来联结与愉悦
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

7 道逐段细节自检题

针对2015年考研英语二真题这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 contemporary culture phones

    What does the author suggest about people in contemporary culture?

    • A They rely on phones because subway signals are unreliable.
    • B They prefer visual contact to verbal communication.
    • C They tend to use phones to avoid engagement with strangers.
    • D They are eager to meet new people during their commute.
    • E They use mobile devices mainly for professional communication.
    • F They have become more tolerant of unfamiliar social settings.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    该项把段落中的两个关键层次完整合并:communicating with 或 looking at a stranger 几乎 unbearable,说明回避对象是 strangers;cling to their phones 则说明 phones 是回避时采用的外在动作。选项使用 tend to,保留了 seems to agree 的概括而非绝对语气。障碍在于原文没有直说 use phones to avoid engagement,而是用画面化表达让考生完成概括。

    双画面对接 时间极紧时,直接用 contemporary culture 回扫到 第1段 首句,再把题干中的 suggest 压缩为“作者借手机画面批评什么”。不要逐项翻译六个选项;只检查每项能否同时解释 stranger 与 phone 两个画面。能把二者连成同一心理行为链的正确项,其他项通常会遗漏对象、误读 even,或添加用途。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 message phones

    What message does the widespread use of phones convey?

    • A It shows that the user needs technical assistance.
    • B It invites nearby people to begin a conversation.
    • C It proves that strangers have little to offer.
    • D It signals that the user does not welcome social approaches.
    • E It reflects a desire to protect other people from disruption.
    • F It suggests that public transport is unsuitable for communication.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    该项准确改写 Please don't approach me。does not welcome 保留了拒绝接近的语气,social approaches 概括 interacting with other human beings。它没有把手机说成真正的 protection,而是强调其对他人发出的 signal。障碍在于作者先用 universal protection 这一比喻,再以引号给出真实含义,考生需要完成从比喻到人际态度的转换。

    信号方向判定 用 message 一词直击 第2段 的信号解释区,把题干压缩成“这种行为对他人表达接近是否受欢迎”。随后只看选项的方向词:welcome、invite 一类涉及互动方向;technical、transport 一类转移到技术或场所。保留准确表达该社交信号的正确项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 screens

    What is the primary function of the question about hiding behind screens?

    • A To demonstrate that screen use is physically harmful.
    • B To request advice on reducing smartphone use.
    • C To summarize the benefits of talking to strangers.
    • D To challenge the reliability of a psychological experiment.
    • E To introduce an inquiry into the reasons for social avoidance.
    • F To define the proper use of digital technology.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    本段用 What is it that makes us feel... 提出原因性问题,后文立刻以 One answer is fear 作答。因此该问句并不提供新事实,而是把论述从“人们在回避什么”推进到“人们为什么回避”。障碍在于正确项使用 introduce an inquiry 的结构概括,原文没有直接出现 function 或 transition 之类的术语。

    前后功能夹判 先用 screens 定位 第3段,再连读前后论证单元,判断目标问句前后分别承担什么内容功能。无需逐项寻找原词;只要识别该问句把论述导向哪一种新问题,就可保留准确描述该结构动作的正确项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 Jon Wortmann social advances

    According to Jon Wortmann, why do people hesitate to make social advances?

    • A They doubt that strangers can understand their language.
    • B They believe that social advances are unnecessary in public places.
    • C They expect strangers to reject all conversations.
    • D They are unwilling to interrupt their own work routines.
    • E They lack opportunities to encounter unfamiliar people.
    • F They fear rejection and negative social judgment.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    该项直接保留 fear rejection,并以 negative social judgment 概括 be misinterpreted as weird 和 be judged;对自己可能显得 disruptive 的顾虑也属于担心社交行为产生负面结果。障碍在于选项没有逐字罗列每一种 fear,而是将并列信息进行上位概括,考生不能因为缺少某个原词便误排。

    并列顾虑归一 先以 Jon Wortmann 锁定 第4段,再圈读与 social advances 相邻的并列心理表述,将它们归并为“担心互动引发负面反应”。选项若把心理顾虑改成 believe、lack 或必然预期,立刻剔除;保留能够概括共同心理的正确项。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 phones strangers

    How do phones function for people who feel uneasy around strangers?

    • A They act as psychological protection from perceived social danger.
    • B They help users identify trustworthy strangers.
    • C They remove the actual risks of public transportation.
    • D They make conversations with friends more efficient.
    • E They encourage users to face uncomfortable situations directly.
    • F They prove that strangers are more dangerous than friends.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:A

    该项整合 security blanket 与 happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more dangerous。psychological protection 准确说明保护是情绪层面的,perceived social danger 保留 perceive 所强调的主观危险感。障碍在于原文借两个生活化隐喻说明功能,正确项则用抽象学术表达进行同义改写。

    双隐喻合译 用 phones 与 strangers 交叉定位到 第5段,不必逐句翻译。直接抓解释手机角色的定义性表达,把多个比喻共同替换成“给焦虑者安全感”。再检查正确项是否同时保留心理性和主观感知;声称 actual risk、proof 或效率提升的选项均可迅速排除。

  6. 第 6 段 定位词 2011 experiment participants

    What did the participants report after taking part in the 2011 experiment?

    • A Solitude made their train rides more pleasant.
    • B None of them reported feeling embarrassed.
    • C Most participants felt embarrassed after starting a conversation.
    • D Only trained commuters could talk successfully with strangers.
    • E Conversations were enjoyable only when initiated by researchers.
    • F Their expectations about strangers were confirmed by the results.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:B

    该项是对 not a single person reported having been embarrassed 的直接同义改写。None of them 对应 not a single person,reported feeling embarrassed 对应 reported having been embarrassed,没有把“无人报告尴尬”扩大为“所有人都很舒适”或“所有人都很愉快”。障碍在于选项改变了数量表达和动名词结构,但保留了主体、时间与报告内容。

    事后强数量锁定 以 2011 experiment 锁定 第6段 后,直接寻找与 after 和 reported 对应的事后结果句。此时不必重建整个实验,只需核对选项的数量词和情绪词:正确项应忠实保留原文的报告范围,不把“无人报告某种感受”扩大成更强的积极结论。

  7. 第 7 段 定位词 more enjoyable commutes

    Why were the communicative commutes reportedly more enjoyable?

    • A Commuters became more productive during their journeys.
    • B Strangers provided practical solutions to personal problems.
    • C Social interaction satisfies the human need for connection.
    • D Communication reduced the length of the commute.
    • E People naturally thrive when they remain independent.
    • F Train travel creates a uniquely friendly social environment.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    段落用 since human beings thrive off of social connections 解释通勤为何更 enjoyable,最后又将结论简化为 Talking to strangers can make you feel connected。正确项将 thrive off of 与 feel connected 上位概括为对 connection 的人类需求。障碍在于它没有重复 commute 或 stranger,而是把具体场景提升为作者的普遍因果原理。

    比较原因分栏 直接用 more enjoyable 与 commutes 定位 第7段,再把题干拆成“比较结果—原因解释”两栏。不要在 commute、train 等场景词上耗时;正确项应提供能够解释该体验变化的一般原理,而不是重复结果或添加交通条件。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

5 个意群的议论文骨架

按议论文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引言 P1

    当代人逃避陌生人交流的现象

    这个 opening paragraph 描绘了一个 contemporary cultural phenomenon,即人们通过 clinging to phones 来 avoid communicating with strangers,这种 behavior 在 subway 等 public spaces 中 virtually unbearable,为整篇 argument 设定了 problematic situation。

    作为 introduction 的第一部分,这个 paragraph 通过 observing contemporary behavior 来 establish the problem,为后续 argument about why we hide behind smartphones 和 benefits of talking to strangers 奠定 contextual foundation。

    呈现手机隔离现象
  2. 引言 P2

    作者对现象的价值判断和立场

    这个 paragraph 从 neutral observation 转向 clear value judgment,用 'sad reality' 来 characterize the situation,并 explicitly states 作者的 position:there's much to be gained from talking to strangers,这是整篇文章的 thesis statement,为后续 body paragraphs 设定了 argumentative direction。

    作为 introduction 的核心部分,这个 paragraph completes the thesis presentation,通过 contrasting 'sad reality' with 'much to be gained' 来 establish the central argument,为后文 exploring reasons for avoidance 和 evidence for benefits 提供 argumentative anchor。

    明确陌生人交流的价值
  3. 分论点 P3

    引出核心问题

    这个 transitional question 标志着从 introduction 进入 body section,通过 asking 'What makes us hide behind screens' 来 shift focus from stating the problem 到 analyzing its causes,这种 interrogative structure 是 argumentative development 的 common technique。

    作为 first body paragraph 的 opening,这个 rhetorical question serves as a transition device,将 reader's attention 从 'what is happening' 引导到 'why it happens',为后续 paragraphs explaining fear and anxiety 建立 logical pathway。

    追问躲避原因
  4. 分论点 P4 P5

    恐惧心理的多维分析

    这两个 paragraphs 共同构成 first major supporting point,详细 explain the psychological reasons behind avoidance behavior,第4段 introduces fear 作为 'one answer' 并 lists specific fears,第5段 则 deepens the analysis 通过 explaining anxiety with strangers 和 phones as security blankets,两段 together 形成 complete cause analysis。

    作为 body section 的 first major argument,这个 meaning unit explains 主旨中 'why people hide behind smartphones due to fear and anxiety' 的部分,通过 citing expert opinion (Jon Wortmann) 和 psychological explanations 来 provide authoritative support for the causal claim。

    解释恐惧和焦虑机制
  5. 分论点 P6 P7

    实证研究反驳负面预期

    这两个 paragraphs 构成 second major supporting point,通过 introducing empirical evidence (2011 experiment by Epley and Schroeder) 来 challenge the fears explained earlier,第6段 详细 describes the study methodology and findings,第7段 interprets the results 并 connects them to broader principle about human social needs,together 它们 present the counterargument to our expectations。

    作为 body section 的 second major argument,这个 unit provides concrete evidence for 主旨中 'research shows that talking to strangers actually creates positive experiences' 的部分,通过 scientific study 来 demonstrate the gap between expectations and reality,直接 support the central thesis about benefits of stranger interaction。

    用实验证明交流益处
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

6 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 6 步按2015年考研英语二真题 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他考研英语文章。

  1. 定位现象描述段 P1 P2

    议论文通常会在 opening paragraphs 中呈现一个 observable reality 或者 widespread behavior,这是作者要 argue 的 starting point。本文 第1段 和 第2段 就描述了 people avoid strangers by using phones 这个 contemporary phenomenon,这是整个 argument 的 foundation

  2. 捕捉态度词 P2

    议论文的 main thesis 往往体现在作者对所述现象的 judgment 或 evaluation 中。第2段 开头的 'It's a sad reality' 直接 reveals 作者的 negative assessment,表明作者认为这个 behavior 是 problematic 的,这个 evaluative language 是 identifying thesis 的 key signal

  3. 追踪因果链 P3 P4 P5

    议论文经常会 analyze 为什么会出现某个 phenomenon,这个 causal analysis 是 argument development 的重要部分。第3段 提出 question 'What makes us feel we need to hide',第4段-5 给出 answer:fear and anxiety。这个 cause-effect structure 帮助 readers 理解作者的 logical reasoning

  4. 提取实证数据 P6

    议论文常用 empirical evidence 来 strengthen argument。第6段 引用了 2011 experiment,这个 study 的 findings(people enjoyed conversations more than expected)directly contradicts 前面提到的 fear,这个 contrast 是 author's main point 的 crucial support

  5. 锁定结论句 P7

    议论文的 closing paragraph 通常会 restate 或 emphasize main thesis。第7段 的 'Talking to strangers can make you feel connected' 是对整个 argument 的 summary statement,直接 points to 作者想 convey 的 core message:interaction brings connection,这 contradicts opening 中描述的 avoidance behavior

  6. 将前面所有 elements 串联:文章描述了 phone use to avoid strangers(现象),作者认为这是 sad(态度),原因是 fear(分析),但 research shows conversations are enjoyable(反证),所以 talking to strangers creates connection(结论)。这个 logical flow 构成了完整的 thesis:people's avoidance is unfounded,interaction is beneficial

主旨信号词 sad reality P2 fear P4 but P2 in fact P7 can make you feel connected P7

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

文章论证了人们因恐惧和焦虑而躲在智能手机后避免与陌生人互动,但研究表明与陌生人交谈实际上会带来积极体验和有意义的社交联系,这与我们的预期相反。
The article argues that people hide behind smartphones to avoid interacting with strangers due to fear and anxiety, but research shows that talking to strangers actually creates positive experiences and meaningful social connections, contradicting our expectations.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进考研英语高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • commuter 通勤者;经常往返于居住地和工作地之间的人

    让我们把 clues 串起来:首先,这些人在 train station 里,和 passengers 是同类;其次,commute 这个 related word 指的是 travel process;最后,实验特意选择他们,说明这是 regular, predictable 群体。这三条线索共同指向一个结论:commuters 就是那些 regularly travel between home and work 的人。

    人物名词的三维定位法
  • thrive 茁壮成长;兴旺发达(因某事物而生活得很好)

    把 evidence 整合一下:文章用实验证明 social interaction 带来 positive feelings,然后用 thrive 来解释这个 phenomenon。thrive 出现在 causal explanation 中,搭配 off of 表示 dependency,而且 emotional tone 是 strongly positive。这说明 thrive 不是简单的 exist,而是在 optimal conditions 下 flourish and prosper。

    因果动词的三重解析
  • blanket 毯子;毛毯(提供温暖和安全感的覆盖物)

    让我们 connect the dots:文章讲 phones 帮我们 avoid anxiety,然后用 security blanket 这个 metaphor。这个 metaphor 和后面的 glasses 并列,都强调 protection。而 security blanket 作为 psychological term,指的是 physical comfort object。综合这些 clues,blanket 的 literal meaning 必然是某种 soft, covering item that provides warmth and comfort。

    隐喻倒推具象法
  • disruptive 扰乱的;造成混乱的(以不受欢迎的方式打断或干扰他人)

    整合一下 reasoning:这个词出现在 list of social fears 中,和 rejection, weird, judged 并列,都是 negative outcomes。文章主题是 why people avoid social interaction,所以 disruptive 必然指 causing negative impact on others。再加上 dis- prefix 的 negative connotation,可以确定它表示 interrupting or disturbing in an unwelcome way。

    列举形容词的三重验证
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 比喻修辞

    P5

    作者用了 security blanket 这个 metaphor 来描述 phones 的角色,还有 happy glasses 来形容它们提供的 protection。这种 figurative language 让抽象的 psychological defense mechanism 变得具象化,读者能立刻 relate to 这种躲在手机后面寻求 safety 的感觉。通过这个 vivid imagery,作者揭示了我们对手机的 dependence 本质上是一种 emotional crutch,这直接支撑了文章关于 fear-driven avoidance 的主旨。

    信号词 become is are serve as act as like as if resemble turn into

    仿写: 当你需要解释一个 abstract concept 时,问自己:这个概念的 function 或 feeling 像什么 everyday object?比如讨论 social media addiction,你可以说 'Social media becomes our digital pacifier'。模版:[抽象概念] + become(s)/is/are + our + [具体熟悉物品],或者 [抽象概念] + serve(s) as + [具体角色]。关键是选择的 vehicle(喻体)要能 capture 住 tenor(本体)的核心 characteristic。

  • 举例论证

    P6

    作者引用了 2011 experiment 这个具体的 empirical evidence,详细描述了 Epley 和 Schroeder 让 Chicago commuters 主动 talk to strangers 的实验。这个 concrete example 提供了 scientific backing,证明 actual experience 比 predicted experience 更 positive。实验的 specific details(地点、参与者、过程、结果)让 argument 从 theoretical 变成 verifiable,直接反驳了人们关于 stranger interaction 的 negative assumptions,强有力地支撑了文章的 central claim。

    信号词 In one For example For instance Consider Take A case in point To illustrate As evidence Studies show Research indicates

    仿写: 当你提出一个 general statement 后,问自己:有什么 real-world case 能 illustrate 这一点?引入 example 时要包含 specific details:who、when、where、what happened。模版:In one [时间] [研究类型], [研究者] + [动词] + [具体做法]. The results showed that + [结果]. 或者用 For instance/For example 开头,然后提供 detailed scenario。关键是 example 要 directly relate to 你的 thesis,并且有足够的 specificity 来让它 convincing。

  • 因果论证

    P4 P5

    整个 第4段 和 第5段 构成了 causal chain:作者先提出 fear 是 root cause,然后解释为什么 strangers 会 trigger anxiety(unfamiliarity),最后说明这种 anxiety 如何 lead to phone usage。这个 logical sequence 建立了清晰的 cause-effect relationship:fear of rejection → anxiety with strangers → turning to phones for security。这种 reasoning structure 让读者理解行为背后的 psychological mechanism,揭示了 surface behavior(phone use)的 underlying motivation,这对文章关于 why we avoid strangers 的分析至关重要。

    信号词 according to because since so therefore thus as a result consequently leads to causes results in due to that's why

    仿写: 构建因果论证时要明确 chain of reasoning:从 root cause 到 intermediate effects 再到 final outcome。使用 causal language 让 logic 清晰可见。模版:[原因句] + This leads to/causes/results in + [结果句]. 或者 Because/Since + [原因], [结果]. 更复杂的可以用:[A] → [B] → [C] 的 multi-step causation。确保每个 causal link 是 logical 和 defensible 的,避免 post hoc fallacy(误把 sequence 当 causation)。

  • 对比论证

    P6 P7

    文章在 第6段 中形成了鲜明的 contrast:people's predictions(more pleasant alone)versus actual experience(more enjoyable with conversation)。第7段 进一步强化了 commutes with communication 和 without communication 的 difference。这种 before-after、expectation-reality 的 juxtaposition 揭示了我们的 cognitive bias,证明我们对 stranger interaction 的 fears 是 unfounded。这个 contrast 直接 challenge 读者的 assumptions,是文章 persuasive power 的关键,因为它展示了 actual data 如何 contradict intuitive beliefs。

    信号词 but however while whereas in contrast on the other hand compared with unlike rather than instead yet although

    仿写: 创建对比论证时要选择有 meaningful difference 的两个对象。使用 contrastive structure 让 difference 清晰。模版:While [A shows X], [B shows Y]. 或者 [Group A] predicted/thought/believed + [预期], but actually/in fact/in reality + [实际情况]. 也可以用 compared with/in contrast to 来显性标记 comparison。确保 contrast 的两方面在同一个 dimension 上可比,比如都是关于 experience quality 或 emotional state,这样 comparison 才有 validity。

  • 反问修辞

    P3

    第3段 的 'What is it that makes us feel we need to hide behind our screens?' 是一个 rhetorical question,它不期待 direct answer 而是引导读者 think deeply about the issue。这个 question 起到了 pivotal role:它 transition 文章从 problem description 到 cause analysis,同时 engage 读者主动思考。这种 interrogative structure 让 argument 更 interactive,读者不是 passive recipients 而是 active thinkers,这增强了文章的 persuasive impact 和 intellectual engagement。

    信号词 What is it that Why How What makes Who can Where do we When will Isn't it Don't we Can we really

    仿写: 使用反问修辞来 introduce 一个将要深入探讨的 topic 或 emphasize 一个 obvious point。模版:What is it that + [现象/问题]? 或 Why do we + [行为]? 也可以用 How can we + [行动] when + [矛盾情况]? 确保 question 是 thought-provoking 但不是 genuinely confusing,答案应该在后文中展开。最有效的 rhetorical questions 是那些 tap into readers' own experience,让他们 relate personally to the issue being discussed。

  • 引用论证

    P4 P5 P6

    文章引用了 Jon Wortmann 这位 executive mental coach 的观点来解释 fear 的作用,还引用了 The New York Times 对实验的 summary。这些 authoritative sources 增加了 argument 的 credibility 和 objectivity。通过借用 experts 和 established publications 的声音,作者的 claims 不再是 personal opinions 而是有 professional backing 的 insights。这种 citation strategy 让议论文更 scholarly 和 trustworthy,特别是在讨论 psychological mechanisms 这种需要专业知识的 topic 时。

    信号词 according to says notes argues points out explains states as X puts it in the words of X claims research shows studies indicate

    仿写: 引用权威时要准确标注 source credentials 来建立 authority。模版:According to [名字], [头衔/身份], [引用内容]. 或者 As [来源] points out/notes/argues, [内容]. 引用后要 integrate 到自己的 argument,解释 why this quote matters。选择 quotation 时确保它 directly supports 你的 point 并来自 credible source。可以 paraphrase 也可以 direct quote,但都要 acknowledge source 以避免 plagiarism 并增强 credibility。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

7 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 手机成为逃避社交的普遍工具

    P1
    they cling to their phones, even without a signal on a subway

    让步类 even without a signal even without even though despite in spite of although while

    作者通过 even without a signal 这个让步,揭示了一个 absurd reality:人们对手机的 attachment 已经超越了它的 functional purpose。即使 no signal 无法实现 communication function,人们仍然 cling to phones,这说明 phones 已经不仅是 communication tools,而是变成了 psychological shields 或 security objects。这个 implication 直接支撑文章主旨:我们用手机 hide behind screens 不是因为真正需要 use them,而是为了 avoid social interaction。这个开篇的 subtle observation 为后文分析 fear 和 anxiety 作为 root causes 埋下伏笔 foreshadows。

  • 保护性信息实为拒绝信号

    P2
    This universal protection sends the message: "Please don't approach me."

    隐喻类 protection shield armor barrier mask wall fortress

    作者将手机称为 universal protection,表面是中性的 protective measure,但紧接着 decode 了它的 real message:Please don't approach me。这个 implication 是:我们自以为是在 protect ourselves,实际上是在 actively reject others。这个 double-edged nature 非常关键 crucial:protection 听起来是 defensive 和 reasonable,但它同时也是 offensive 和 antisocial。这支撑了文章主旨的 critical perspective:我们用手机不仅是 passive avoidance,而是 active rejection of human connection。这为后文论述 fear 作为 underlying cause 提供了 behavioral evidence。

  • 反问引导读者反思根本动机

    P3
    What is it that makes us feel we need to hide behind our screens?

    反问句 What is it that Why is it that How is it that What makes Why do we Could it be that Isn't it true that

    这个单独成段的 rhetorical question 是文章的 structural pivot。它的 implication 是:前面描述的 phone clinging behavior 不是 self-evident,而是需要 explanation 的 puzzle。通过问 what makes us feel we need to,作者暗示这种 need 不是 genuine necessity,而是某种 psychological state 造成的 perceived need。这个问题为接下来引入 fear 作为 root cause 铺路 sets the stage。它支撑主旨的方式是:通过质疑 seeming necessity,为后文论证这是 unnecessary fear-driven behavior 建立 logical foundation。这种 questioning approach 也暗示作者相信这个 behavior pattern 是 changeable 的,为文章最后的 positive finding 埋下伏笔。

  • 恐惧被误判为怪异

    P4
    our innocent social advances will be misinterpreted as "weird"

    形容词隐含对比 innocent harmless simple mere ordinary normal natural

    用 innocent 修饰 social advances,作者的 implication 是:这些行为 objectively speaking 是完全 harmless 和 normal 的,但我们 subjectively 担心它们会被 misinterpreted。这揭示了一个 key psychological mechanism:不是 actual risk 阻止我们交流,而是 imagined judgment。这个 implicit contrast 直接支撑文章主旨:我们 hiding behind phones 是基于 unfounded fears,不是 based on real dangers。将 social interaction 描述为 innocent 也暗示作者的 value judgment:拒绝它是 unjustified 的。这为后文的 experiment showing positive outcomes 提供了 logical preparation:如果 advances 本来就是 innocent,那么 actual experience 应该 confirm this。

  • 手机成为安全感来源的病态

    P5
    Phones become our security blanket

    转变类动词 become turn into serve as act as function as transform into evolve into

    说 phones become security blankets,作者的 implication 是多层的:首先,security blanket 是儿童的 comfort object,暗示我们对手机的依赖是 childish 和 immature;其次,security blankets 提供的是 false sense of security,不是 real protection;第三,正常情况下 adults 不需要 security blankets,所以这个 dependency 是 pathological。这个 metaphor 支撑主旨的方式是:解释了 why we hide behind phones - 不是因为它们真的 provide safety,而是因为我们 psychologically need 这种 illusory protection。这也暗示了 solution 的方向:如果这是 learned behavior 像儿童依赖毛毯,那就可以 unlearn。专家 Wortmann 用这个比喻,为后文的 experiment 铺垫:一旦我们 let go of the blanket,会发现 we're actually fine。

  • 预期与现实的巨大反差

    P6
    not a single person reported having been embarrassed

    绝对化否定 not a single not one no one none never not once zero

    not a single person reported having been embarrassed 这个 absolute finding 是文章 turning point 的 climax。它的 implication 是 devastating to the fear argument:如果每个人都 expected embarrassment,但实际上 no one experienced it,那说明我们的 fear 是 100% inaccurate prediction。这个 zero-exception result 直接 demolish 了前文提到的 rejection, judgment 等 fears。它支撑主旨的方式是提供 empirical proof:those fears keeping us behind our phones are entirely baseless。这个 dramatic gap 也暗示了一个 broader implication:我们的 social anxiety 是 self-fulfilling prophecy - 正是因为 everyone is avoiding interaction,我们才 mistakenly believe it's dangerous。一旦有人 break the cycle,reality 完全不同。这为文章结尾的 call to action 提供了最强有力的 evidence。

  • 社交连接是人类基本需求

    P7
    human beings thrive off of social connections

    生物性隐喻 thrive off of thrive on nourish starve feed on sustain vital

    说 human beings thrive off of social connections,作者的 implication 是将 social interaction 从 nice-to-have 提升到 biological necessity。Thrive 这个词暗示不仅是 survive,而是 flourish 和 reach full potential。这个 biological framing 支撑主旨的方式是 fundamental:它说明我们 hiding behind phones 不仅是 missing pleasant experiences,而是 actively working against our nature,是 self-deprivation。这也解释了为什么 not a single person felt embarrassed - 因为 engaging in social connection 是 fulfilling a natural need,body and mind recognize it as right。这个 statement 还暗示一个更深层的 critique:modern technology-driven lifestyle 正在让我们 deprive ourselves of something biologically essential,这是一种 fundamental dysfunction。结尾用这个 biological truth 收尾,将整篇文章的 argument 提升到 irrefutable level。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:积极支持

结论先行:本文作者态度为积极支持( Advocating human connection over avoidance)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 抓开头情感词 P1 P2

    议论文的开头往往是设置problem或者引出论点的地方,作者用strong的情感词汇来定调,说明作者不是中立旁观,而是带着明确的态度在writing,这为后文的argument方向埋下线索。

  2. 辨析引用功能 P4 P5 P6

    议论文中作者选择引用谁的话、引用什么research,本身就是一种态度表达,因为作者会挑选能support自己论点的evidence,explanatory部分用来铺垫问题的合理性,而counter-evidence则用来推翻这个问题的正当性,从而暗示作者更倾向后者的结论。

  3. 抓预期反转句 P6

    议论文里作者常用先给出大众普遍的assumption,再用实验或事实去打破这个assumption,这种反预期(counter-expectation)的写法是揭示作者真实态度最直接的地方,因为作者选择呈现'打破预期'的结果,就是在暗示读者大众的顾虑是unfounded的。

  4. 锁定结论句 P7

    议论文的结尾往往是作者态度最浓缩、最直白的地方,因为前面所有的argument和evidence最终都要收束到一个clear stance上,这句话里'it's that simple'这种简化表达直接体现作者对talking to strangers的positive认可。

  5. 议论文的态度判断从来不是单看一句话,而是要看全文的argument结构是否consistently朝着同一个方向堆叠evidence,本文从problem设置到expert解释到实验反驳再到结论呼应,形成了一条完整的支持链条,这就是典型的议论文态度递进模式。

文中的态度信号词

  • sad reality P2

    直接表明作者对current avoidance culture的负面judgment,为后文support talking to strangers做铺垫。

    同类词 unfortunate truth regrettable unhappy truth disheartening

  • virtually unbearable P1

    强化开篇对社交恐惧现象的批判语气,为后文argument设置张力,暗示这是一个needed to be solved的issue。

    同类词 intolerable unbearable excruciating

  • not a single person P6

    用全称否定强调实验结果的一致性,彻底推翻了commuters事先的negative expectation,是支持talking to strangers的关键evidence。

    同类词 none of no one not even one

  • more enjoyable P7

    直接给出对talking to strangers的positive评价,是全文态度的最终落地,呼应第二段提到的'much to be gained'。

    同类词 beneficial rewarding fulfilling gratifying

  • It's that simple P7

    用简化表达强化作者对论点的confidence,表明作者认为这个结论是obvious且不容置疑的。

    同类词 it's that simple simply put put simply in short clearly

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇议论文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他考研英语 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇议论文?

  1. 开头出现强烈态度词 P1 P2

    第1段 里'virtually unbearable'这个 strong emotional word 直接 express 了作者的 negative attitude,这是典型的 argumentation signal。说明文会用 neutral tone 来 describe phenomenon,新闻报道会用 objective language 来 report events,但议论文会在开头就 show personal perspective。

  2. 提问后给出原因论证 P3 P4 P5

    第3段 明确 pose 了一个 question:'What is it that makes us...',然后 第4段-5 提供 answer'fear'和具体的 reasoning。这种 question-answer pattern 是 argumentative structure 的典型特征。说明文会用'how it works'的 structure,新闻会用'5W1H'的 reporting structure。

  3. 引用研究支持观点 P6

    第6段 引用了'2011 experiment'和具体的 researchers'names,用 experimental results 来 prove 作者的 point。这是 argumentative writing 的 signature move - 用 evidence 来 back up claims。说明文会 present facts 但不用来 argue,新闻会 quote sources 但为了 report 而非 persuade。

  4. 结尾强化论点主张 P7

    第7段 用'makes absolute sense'和'that simple'这些 assertive phrases 来 conclude,强调'talking to strangers can make you feel connected'这个 central argument。这种 definitive conclusion 是在 persuade readers,不是在 explain 或 report。说明文的 ending 会 neutral,新闻的 ending 常是 latest development。

  5. 全文呈现观点论证结构 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

    这篇文章有明确的 central claim'我们应该和 strangers 交流',用 fear analysis 做 reasoning,cite experiment 做 evidence,最后 conclude with benefits。整个 flow 是 argumentative,每个 paragraph 都在 build the case。说明文会是 topic + aspects explanation,新闻会是 event + details + context,但这篇是 opinion + support。

哪些词暴露了议论文体裁?

  • sad reality P2 立场表态词 unfortunate truth troubling phenomenon concerning trend problematic situation regrettable fact
  • there's much to be gained P2 观点引导词 we stand to benefit significant advantages exist considerable value lies in great potential emerges from important benefits arise from
  • But you wouldn't know it P2 论证逻辑连接词 but you wouldn't know it yet we fail to realize however, we remain unaware but we don't see it yet this escapes our notice
  • What is it that makes us feel P3 观点引导词 What is it that makes us What drives us to What causes us to What leads us to Why do we feel compelled to
  • One answer is P4 观点引导词 One reason is One explanation is The answer lies in The key is The reason is
  • according to P4 论证逻辑连接词 as X argues X claims that X suggests that in X's view X maintains that
  • we fear P4 立场表态词 we worry that we are anxious about we are concerned that we dread we are afraid of
  • But once we rip off the band-aid P6 论证逻辑连接词 but once we however, when we yet if we but as soon as we nevertheless, after we
  • In fact P7 论证逻辑连接词 in fact indeed actually as a matter of fact in reality
  • which makes absolute sense P7 立场表态词 which is perfectly logical which is entirely reasonable which is completely understandable which is obviously true which clearly demonstrates
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

8 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop 的常见问题

2015年考研英语二真题 Section I 文章 This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop 的原文出自哪里?
The Huffington Post(《赫芬顿邮报》)2014年5月16日一篇题为 This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop(这就是你为何在地铁上无视他人、以及你为什么应该终止该行为的原因)的文章。
2015年考研英语二真题文章 This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop 的主旨是什么?
2015年考研英语二真题 Section I 文章 This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop 论证了人们因恐惧和焦虑而躲在智能手机后避免与陌生人互动,但研究表明与陌生人交谈实际上会带来积极体验和有意义的社交联系,这与我们的预期相反。(英文表述:The article argues that people hide behind smartphones to avoid interacting with strangers due to fear and anxiety, but research shows that talking to strangers actually creates positive experiences and meaningful social connections, contradicting our expectations.)
This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop(2015年考研英语二真题文章)是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为议论文,作者立场是积极支持(Advocating human connection over avoidance)。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 352 词、7 段;在考研英语二全部 94 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 21 篇(占 22%)。
2015年考研英语二真题文章 This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop 的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 7 段按议论文骨架分为 5 个意群:引言 · 第1段——当代人逃避陌生人交流的现象;引言 · 第2段——作者对现象的价值判断和立场;分论点 · 第3段——引出核心问题;分论点 · 第4段、第5段——恐惧心理的多维分析;分论点 · 第6段、第7段——实证研究反驳负面预期。
This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop 一文的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是积极支持(Advocating human connection over avoidance)。判断路径:抓开头情感词 → 辨析引用功能 → 抓预期反转句 → 锁定结论句 → 全文态度串联;文中的态度信号词包括 sad reality(第2段)、virtually unbearable(第1段)、not a single person(第6段)、more enjoyable(第7段)、It's that simple(第7段)。
2015年考研英语二真题文章 This Is Why You Ignore Everybody On The Subway- And Why You Should Stop 中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 4 个:commuter(通勤者;经常往返于居住地和工作地之间的人)、thrive(茁壮成长;兴旺发达(因某事物而生活得很好))、blanket(毯子;毛毯(提供温暖和安全感的覆盖物))、disruptive(扰乱的;造成混乱的(以不受欢迎的方式打断或干扰他人)),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

本页数据最后更新: