懒笔记
2025年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing
CET-4 · 来自 2025年6月英语四级真题第3套 · Part III Section A · 完形填空（选词填空）

How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing

2025年6月英语四级真题第3套文章逐层精读

本文节选自2019年11月22日发表于Live Science上的一篇题为"How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing"的文章。

本页是 2025年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 247 词、3 段，CEFR 难度 B2（B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%），作者立场为「积极支持」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

3 段英文原文

以下为2025年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A 的完形填空（选词填空）原文，共 3 段。左侧 P1–P3 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing

The human brain has the ability to constantly form new networks and connections between brain cells. This means the brain has an almost magical ability to change. This characteristic is particularly apparent in a new study, focusing on people who underwent a hemispherectomy, a surgical procedure in which half of the brain is removed to treat illness.

The findings showed that, despite missing half of this critical organ, participants could function well. This was because the remaining half of their brain strengthened. In fact, researchers found that connections and thus communication—between parts of different brain networks are actually stronger in people who had hemispherectomies than in people with intact brains. This indicates that the brain is able to compensate for loss of certain brain structure.

There are many other cases in the medical literature that document the brain's amazing ability to adapt For example, a young boy had a significant portion of his brain removed for medical reasons, which included the part of the brain responsible for sight. But a few years after his surgery, scientists found that he could still see. They determined that this was because other parts of his brain took over the missing part's visual tasks. Another study involved people who could smell, despite missing the region in the brain that processes information about smells. Though they are not sure how these individuals retained the ability to smell, scientists believe it is possible that another part of the brain took on that task.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

3 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2025年6月英语四级真题第3套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Brain's Capacity for Change

    The brain's capacity to form new connections suggests that it can change, as explored through hemispherectomy patients.

    本段承担全文的 opening function，先提出大脑具有 plasticity 的总论点，再把读者带入 hemispherectomy 这一关键研究。它为后文解释“剩余脑区如何补偿损失”建立了理论前提，因此是全文文章主旨的提出段。

    抓核心概念，辨案例铺垫
  2. P2

    Compensation After Hemispherectomy

    Stronger connections in the remaining hemisphere enable hemispherectomy patients to compensate for brain loss and function well.

    本段是全文的核心 evidence paragraph，它用半球切除术患者的研究结果具体证明了大脑的 adaptability。相较于第一段提出的可能性，本段进一步交代了连接增强这一机制，从而有力支撑文章主旨中“剩余脑区可重组并补偿损伤”的观点。

    结果原因结论三连读
  3. P3

    Further Evidence of Brain Adaptation

    Additional medical cases show that other brain regions can assume missing functions, such as vision and smell.

    本段承担全文的扩展论证作用，它以视觉和嗅觉两个不同功能说明 brain reorganization 具有更广泛的适用性。即使部分机制仍不完全明确，这些 cases 仍从不同侧面印证文章主旨：受损后，大脑可由其他区域承担原本缺失的功能。

    从多例归纳共性
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

3 道逐段细节自检题

针对2025年6月英语四级真题第3套这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 new study mainly focused on

    What was the new study mainly focused on?

    • A It explored how healthy adults create new brain cells.
    • B It tested a magical treatment that could change the brain.
    • C It examined people who had undergone surgery to remove one half of the brain.
    • D It compared several treatments for illnesses caused by damaged brain cells.
    • E It investigated ways to prevent brain connections from changing.
    • F It focused on replacing missing brain tissue with artificial networks.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    该项准确还原了研究的 object：people 是对象，had undergone surgery 概括其经历，remove one half of the brain 对 hemispherectomy 作了定义性改写。它没有把 brain 的普遍可塑性误当作实验对象。设置的障碍在于，选项不用 hemispherectomy 这个原词，而用 surgery to remove one half of the brain 迫使考生识别同位解释关系。

    盯住焦点动词宾语 时间紧张时，不要从头细读。将题干拆成 new study 与 focused on 两个检索块，直接扫读 第1段 中连续出现的 study—focusing on 结构；随后只读该结构后的名词短语。再采用“定义替换核验”：把含专业术语的表述与选项中的 surgery 描述互相替换，能保持事实不变的正确项即为答案项。这个方法跳过背景句，专攻动词后的信息槽。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 undergone hemispherectomy study suggest

    What does the study suggest about people who have undergone hemispherectomy?

    • A They function normally because the removed brain half grows back after surgery.
    • B Their brain networks communicate less efficiently than those in people with intact brains.
    • C They can recover only when the missing structure is responsible for smell.
    • D Their remaining brain half can strengthen communication across networks and compensate for structural loss.
    • E They have the same number of brain connections as people with intact brains.
    • F They lose the ability to function well despite having stronger brain networks.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    该项把段内的因果证据完整压缩：remaining half strengthened，different brain networks 之间的 connections and communication 更强，进而 compensate for loss of certain brain structure。across networks 是对 between parts of different brain networks 的同义概括。障碍在于答案不是机械复现某一句，而是把机制与结论合并；但每个信息点都有明确文本依据。

    三钩因果链 最快做法是用 hemispherectomy 直达 第2段，然后不逐句翻译，只画出三个逻辑钩子：despite、because、indicates。把它们连成一条“反常结果—原因—结论”的链，再选唯一同时覆盖原因与结论的正确项。此法不依赖逐词理解，而是利用说明文的逻辑骨架判定答案项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 young boy still see

    Why could the young boy still see a few years after his surgery?

    • A The part of his brain responsible for sight regenerated completely.
    • B The surgery did not remove the part of the brain responsible for sight.
    • C His eyes became stronger several years after the operation.
    • D The brain region that processes smells also processed visual information.
    • E Other parts of his brain took over the visual tasks of the removed area.
    • F Scientists discovered that vision can be retained without any brain activity.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    该项直接对应 scientists determined 后的 because 从句：other parts of his brain took over the missing part's visual tasks。removed area 与 missing part 为同义替换，visual tasks 保留了任务性质。障碍在于考生可能受常识影响，误以为视力只由固定区域决定；但文本明确要求依据 brain adaptation 的解释作答。

    人物异常解释三跳 可采用“人物—异常—解释”三跳扫描：用 young boy 直达 第3段；用 still see 找到反常结果；不读其余背景，立即向后寻找 determined 和 because。最后进行“任务归属核验”：正确项必须把 visual task 的执行者从原区域转移到另一个 brain part。满足这一角色转移的正确项即为答案项。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

3 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. P1

    大脑可塑性的核心特征与研究案例引入

    这个 opening paragraph 首先介绍了 human brain 的 fundamental characteristic，即 the ability to form new networks，然后通过 hemispherectomy study 这个 specific case 来 illustrate 这种 plasticity，为整篇文章的 discussion 奠定了 foundation

    作为 expository text 的 introduction part，这个 sense group 通过描述 brain's magical ability 和引入 hemispherectomy 这个 striking example，establish 了文章要 explain 的 central phenomenon，为后续的 detailed explanation 和 supporting evidence 做好 preparation

    引入大脑重组与半脑切除案例
  2. P2

    半脑切除研究的具体发现与机制解释

    这个 sense group 深入 elaborate 了 hemispherectomy study 的 specific findings，解释了 participants 如何 function well with only half brain，并揭示了 underlying mechanism 是 remaining brain strengthens connections，这是对前一意群提出的 phenomenon 进行 detailed explanation

    这个 paragraph 作为说明文的 primary evidence section，通过 present concrete research results 来 support 主旨中的 remarkable adaptability。它不仅 describe 了 what happens，还 explain 了 how it works，即通过 strengthened connections 来 compensate for loss，这种 mechanism explanation 是 expository writing 的 core component

    阐明半脑患者正常运作的连接强化机制
  3. P3

    多个补充案例的列举与机制印证

    这个 concluding sense group 通过 present multiple additional cases 来 reinforce 前面的 explanation。从 boy with visual cortex removal 到 people who smell without smell-processing region，这些 parallel examples 都 demonstrate 同样的 compensatory mechanism，形成了说明文典型的 supporting evidence accumulation

    作为 expository text 的 conclusion section，这个 sense group 通过 multiple cases 来 strengthen 主旨的 credibility。它从 single detailed example 扩展到 broader evidence base，展示了 brain adaptation 的 universality，这种 from specific to general pattern 是说明文 build convincing argument 的 standard technique

    列举其他脑损伤者的功能代偿实例
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2025年6月英语四级真题第3套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 首段主题句定位 P1

    说明文通常会在开头段落先抛出一个broad statement作为topic，后面段落再用具体case去support它，所以首段的opening sentence往往就是主旨的雏形。

  2. 段尾结论句提炼 P2

    说明文的每个supporting paragraph往往在段尾会有一句generalization，把该段的specific finding upgrade成general principle，这句话通常和全文主旨高度重合。

  3. 举例段落识别与跳读 P3

    像For example、Another study这种signal words出现时，说明该段是evidence而非thesis，不需要在这里寻找新的main idea，只需确认它是否in support of前面已建立的主旨。

  4. 高频核心词汇归类 P1 P2 P3

    说明文的主旨往往靠一组synonym或近义replacement反复强化，而不是靠一句话独立说完，所以高频出现的同类词汇本身就是主旨的关键词云。

  5. 四步综合验证 P1 P2 P3

    四步分别覆盖了'提出观点-验证观点-举例支持-词汇佐证'的完整逻辑链，任何一步单独使用都可能有偏差，只有综合起来才能保证主旨判断的accuracy和efficiency。

主旨信号词 ability to change P1 This indicates that P2 despite P1 For example P3 took over P3

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

人类大脑展现出非凡的适应性和可塑性,能够在受损时重组自身。对半球切除术患者和其他脑损伤者的研究表明,剩余的大脑区域可以加强连接并接管缺失部分的功能,从而使人能够继续正常运作。
The human brain demonstrates remarkable adaptability and plasticity, capable of reorganizing itself when damaged. Studies of hemispherectomy patients and others with brain injuries show that remaining brain regions can strengthen connections and assume functions of missing parts, enabling continued normal functioning.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

5 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • hemispherectomy 半脑切除术

    好,现在我们把三条 clues 串起来。首先,文中直接给出了 definition——这是 half of the brain is removed 的 surgery。其次,从 morphology 角度,hemi-表示一半,ectomy 表示切除,这个 word building logic 完全 support 了定义。最后,后文用 missing half of this critical organ 来 describe consequences,这种 paraphrase 再次 validate 了我们的理解。三条线索形成一个 coherent chain。

    医学术语三角验证法
  • compensate 弥补,补偿

    让我们整合一下。首先,在 cause-effect logic 中,compensate 是对 strengthen 和 stronger connections 这些 positive changes 的 summary,说明这些 changes 是为了应对 loss。其次,第3段 的 examples 具体 show 了这个过程:other parts take over functions,这就是 compensation 的 concrete form。最后,compensate for loss 这个 phrase structure 本身表明这是针对 deficiency 的 corrective action。

    动词三维定位法
  • intact 完整的,未受损的

    现在 synthesize 这些 clues。首先,通过 explicit contrast,intact 和 hemispherectomies 是 opposite conditions——一个是 removed half,另一个应该是 complete。其次,在整篇 article 的 framework 中,intact brains 是 normal baseline,用来 highlight 那些 adapted brains 的 remarkable ability。最后,虽然 word structure 不是很 obvious,但 in- 和 tact 的 combination 也 hint at completeness。三条线索指向同一个 meaning。

    形容词对比定位法
  • document 记录,证明

    整合这些 insights。首先,从 sentence structure 看,document 连接 literature 和 cases,表示文献对案例的某种 action。其次,后文立即提供的 examples 和 studies 表明这些是 documented cases 的 instances,说明 document 意味着 provide evidence through examples。最后,从 word class conversion 看,document 作动词保留了 record 的 core sense。所以 document 在这里是 record and provide evidence。

    学术动词功能分析法
  • retain 保持,保留

    把这些 clues 组合起来。首先,despite 引导的 concessive clause 建立了一个 expectation(应该失去)和 reality(retained)的 contrast,retain 必然表示 continue to have。其次,和前面 still see 的 parallel 进一步 confirm retain 表示 persistence of ability。最后,retain ability 这个 natural collocation 也 suggest keeping or maintaining。所有 evidence 指向 same meaning。

    状态动词逻辑标记法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

5 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 举例子

    P2 P3

    文章在 第2段 提到 hemispherectomy patients 作为 primary example，然后在 第3段 用了三个 specific cases 来 support 主旨：一个是 young boy 失去 visual cortex 但 retain sight 的例子，另一个是 people 缺少 olfactory region 却仍能 smell 的案例。这些 concrete examples 让 brain plasticity 这个 abstract concept 变得 tangible and convincing，帮助 readers 真正理解 brain's compensatory ability 不是理论假设，而是 documented medical reality。

    信号词 For example For instance Such as Take... for example A case in point To illustrate Consider In one case Another study

    仿写： 写说明文时，先 present 你的 main argument，然后问自己：能否找到 real-world cases 来 demonstrate 这个观点？选择 examples 时要注意 diversity 和 representativeness——比如本文用了 different types of brain damage 来说明 same principle。仿写模版：【Topic sentence about ability/phenomenon】+ For example/instance, 【specific case 1 with details】. Another study/case showed 【specific case 2】. These examples demonstrate 【link back to main point】。

  • 作比较

    P2

    第2段 中明确提到 "connections between parts of different brain networks are actually stronger in people who had hemispherectomies than in people with intact brains"。这个 direct comparison 非常 powerful，因为它不只说 damaged brain 能 function，而是说它在某些方面 even better than normal brains。这种 comparison 强化了 brain's compensatory mechanism 的 extraordinary nature，让 readers 意识到这不是简单的 adaptation，而是 remarkable transformation。

    信号词 than compared to in contrast to while whereas unlike more... than less... than as opposed to by contrast in comparison

    仿写： 使用作比较时，要确保 comparison objects 有 meaningful connection。问自己：what's the baseline？本文用 normal brains 作为 reference，使得 hemispherectomy patients' abilities 更 impressive。写作时可以用 comparative structures：X is stronger/more efficient/different than Y in terms of...。仿写模版：【Phenomenon A】is actually 【comparative adjective】than 【Phenomenon B】, indicating/suggesting 【implication】. While 【normal situation】shows X, 【special situation】demonstrates Y。

  • 作诠释

    P1 P2 P3

    全文多处用 explanation 来 clarify mechanisms。第1段 解释 "This means the brain has an almost magical ability to change"，用 simpler terms 来 interpret neuroplasticity。第2段 说 "This indicates that the brain is able to compensate for loss"，解读 research findings 的 meaning。第3段 提到 scientists determined sight restoration 的原因，以及 believe 关于 smell ability 的 explanation。这些 interpretations 将 scientific observations 转化成 understandable conclusions，帮助 readers grasp the significance behind raw data。

    信号词 This means This indicates This suggests This shows In other words That is to say Scientists believe They determined that This demonstrates This reveals

    仿写： 作诠释时要 bridge observation and understanding。看到 data 或 phenomenon 后问：So what? What does this tell us? 用 interpretive phrases 来 signal explanation。避免只 state facts，要 explain their significance。仿写模版：【Observation/finding】. This means/indicates/suggests/shows that 【interpretation of significance】. Scientists believe/determined that 【explanation of mechanism】, demonstrating 【broader implication】。

  • 下定义

    P1

    第1段 中对 hemispherectomy 进行了 precise definition："a surgical procedure in which half of the brain is removed to treat illness"。这个 formal definition 对于 readers 理解 entire article 至关重要，因为这是 central example 的 foundation。Without this clear definition，readers 可能 misunderstand study subjects 的情况。Definition 提供了 shared understanding 的 baseline，确保后续讨论 build on accurate comprehension。

    信号词 is defined as refers to means is called known as termed describes

    仿写： 给 technical terms 或 key concepts 下定义时，use clear appositive structure（用逗号或破折号 introduce explanation right after the term）。确保 definition 包含 essential characteristics 而不是 peripheral details。仿写模版：【Term】, 【category/genus】in which/that 【specific characteristics/differentia】. 或者：【Term】refers to 【clear explanation with key features】。定义要 self-contained，让 unfamiliar readers 仅通过这句话就能 grasp基本 meaning。

  • 引资料

    P2 P3

    文章 repeatedly references research findings 和 scientific studies 作为 evidence base。第2段 开头 "The findings showed" 引用研究 results，第3段 提到 "medical literature," "scientists found," "Another study involved" 等 references to established research。这些 citations 不是 direct quotes with authors，而是 paraphrased research results，但本质上是 drawing on authoritative sources 来 support claims。这种 approach 让文章具有 scientific credibility，show that conclusions 不是 speculation 而是 evidence-based。

    信号词 findings research shows studies show according to scientists found evidence suggests data indicates literature documents experts believe investigations reveal

    仿写： 引用研究时要 balance specificity and readability。不必 always provide full citations（除非 academic context requires），但要 make clear 信息 comes from research rather than opinion。Use phrases like "studies show," "research indicates," "according to scientists" 来 signal evidence-based claims。仿写模版：Research/Studies show(s) that 【finding】. According to 【source/field】, 【claim】. Scientists found/determined/believe that 【evidence】. The literature documents 【phenomenon】, suggesting 【implication】。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

6 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 大脑可塑性的神奇程度超出常规认知

    P1
    the brain has an almost magical ability to change

    夸张修饰语 almost magical remarkably extraordinarily incredibly astonishingly surprisingly strikingly

    作者用 almost magical 这个带有fantasy色彩的词来describe大脑的plasticity，言外之意是：大脑的adaptability 如此remarkable，以至于seem to defy scientific explanation，接近supernatural。这为整篇文章set the tone，预示接下来会present一些seemingly impossible 的medical cases。对主旨的作用是establish文章的central argument：大脑具有extraordinary compensatory abilities，这个opening statement 为后续的hemispherectomy research 和其他案例提供了thematic foundation。

  • 半脑切除后的功能保持出乎意料

    P2
    despite missing half of this critical organ, participants could function well

    让步转折类 despite although even though in spite of regardless of notwithstanding while

    这里的言外之意是：大脑被普遍认为是critical organ，失去一半theoretically应该导致severe dysfunction，但participants不仅survived而且function well。这个contrast 强烈暗示大脑的compensatory mechanism 远比我们imagine的powerful。对主旨的价值在于provide concrete evidence 支持第一段的magical ability claim，用empirical data 来substantiate大脑plasticity的remarkable extent。

  • 神经连接的代偿性增强超出正常水平

    P2
    connections and thus communication—between parts of different brain networks are actually stronger in people who had hemispherectomies than in people with intact brains

    超预期对比类 actually stronger even better more than surpass exceed outperform greater than

    言外之意是：大脑的compensation不是简单的maintain function at reduced level，而是through enhanced connectivity 达到甚至超过normal brains的communication efficiency。这reveal了大脑不仅can adapt，而且can optimize itself under constraint。对主旨的作用是provide the mechanism behind functional preservation：不是勉强维持，而是through qualitative improvement 实现的adaptation，这deepen了我们对brain plasticity的understanding。

  • 案例的普遍性而非个例

    P3
    There are many other cases in the medical literature that document the brain's amazing ability to adapt

    数量扩展类 many other cases numerous examples various instances multiple studies several cases a wealth of evidence abundant research

    言外之意是：hemispherectomy case不是medical curiosity，而是大脑adaptability的one manifestation among many。通过emphasize cases的abundance，作者suggest brain plasticity是a robust、reliable biological principle，not just occasional occurrence。对主旨的价值是expand the scope of argument：从specific surgical intervention 到general adaptive capacity，reinforce主旨中的remarkable adaptability是inherent characteristic of human brain。

  • 视觉功能恢复的违反常理性

    P3
    a young boy had a significant portion of his brain removed for medical reasons, which included the part of the brain responsible for sight. But a few years after his surgery, scientists found that he could still see.

    转折对比类 But However Yet Nevertheless Nonetheless Still Even so

    言外之意是：视觉功能traditionally被认为strictly dependent on specific brain region，removal应该mean permanent blindness。But the boy's recovery暗示大脑的functional organization比anatomical textbooks suggest的更flexible。其他brain regions能take over visual processing tasks，这challenge了rigid localization view。对主旨的作用是provide具体的functional domain example，demonstrate plasticity不局限于general cognitive functions，而是extend to specialized sensory processing，进一步substantiate大脑的remarkable adaptability。

  • 嗅觉保留的机制不确定性

    P3
    Though they are not sure how these individuals retained the ability to smell, scientists believe it is possible that another part of the brain took on that task.

    认知限制类模糊表达 Though they are not sure not sure it is possible may might could believe

    言外之意是：smell preservation是undeniable fact（they could smell），但exact neural mechanism remains elusive。通过admit这个knowledge gap，作者暗示大脑的adaptive pathways可能比current neuroscience models predict的more diverse and complex。Believe it is possible表明科学界倾向于compensatory hypothesis，但具体pathway未明。对主旨的价值是show brain plasticity的extent甚至exceed当前科学的explanatory capacity，这underscore其truly remarkable nature，同时保持scientific honesty about knowledge limits。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：积极支持

结论先行：本文作者态度为积极支持（ admiring and fascinated）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 开篇词汇定调 P1

    说明文的 opening paragraph 往往会 reveal 作者对 topic 的 initial stance，通过 identifying 像 'magical'、'amazing' 这样的 positive adjectives，我们能 instantly 感知作者是 favorably disposed towards 这个 subject。

  2. 高频褒义表达 P1 P2 P3

    如果作者在 multiple paragraphs 里 keep using words like 'amazing'、'strengthen'、'compensate'，这种 consistent positive framing 就 indicates 他们持有 sustained admiration，而不是 偶然的 positive remark。

  3. 缺乏反面论证 P1 P2 P3

    这篇文章 exclusively focuses on positive findings，没有 mention any limitations、controversies 或者 competing theories。这种 one-sided presentation 表明作者是 wholeheartedly supportive，而不是 adopting a balanced or critical perspective。

  4. 多维度综合判定 P1 P2 P3

    综合来看，从 word choice、tone consistency 到 argumentative structure，所有 elements 都 point to 同一个 direction—— 作者不仅 inform readers about brain plasticity，更是在 celebrating 这个 phenomenon，showing genuine fascination with 大脑的 adaptive powers。

文中的态度信号词

  • magical P1

    'Magical' 这个词 carries strong positive connotation，远超 neutral description。作者 choose 这个 emotionally loaded word 而不是 'significant' 或者 'notable'，就 reveals 他们对 brain plasticity 感到 genuinely amazed and impressed。

    同类词 miraculous extraordinary remarkable incredible phenomenal

  • strengthened P2

    'Strengthened' 不仅 describe 变化，更 emphasize positive direction of change。作者用这个 word 来 highlight 大脑的 adaptive success，showing appreciation for 这种 compensatory mechanism。

    同类词 enhanced improved reinforced fortified bolstered

  • amazing P3

    'Amazing' 是 explicit expression of admiration，作者 directly state 他们对 brain's adaptability 感到 impressed。这个词 leaves no ambiguity about positive attitude。

    同类词 astonishing astounding stunning impressive striking

  • compensate P2

    'Compensate' 这个词 emphasize 大脑的 problem-solving capacity，showing 作者 appreciate 这种 adaptive resilience。它 suggests 大脑不仅 survive loss 而且 actively respond，这是 positive framing。

    同类词 make up for offset counterbalance adapt adjust

  • took over P3

    'Took over' 这个 phrasal verb suggests active, successful replacement，conveying 大脑 parts 的 proactive and effective response。作者用这种 dynamic language 来 emphasize adaptability。

    同类词 assumed stepped in filled in replaced substituted

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文？

  1. 开头陈述客观现象 P1

    说明文的 first paragraph 会直接引入要解释的 subject matter,比如这里的 'the brain's ability to form new networks',这是在 introduce 一个科学现象。议论文会提出一个 debatable claim 需要 argue,而新闻报道会用 'who, when, where' 开头报道一个 recent event。

  2. 堆砌事实和研究 P2 P3

    这篇文章用 'findings showed'、'researchers found'、'scientists found' 等表达来 present research results,目的是 explain how the brain compensates。议论文会用 evidence 来 support 作者的 stance,而新闻报道会用 sources 和 quotes 来 report events。

  3. 逐层展开例证 P1 P2 P3

    这篇文章的 structure 非常典型:第1段 introduce 大脑的 plasticity,第2段 用 hemispherectomy study 来 demonstrate,第3段 提供 other cases 进一步 illustrate。这是在 layer by layer 地 explain 一个现象,不是在 build up 一个 argument 或 report 一个 news story。

  4. 三维特征识别 P1 P2 P3

    说明文、议论文和新闻报道的 fundamental difference 在于 purpose:说明文的 purpose 是 to inform and explain,议论文是 to persuade,新闻报道是 to report timely events。通过识别这三个 genre 各自的 textual markers,我们能在最短时间内 make accurate judgments。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁？

  • ability to P1 事物属性功能描述词 capability of function of characteristic of property of feature of
  • This characteristic P1 说明对象定义解释词 This feature This phenomenon This process This mechanism This property
  • focusing on P1 说明顺序与例证词 examining investigating studying exploring analyzing
  • This means P1 说明对象定义解释词 In other words That is This indicates This suggests This implies
  • showed that P2 说明顺序与例证词 revealed that demonstrated that indicated that found that proved that
  • This indicates that P2 说明对象定义解释词 This suggests that This shows that This reveals that This demonstrates that This reflects that
  • For example P3 说明顺序与例证词 For instance Such as Including Like To illustrate
  • document P3 说明顺序与例证词 record catalog chronicle register report
  • determined that P3 说明顺序与例证词 concluded that ascertained that established that identified that discovered that
  • believe it is possible that P3 说明对象定义解释词 hypothesize that theorize that suppose that speculate that think it likely that
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

5 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing 的常见问题

2025年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A 文章 How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing 的原文出自哪里？
2025年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section A 文章 How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing 节选自2019年11月22日发表于Live Science上的一篇题为"How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing"的文章。
2025年6月英语四级真题第3套文章 How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing 的主旨是什么？
人类大脑展现出非凡的适应性和可塑性,能够在受损时重组自身。对半球切除术患者和其他脑损伤者的研究表明,剩余的大脑区域可以加强连接并接管缺失部分的功能,从而使人能够继续正常运作。（英文表述：The human brain demonstrates remarkable adaptability and plasticity, capable of reorganizing itself when damaged. Studies of hemispherectomy patients and others with brain injuries show that remaining brain regions can strengthen connections and assume functions of missing parts, enabling continued normal functioning.）
How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing（2025年6月英语四级真题第3套文章）是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为说明文，作者立场是积极支持（admiring and fascinated）。CEFR 难度 B2，全文 247 词、3 段；在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中，B2 级共 234 篇（占 46%）。
2025年6月英语四级真题第3套文章 How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing 的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 3 段按说明文骨架分为 3 个意群：第1段——大脑可塑性的核心特征与研究案例引入；第2段——半脑切除研究的具体发现与机制解释；第3段——多个补充案例的列举与机制印证。
How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing 一文的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是积极支持（admiring and fascinated）。判断路径：开篇词汇定调 → 高频褒义表达 → 缺乏反面论证 → 多维度综合判定；文中的态度信号词包括 magical（第1段）、strengthened（第2段）、amazing（第3段）、compensate（第2段）、took over（第3段）。
2025年6月英语四级真题第3套文章 How the Brain Still Works When Half of It Is Missing 中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 5 个：hemispherectomy（半脑切除术）、compensate（弥补,补偿）、intact（完整的,未受损的）、document（记录,证明）、retain（保持,保留），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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