2016年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part III Section A Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square
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Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square

2016年12月英语六级真题第1套文章逐层精读

The Conversation《对话》2015.10.13 文章 Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square(为什么需要更多科学家进入公共领域)。

本页是 2016年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part III Section A 文章的精读视角页——这篇议论文全文 254 词、4 段,CEFR 难度 C1(C1 级在英语六级文章中占 58%),作者立场为「积极支持」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2016年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part III Section A 的完形填空(选词填空)原文,共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square

It is important that scientists be seen as normal people asking and answering important questions. Good, sound science depends on hypotheses, experiments and reasoned methodologies. It requires a willingness to ask new questions and try new approaches. It requires one to take risks and experience failures. But good science also requires contextual understanding, clear explanation and concise presentation.

Our country needs more scientists who are willing to step out in the public arena and offer their opinions on important matters. We need more scientists who can explain what they are doing in language that is convincing and understandable to the public. Those of us who are not scientists should also be prepared to support public engagement by scientists, and to incorporate scientific knowledge into our public communications.

Too many people in this country, including some among our elected leadership, still do not understand how science works or why robust, long-range investments in research vitally matter. In the 1960s, the United States devoted nearly 17% of discretionary(可酌情支配的) spending to research and development, reaping decades of economic growth. By 2008, the figure had fallen into the single digits. This occurs at a time when other nations have made significant gains in their own research capabilities.

At the University of California (UC), we pride ourselves not only on the quality of our research, but also on its contribution to improving our world. To hasten the development of science from the lab bench to the market place, UC is investing our own money in our own good ideas.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2016年12月英语六级真题第1套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    Science as Inquiry and Communication

    Good science requires both rigorous inquiry and clear public communication.

    本段为全文建立论证基础:既然 science 本身包含 clear explanation,科学家走向公众就不是额外负担,而是 good science 的内在要求,这自然引出下一段的 public engagement。

    抓定义与补充
  2. P2

    A Call for Public Engagement in Science

    Scientists and the public should work together to make science accessible in public life.

    本段直接承接全文主旨中的“科学家应公开参与并通俗解释工作”,它把第一段的沟通原则转化为具体的 social responsibility,也为后文讨论公众和领导层对科研理解不足埋下伏笔。

    抓倡议对象与行动
  3. P3

    The Danger of Declining Research Investment

    Declining U.S. research investment threatens national growth and scientific competitiveness.

    本段是全文的现实问题与证据中心,它具体支撑文章主旨中“美国研发投入自20世纪60年代以来大幅下降、他国却在进步”的判断,并说明增加 R&D investment 的紧迫性。

    从数据看趋势
  4. P4

    UC's Investment in Research Translation

    UC demonstrates how institutional investment can turn research into social and economic benefits.

    本段以 UC 的实践为全文提供 constructive example:面对国家科研投入不足的问题,大学等机构可以主动 invest in innovation,推动科研从实验室走向市场,并最终服务于社会进步和 economic growth。

    看案例回应主张
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2016年12月英语六级真题第1套这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 good science requirement

    Which of the following is mentioned as a requirement for good science?

    • A Avoiding risks and failures.
    • B Complicated presentations.
    • C Contextual understanding.
    • D Refusing to ask new questions.
    • E Sole reliance on experiments.
    • F Ignoring methodologies.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    原文在列举It requires...之后,用But good science also requires...引出此项,说明它也是good science的必要条件之一。正确项直接提取了原文中的名词短语contextual understanding,没有进行同义改写,但设置在众多伪装的干扰项中,考生需具备辨识原文直接提及内容的能力。障碍在于其他选项可能看似是原文的paraphrase,但实则歪曲了原意。

    Also结构聚焦法 在时间极为紧迫的情况下,直接抓取题干中的good science,可以迅速在文章中定位到第1段。然后,无需通读全段,只需聚焦到包含also requires的句子,因为also暗示前面已有列举,而其后的补充内容也可能成为考点。迅速对比选项,看哪个选项能以原词或极小改写的形态出现在also requires附近。本题正确项与原文表述高度一致,因此能够快速识别。这种also结构聚焦法可以减少无关阅读。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 non-scientists

    According to the passage, what are non-scientists encouraged to do?

    • A Conduct scientific experiments themselves.
    • B Avoid public communications about science.
    • C Criticize scientists who do not explain clearly.
    • D Support public engagement by scientists.
    • E Replace scientists in the public arena.
    • F Focus solely on personal research interests.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    原文说Those of us who are not scientists should also be prepared to support public engagement by scientists,正确项直接提取了核心谓语部分,省略了表示准备或意愿的be prepared to,但语义保持一致。主要障碍是部分干扰项会把科学家自身的责任强加给非科学家,造成主体与动作不匹配。

    主体词与谓语动作匹配 直接用题干中的non-scientists扫描全文,定位到第2段中与not scientists语义对应的句子。随后只读取该主体之后由should引出的谓语结构,提取其核心action,再与各选项的动词和宾语进行匹配。正确项应同时满足主体一致、动作一致和对象一致,因而不需要通读整段。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 US investment in research and development 1960s

    What does the passage indicate about US investment in research and development?

    • A It remained at around 17% for decades.
    • B It grew steadily throughout the late 20th century.
    • C It was higher in 2008 than in the 1960s.
    • D It was mostly funded by private sources.
    • E It experienced a significant decline from the 1960s to 2008.
    • F It caused a decline in economic growth.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    原文将nearly 17%与2008年的single digits进行对比,并使用fallen into明确表达下降趋势,因此experienced a significant decline准确概括了数据变化。正确项没有机械复述两个数值,而是将其转化为趋势判断;其障碍在于考生必须正确建立两个时间点之间的比较关系。

    数据方向快速匹配 迅速扫描原文中的百分数和年份,可以锁定第3段。将两个时间点的数据只做方向性比较,不必逐字翻译整段,再检查各选项表示的是上升、下降还是不变。正确项必须准确保留原文的数据方向和时间范围;这种data trend matching能够在紧张时间内减少无关分析。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 University of California accelerate the development of science

    How does the University of California accelerate the development of science?

    • A By seeking substantial government funding.
    • B By collaborating with other research institutions.
    • C By focusing solely on market demand.
    • D By reducing the quality requirement for research.
    • E By delaying the transition from lab to market.
    • F By investing its own money in its own good ideas.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    原文末句说UC is investing our own money in our own good ideas,这一行动正是前置目的状语To hasten the development of science所对应的手段。正确项改用By investing结构表达方式,并把叙述者视角下的our转换为指代UC的its,核心动作、资金来源和投资对象均保持一致。

    目的句与主句动作匹配 直接抓住题干中的University of California,定位到第4段,再寻找与accelerate同义的目的表达。找到目的结构后,只读取其主句谓语、资源来源和行动对象,并用这三个成分与选项进行匹配。正确项必须同时保留核心动作、来源和对象;这种purpose-action matching不需要通读其他段落。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的议论文骨架

按议论文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引言 P1

    科学工作的本质与公众沟通的必要性

    这个 opening paragraph 首先 establish 了 good science 的 fundamental requirements,包括 hypotheses、experiments 和 reasoned methodologies,然后通过 but 这个 turning point 强调科学同样需要 contextual understanding 和 clear explanation,为后文 scientists 需要 public engagement 做铺垫。

    作为 introduction,这个 paragraph 通过描述 science 的 dual nature(既需要严谨的 methodology,也需要有效的 communication),为主旨中 scientists must engage publicly 提供理论基础和 logical foundation。

    提出科学家需公众沟通的前提
  2. 分论点 P2

    科学家公众参与的迫切需求

    这个 paragraph 通过 'Our country needs' 这个 urgent call 明确提出 first sub-argument:需要更多 scientists 进行 public engagement。文中用 'more scientists who can explain' 和 'more scientists who are willing to step out' 这种 parallel structure 强化论点,并且 extend 到 non-scientists 也应该 support 这种 engagement,形成完整的 action-oriented argument。

    作为 first main argument,这个 意群 directly address 主旨的第一部分 'Scientists must engage publicly',用 'needs' 这个 strong modal verb 和 repeated 'more scientists' 来 emphasize urgency,并通过 'convincing and understandable language' 呼应 introduction 中的 'clear explanation',形成 logical coherence。

    直接阐述公众参与必要性
  3. 分论点 P3

    研发投资下降的严峻现实

    这个 paragraph 提供 second sub-argument,通过 concrete data(17% 到 single digits)来 illustrate 为什么需要 public engagement:因为 leadership 和 public 对 science 的 understanding 不足导致 investment decline。'Too many people' 和 'still do not understand' 这种 critical tone 揭示 problem 的 severity,用 historical comparison 和 international context 来 strengthen the argument。

    作为 second main argument,这个 意群 directly support 主旨的第二部分 'increased investment in R&D',通过 statistical evidence 展示 funding decline 的 alarming trend。它用 'do not understand how science works' 来 link back 到前一意群的 communication need,形成 causal chain:lack of understanding → reduced investment → loss of competitiveness。

    揭示投资不足的根源
  4. 结论 P4

    加州大学的实践示范

    这个 concluding paragraph 通过 UC 的 concrete action 来 demonstrate 如何 address 前文提出的 problems。'we pride ourselves' 和 'UC is investing' 展示 practical solution,用 'from lab bench to market place' 这个 vivid phrase 来 illustrate research translation,形成 positive ending,从 problem identification 转向 solution implementation。

    作为 conclusion,这个 意群 通过 specific institutional example 来 show 主旨中 proposed solutions 的 feasibility。它不再 argue for necessity(已在前文 established),而是 present 'how' through UC's initiative,用 'investing our own money in our own good ideas' 这种 self-reliant approach 来 inspire action 和 provide model,给 argumentative essay 一个 forward-looking closure。

    提供解决路径的实例
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2016年12月英语六级真题第1套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 首尾句定位话题立场 P1

    议论文的 first paragraph 往往采用 funnel structure,从 general statement 引入到 specific argument。Opening 会 introduce the topic,而 closing 常常 hint at 作者的 position 或 lead into 后续的 elaboration。这篇文章第一段最后提出 'good science also requires contextual understanding, clear explanation and concise presentation',为后续关于 communication 的 argument 埋下伏笔。

  2. 情态动词标记主张 P2

    议论文尤其是 persuasive essays 会使用 deontic modality 来 express obligation 和 necessity。当作者说 'We need more scientists who can explain' 和 'we should be prepared to support',这直接 reveal 了 author's advocacy position。Combined with collective pronouns,这 creates a sense of shared responsibility,是 argumentative thrust 的 核心体现。

  3. 数据对比揭示问题 P3

    议论文需要 evidence 来 substantiate claims。当文章 present statistics (如 '17% to single digits') 和 temporal contrast ('1960s' vs '2008'),这是在 build a case。The phrase 'Too many people...still do not understand' 直接 points to a problem,而 quantitative decline coupled with 'other nations have made gains' 就 create urgency。这种 problem-evidence pattern 是 argumentative structure 的 backbone。

  4. 末段行动呼应前文 P4

    议论文常采用 problem-solution structure。当前面 paragraphs establish need 和 present evidence of decline 后,concluding paragraph 往往 offer response 或 demonstrate action。'UC is investing our own money in our own good ideas' 这个 statement shows a model of how to address 前文提出的 funding issue,为 argument 提供 practical grounding 和 hopeful closure。

  5. 四点定位主旨框架 P1 P2 P3 P4

    这个 integrated approach 之所以 effective,是因为它 follows 议论文的 natural logic flow:introduction of issue → statement of need → substantiation through evidence → proposed action/solution。每个 checkpoint serves a distinct function in the argumentative chain,combined together 就 reconstruct the author's complete line of reasoning。

主旨信号词 need/needs P2 public P2 fallen P3 investing P4 other nations P3

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

科学家必须参与公共事务,用通俗易懂的语言解释他们的工作。美国需要增加研发投资,因为自20世纪60年代以来资金大幅下降,而其他国家不断进步,这威胁到美国的科学领导地位和经济增长。
Scientists must engage publicly to explain their work in accessible language. The U.S. needs increased investment in research and development, as funding has drastically declined since the 1960s while other nations advance, threatening America's scientific leadership and economic growth.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

3 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • robust 强有力的;充足的;坚实的

    我们来把这些 clues 串联起来。首先,从 vitally matter 这个搭配,我们知道这种 investment 非常 important。然后,通过 1960s 与 2008 年的 spending 对比,我们看到高比例的 investment 带来 economic growth,而比例 fallen 则是 problem。这说明 robust 描述的是那种充足的、强有力的 investment。最后,从 word formation 的角度,robust 的 root 联想到 oak 的 strength,进一步证实了这个词表达的是一种坚实、强劲的 quality。所有这些 evidence 指向同一个方向。

    三层验证法:语义关联+对比逻辑+词源支撑
  • hasten 加快;促进;催促

    让我们把 clues 整合起来。从 sentence structure 看,hasten 在 purpose clause 中,而 investing money 是为了达成这个 purpose,所以 hasten 应该是一个 positive action。从 word formation 看,haste 加上 suffix -en 构成 causative verb,表示使变快。从 real-world context 看,universities 希望 research 尽快转化到 market,符合加速的 logic。三条 evidence 都指向同一个 direction:hasten 就是加快、促进的意思。

    动词三角分析:句法角色+构词模式+领域常识
  • arena 活动领域;舞台;竞技场

    我们来综合分析这些 evidence。首先,从 step out in the public arena 这个 collocation,我们知道 scientists 需要走到这个 arena 中去。然后,通过 offer opinions 和 explain in understandable language 这些 actions,我们明白 arena 是一个进行 public communication 的 space。最后,从 metaphorical perspective,arena 原指 competition venue,延伸为活动或讨论的 sphere。所有 clues converge 到一个 meaning:arena 是指活动、讨论或竞争的 field 或 domain,在此处特指公共讨论的领域。

    隐喻词三步法:搭配特征+活动域+具象映射
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 因果论证

    P1

    作者通过 requires 这个词建立起 clear causal chain,表明 good science 需要什么样的 qualities 和 approaches。这种 reasoning pattern 强化了文章的 central argument:科学家必须具备 contextual understanding 和 clear explanation 的能力,这直接 support 后文关于 public engagement 的主张。通过展示 scientific practice 的 requirements,作者为后续呼吁 scientists step out 做了 logical foundation。

    信号词 requires demands necessitates depends on leads to results in causes because since therefore thus consequently

    仿写: 当你想 establish 某个观点的 necessity 时,可以用 requires/demands/necessitates 这类词来构建 causal chain。比如想论证 effective communication requires practice,你可以说:Effective communication requires consistent practice. It demands active listening and thoughtful response. 模版:[主题] requires [条件A]. It demands [条件B] and [条件C].

  • 排比修辞

    P1

    作者用三个连续的 It requires 句式创造了 powerful parallelism,每个句子都 highlight 不同的 scientific qualities。这种 rhythmic repetition 不仅让 argument 更有 momentum,还通过 cumulative effect 强调 good science 是 multifaceted 的。这个 rhetorical device 为文章建立了 authoritative tone,同时让 complex scientific requirements 变得 memorable and accessible。

    仿写: 当你需要 enumerate multiple aspects 或 build intensity 时,使用 parallel sentence structures。保持 grammatical consistency(都用 It requires/We need/Students should 等)。比如论证 teamwork 的重要性:Teamwork requires trust among members. It requires open communication. It requires shared commitment to goals. 模版:[主语] + [动词] + [宾语A]. [主语] + [动词] + [宾语B]. [主语] + [动词] + [宾语C].

  • 排比修辞

    P2

    第二段开头的两个 We need more scientists 句式形成了 clear parallelism,强调 public engagement 的两个 critical dimensions:willingness to participate 和 ability to communicate。这种 repetitive structure 创造了 sense of urgency,让 readers 感受到 call for action 的 intensity。排比还让 complex expectations 变得 concrete and actionable。

    仿写: 用 We need 这类 direct appeal 开头的排比特别适合 call-to-action sections。保持 parallel structure 的同时,让每个 unit 展现 different but related aspects。比如:We need leaders who can inspire innovation. We need leaders who can navigate complexity. 模版:We need [群体] who [特征A]. We need [群体] who [特征B].

  • 举例论证

    P3

    作者用 1960s 美国 devote 17% discretionary spending to R&D 这个 concrete historical example 来 illustrate 过去的 commitment level,然后 contrast 2008 年降到 single digits 的 dramatic decline。这个 specific data point 让 abstract concern 变得 tangible and alarming,直接 support 文章关于 investment crisis 的 main argument。Historical precedent 还暗示了 possible future:过去的 investment led to decades of economic growth。

    信号词 for example for instance such as in the case of consider take in [时间] specifically notably

    仿写: 当 present data 时,用 specific time periods 和 precise numbers 来 create impact。Contrast past and present 能 highlight change dramatically。比如论证 education investment:In the 1990s, Finland allocated 15% of its budget to education, leading to top global rankings. By 2020, some nations reduced education spending to below 8%. 模版:In [时期], [主体] devoted [具体数据] to [领域], reaping [结果]. By [时期], [对比数据].

  • 对比论证

    P3

    作者 juxtapose 1960s 的 17% R&D spending 和 2008 年的 single digits,创造了 stark contrast 来 dramatize the decline。这个 before-and-after comparison 让 readers 直观感受到 funding crisis 的 severity。更进一步,implicit contrast 还存在于 U.S. 和 other nations 之间:当美国 investment 下降时,other nations made significant gains。双重对比 amplify 作者的 concern 并 justify the call for action。

    信号词 while whereas in contrast on the other hand however but conversely unlike compared to by [时间]

    仿写: 建立 temporal contrast(过去 vs 现在)或 comparative contrast(A vs B)时,确保 parallel structure 和 clear metrics。Use specific data 来 quantify differences。比如:While Country A reduced healthcare spending from 12% to 7%, Country B increased investment from 9% to 14%, resulting in better health outcomes. 模版:[时期A/主体A] [动词] [数据A], [结果A]. [时期B/主体B] [对比动词] [数据B], [对比结果B].

  • 举例论证

    P4

    作者以 University of California 作为 concrete example 来 demonstrate 如何 bridge the gap between research and market。用 UC 的 self-investment strategy 作为 solution model,show 不仅要 conduct quality research,还要 actively promote its practical application。这个 institutional example 让 abstract call for action 变得 specific and achievable,同时 establish UC's leadership role in addressing the problem。

    信号词 for example for instance such as in the case of consider take at [机构] specifically notably

    仿写: 当提出 solution 时,用 concrete institutional examples 来 show feasibility。Structure: pride ourselves on [质量] + contribution to [影响] + taking action by [具体措施]。比如:At our institution, we pride ourselves on innovative teaching methods and their impact on student success. To accelerate learning outcomes, we are investing in personalized learning technologies. 模版:At [机构], we pride ourselves on [特点] and its [影响]. To [目标], [机构] is [具体行动].

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

4 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 科学家当前缺乏公众沟通能力

    P1
    But good science also requires contextual understanding, clear explanation and concise presentation.

    情态词 requires need must should ought to have to it is necessary that

    这句话的 implication 是:当前的 scientists 虽然在 technical methodology 上 competent,但在 contextual understanding、clear explanation 和 concise presentation 方面有 deficiency。这为整篇 article 的 thesis 奠定了 foundation,说明为什么需要 scientists step out 去做 public engagement。它从 internal scientific process 的角度指出了 communication gap,为后续 paragraphs 中呼吁 public engagement 和 increased funding 提供了 logical basis。这个 implication 支撑了主旨中 'engage publicly to explain their work in accessible language' 这一 core demand。

  • 科学家公众参与严重不足

    P2
    Our country needs more scientists who are willing to step out in the public arena and offer their opinions on important matters. We need more scientists who can explain what they are doing in language that is convincing and understandable to the public.

    对比类 needs more more need more require more further additional greater

    Two consecutive 'need more' statements 的 implication 是:当前愿意 step out 进行 public engagement 的 scientists 数量 far from adequate,能用 accessible language 解释 work 的 scientists 更是 scarce。这个 implied shortage 直接 supports 文章主旨中的 'must engage publicly' 这一 urgent call。通过 quantitative inadequacy 的 emphasis,作者在 building a case 说明这不是 individual choice 的问题,而是 systemic deficiency,需要 institutional 和 societal level 的 support 和 encouragement。这为后面 calling for public support 和 increased investment 提供了 justification。

  • 美国科研投入急剧下滑导致竞争力下降

    P3
    Too many people in this country, including some among our elected leadership, still do not understand how science works or why robust, long-range investments in research vitally matter.

    模糊限制语 Too many too many too much too few too little still even

    这句话的 deep implication 是:美国存在 widespread scientific illiteracy,而且这个 ignorance 已经 penetrated 到 decision-making levels,影响了 policy formulation。Still 表明这是 persistent problem 而非 new issue。这个 implication 直接 explains 后面提到的 funding decline from 17% to single digits 的 root cause。如果 leadership 不 understand science 的 importance,自然不会 prioritize research investment。这为主旨中 'increased investment needed' 提供了 causal explanation,同时也 reinforces 为什么 scientists need to engage publicly 去 educate 包括 leaders 在内的 public。

  • 政府投资不足迫使高校自筹资金

    P4
    To hasten the development of science from the lab bench to the market place, UC is investing our own money in our own good ideas.

    强调重复类 our own ourselves by ourselves independently on our own self-funded internal resources

    UC 强调 self-investment 的 implication 是:federal or public funding 对于 translational research 来说 insufficient or too slow,迫使 universities 必须 use internal resources。这个 example serves as concrete evidence 支撑前面关于 funding decline 的 argument。同时它也展示了 consequences of inadequate national investment:即使是 top universities 也不得不 divert their own limited resources 去 fill the funding gap。这 reinforces 主旨中 'increased investment in R&D' 的 urgency,因为连 UC 这样的 leading institution 都要 self-fund,说明整个 research ecosystem 都在 suffering from systematic underinvestment。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:积极支持

结论先行:本文作者态度为积极支持( Concerned but hopeful advocacy)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首段定位核心主张 P1

    议论文的 opening 往往 reveal 作者的 fundamental attitude,因为作者需要在开头 frame their argument。通过识别 'important'、'requires' 这类 evaluative terms,我们能快速 grasp 作者认为 what matters,这直接 reflect 他们的 attitude towards the topic。

  2. 问题-方案结构识别 P2 P3

    Problem-solution structure 是 argumentative writing 的 typical pattern。当作者 spend time 描述 what's wrong 并 call for change 时,这 suggests 他们持 critical yet constructive attitude。'We need more' 这种 repetition 强化了 urgency,显示作者不只是 passive observer,而是 active advocate。

  3. 证据呈现方式分析 P3

    在 persuasive writing 中,authors 选择什么 evidence 以及如何 present it 能 reveal their attitude。这里作者用 declining statistics 来 create a sense of urgency,同时 mention 'other nations' gains' 来 establish competitive context。这种 evidence selection strategy indicates 作者 genuinely worried 但也想 motivate action。

  4. 结尾立场确认 P4

    Argumentative essays 的 ending 往往 crystallize 作者的 ultimate stance。如果作者以 hopeful action 或 positive example 收尾,即使前面 expressed concerns,overall attitude 仍偏向 constructive and supportive。'We pride ourselves' 和 'investing' 这类 language shows 作者 believe in positive change,不是 resigned to failure。

  5. 多维态度综合判断 P1 P2 P3 P4

    通过 synthesize 各段的 rhetorical moves,我们能 determine 作者的 overarching attitude 不是 single-note,而是 nuanced。他们 concerned enough to document problems,hopeful enough to propose solutions,committed enough to take action。这种 multi-dimensional attitude 在 academic and professional argumentation 中很 common,reflect mature, balanced thinking。

文中的态度信号词

  • important P1

    'Important' 这个 evaluative adjective 在第一句就 establish 作者认为 scientific communication matters greatly。在 argumentation 中,这类 value-laden terms signal 作者不是 neutrally reporting,而是 making a claim about what should be prioritized,直接 reveal 他们的 supportive stance towards科学传播。

    同类词 vital essential crucial critical significant

  • needs P2

    'Our country needs' 和 'We need' 的 repeated use creates urgency and obligation。这种 modal language of necessity 表明作者不只是 observing,而是 advocating for change。在议论文中,'need' statements 是 call-to-action markers,显示作者 believe 现状 inadequate,需要 improvement,这是 supportive advocacy 的典型 signal。

    同类词 requires must should ought to has to

  • robust, long-range P3

    'Robust, long-range investments' 这组 positive adjectives describe 作者 ideal vision of research funding。即使在 criticizing current decline 时,作者用 these aspirational terms 来 articulate what they want to see,revealing 他们的 constructive, forward-looking attitude rather than resigned pessimism。这些词 paint a picture of 作者心中的 desirable state。

    同类词 robust strong vigorous substantial solid

  • pride ourselves P4

    'Pride ourselves' 是 strong positive emotion verb,明确表达作者的 institutional identity 和 values。在议论文 conclusion 中用这种 self-affirming language 显示作者不只是 abstract theorizing,而是 personally and institutionally committed to their position。这种 emotional investment 是 genuine advocacy 的 unmistakable sign。

    同类词 take pride in are proud of celebrate champion embrace

  • Too many people... still do not understand P3

    这个 negative assessment phrase 看似 critical,但在 argumentative context 中 serves 作者的 advocacy purpose。'Too many' 暗示 there shouldn't be any,'still' 表示 this persists despite efforts,combined 形成 frustrated concern。这种 critical observation 在议论文中 typically precedes call for change,是 constructive criticism 的 marker,not pure negativity。

    同类词 too many still yet unfortunately regrettably

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇议论文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他英语六级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇议论文?

  1. 开篇价值判断 P1

    这篇文章的 first sentence 直接说 'It is important that...',这是典型的 value judgment,作者在 express 自己的 opinion about what matters。说明文不会用 'important' 这样的 evaluative language 开头,新闻报道也不会在 opening 就 make judgments。

  2. 行动呼吁 P1 P2

    第2段 连续使用 'We need more scientists who...', 'We need more scientists who can...',这是明显的 call to action,作者在 urge readers to support 某个 position。说明文不会用 imperative tone 告诉读者 what we need to do,新闻报道也不会 advocate for specific actions。

  3. 现状批判 P3

    第3段 用 'Too many people...still do not understand' 和数据对比 (17% dropped to single digits) 来 criticize 现状,表达作者的 dissatisfaction。这种 problem-identification with critical tone 是议论文的 typical move,说明文不会 express dissatisfaction,新闻报道即使 mention problems 也会保持 neutral。

  4. 方案展示 P4

    第4段 用 'UC is investing our own money in our own good ideas' 来 demonstrate 作者所在机构如何 address 前面提到的 problems,这是在 provide concrete evidence 支持作者的 argument about the importance of research investment。说明文不会 highlight specific institutions' actions as exemplary,新闻报道会 report 而非 showcase。

  5. 论证结构完整性 P1 P2 P3 P4

    这篇文章完整地 follow 了议论文的 rhetorical structure:开篇 establish importance (value claim) → 呼吁 action (prescriptive) → 批判 current state (problem) → 展示 positive example (solution)。这个 four-part structure 是 classic argumentation,说明文通常是 introduction → explanation → details → summary,新闻报道是 lead → body → background → conclusion。Structure 本身就是最快的 genre indicator。

哪些词暴露了议论文体裁?

  • It is important that P1 价值判断引导词 It is essential that It is crucial that It is necessary that It is vital that It is imperative that
  • requires P1 论证必要性连接词 demands necessitates calls for entails involves
  • should P2 建议呼吁词 ought to must need to have to it is time to
  • Too many P3 批判性评价词 Too few Unfortunately Sadly Regrettably The problem is
  • Our country needs P2 需求主张词 needs requires demands lacks is in need of
  • vitally matter P3 强调重要性词组 critically important of utmost importance cannot be overstated paramount indispensable
  • pride ourselves P4 立场表态词 we believe we are committed to we advocate we stand for our position is
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

3 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square 的常见问题

2016年12月英语六级真题第1套 Part III Section A 文章 Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square 的原文出自哪里?
The Conversation《对话》2015.10.13 文章 Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square(为什么需要更多科学家进入公共领域)。
2016年12月英语六级真题第1套文章 Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square 的主旨是什么?
科学家必须参与公共事务,用通俗易懂的语言解释他们的工作。美国需要增加研发投资,因为自20世纪60年代以来资金大幅下降,而其他国家不断进步,这威胁到美国的科学领导地位和经济增长。(英文表述:Scientists must engage publicly to explain their work in accessible language. The U.S. needs increased investment in research and development, as funding has drastically declined since the 1960s while other nations advance, threatening America's scientific leadership and economic growth.)
Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square(2016年12月英语六级真题第1套文章)是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为议论文,作者立场是积极支持(Concerned but hopeful advocacy)。CEFR 难度 C1,全文 254 词、4 段;在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中,C1 级共 343 篇(占 58%)。
2016年12月英语六级真题第1套文章 Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square 的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 4 段按议论文骨架分为 4 个意群:引言 · 第1段——科学工作的本质与公众沟通的必要性;分论点 · 第2段——科学家公众参与的迫切需求;分论点 · 第3段——研发投资下降的严峻现实;结论 · 第4段——加州大学的实践示范。
Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square 一文的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是积极支持(Concerned but hopeful advocacy)。判断路径:首段定位核心主张 → 问题-方案结构识别 → 证据呈现方式分析 → 结尾立场确认 → 多维态度综合判断;文中的态度信号词包括 important(第1段)、needs(第2段)、robust, long-range(第3段)、pride ourselves(第4段)、Too many people... still do not understand(第3段)。
2016年12月英语六级真题第1套文章 Why More Scientists Are Needed in the Public Square 中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 3 个:robust(强有力的;充足的;坚实的)、hasten(加快;促进;催促)、arena(活动领域;舞台;竞技场),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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