2018年考研英语一真题 Section I Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others
Postgraduate · 来自 2018年考研英语一真题 · Section I · 完形填空(四选一)

Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others

2018年考研英语一真题文章逐层精读

Reader's Digest《读者文摘》一篇題为 Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others(“执迷”于信任的大脑:为何我们对他人的信任与生俱来)的文章。

本页是 2018年考研英语一真题 Section I 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 273 词、4 段,CEFR 难度 C1(C1 级在考研英语一文章中占 90%),作者立场为「客观中立」;英文原文之外,本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他考研英语真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2018年考研英语一真题 Section I 的完形填空(四选一)原文,共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others

Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, it's a necessary condition for many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your faith in the wrong place often carries a high price.

Then, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. When people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that produces pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instinct that prompts humans to connect with one another. Scientists have found that exposure to this hormone puts us in a trusting mood: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their counterparts who inhaled something else.

Lucky for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may protect us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate between a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each introduced to an adult tester holding a plastic container. The tester would ask, "What's in here?" before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, "Wow!" Each subject was then invited to look inside. Half of them found a toy; the other half discovered the container was empty – and realized the tester had fooled them.

Among the children who had not been tricked, the majority were willing to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. In contrast, only five of the 30 children paired with the "unreliable" tester participated in a follow-up activity.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2018年考研英语一真题 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读,并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Double-Edged Nature of Trust

    Trust is essential for human relationships, but misplaced trust can be costly.

    本段承担 introduction 的功能,它先提出 trust 的价值与危险并存这一总问题。对于全文主旨而言,这个问题解释了后两部分为何分别讨论 oxytocin 如何促成信任,以及人类为何需要识别 dishonesty 来避免 misplaced trust。

    抓住正反对照
  2. P2

    Oxytocin: The Chemistry of Trust

    Oxytocin promotes trust by creating pleasurable feelings and a desire for social connection.

    本段回答了全文中的第一个关键问题:人们为什么会 trust。它为文章主旨提供 biological and psychological mechanism,说明信任并不完全是理性选择,也受到 oxytocin 所带来的愉悦和群体联结倾向影响。

    区分机制与实证
  3. P3

    An Early Sense of Dishonesty

    Even very young children can detect dishonesty and distinguish reliable people from unreliable ones.

    本段转入全文主旨的第二面:面对错误信任的风险,人类并非毫无防护。它用儿童实验说明 dishonesty detection 是一种很早就具备的能力,从而与上一段“信任为何产生”的机制形成平衡。

    结论统领实验
  4. P4

    Reliability Shapes Children's Trust

    Children's trust and cooperation depend strongly on whether an adult has proved reliable.

    本段是上一段研究的结果与验证,它表明儿童不仅能 detect dishonesty,而且会据此调整自己的 trust 和 cooperative behavior。因而,本段完整展现了文章主旨中的保护机制:早期的辨谎能力能够帮助人们避免继续信任 unreliable individuals。

    用对比读出结论
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2018年考研英语一真题这篇原文,每段配 1 道细节题( 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ,由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制,非试卷原题)。 选项默认中性;点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法,现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 trust

    What does the passage suggest about trust?

    • A Trust should be avoided because it usually leads to serious losses.
    • B Trust matters only in close personal relationships.
    • C Trust is valuable in many situations but can be costly when misplaced.
    • D People benefit from trust only when they can fully control others.
    • E The value of trust is determined by the amount of money involved.
    • F Trust is a natural feeling that requires no careful judgment.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:C

    该项完整保留了原文的双向逻辑:necessary condition 对应 valuable in many situations,putting faith in the wrong place 对应 when misplaced,high price 对应 costly。它没有把风险夸大为必然,也没有把价值缩窄为某一个例子。障碍在于 valuable 并非原词复现,考生需要完成必要的同义改写识别。

    双面信息核对 时间极紧时,不必顺读全文。抓住题干的抽象名词 trust,直接寻找其首次出现且紧邻转折结构的位置,即 第1段;随后采用“二分信息核对法”:正确项必须同时携带价值与误信风险两块信息,缺任一块或多出绝对化词的选项立即删除。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 Swiss study oxytocin

    What did the Swiss study find about subjects exposed to oxytocin?

    • A They became less likely to interact with strangers.
    • B They could more accurately detect dishonest people.
    • C They produced more oxytocin after lending money.
    • D They were willing to lend strangers significantly more money than the control subjects.
    • E They lent the same amounts of money as subjects given another substance.
    • F They trusted institutions more than individual people.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:D

    该项准确复现比较链:exposed to oxytocin 对应处理组,willing to lend 对应行为指标,strangers 对应借款对象,significantly more 对应比较程度,control subjects 同义替换 counterparts who inhaled something else。障碍在于原文没有直接使用 control subjects,考生须识别其在实验结构中的身份。

    实验比较句 抓题干中的 Swiss study 直接跳至 第2段,无需阅读整段理论解释。然后只盯实验结尾的比较句,使用“比较级逆向筛选”:正确项必须同时出现处理组、陌生人、借钱行为和更高程度;凡是缺少 comparison、把方向改反或换成另一种能力的选项,立刻排除。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 toddlers empty container

    Why did some toddlers find an empty container after the tester's exclamation?

    • A It allowed the toddlers to learn a new skill from the tester.
    • B It proved that the tester had accidentally lost the toy.
    • C It increased the amount of oxytocin released in the toddlers' brains.
    • D It showed that the toddlers were unable to recognize a toy.
    • E The empty container made the tester appear unreliable to those toddlers.
    • F It gave every toddler the same reason to trust the tester.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:E

    tester 先表现出发现好东西的惊喜,儿童随后看到 empty container,二者的矛盾使儿童 realized the tester had fooled them。appear unreliable 是对这一过程的概括,并为后续的 unreliable tester 分组奠定条件。障碍在于答案没有重复 fooled,而以 unreliable 完成概念提升。

    预期落空 用题干中最具体的 empty container 直接锁定 第3段,随后不读全部背景,只读其前一句 tester 的夸张反应与其后一句 fooled them。采取“预期落空法”:正确项应解释说话者制造的预期为何被事实推翻,并由此改变受试者对说话者的评价。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 follow-up activity participation

    What can be inferred from the toddlers' participation in the follow-up activity?

    • A Most toddlers cooperated with the unreliable tester in the follow-up activity.
    • B The toddlers trusted the tester more after discovering the empty container.
    • C Cooperation depended mainly on whether the toddlers received a toy.
    • D All toddlers were equally capable of learning the new skill.
    • E The tester's leadership mattered only to children older than 14 months.
    • F Toddlers were much less willing to cooperate after regarding the tester as unreliable.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案:F

    该项整合了对比结果:未受骗组的 majority 愿意 cooperate,而与 unreliable tester 配对的 30 名儿童中仅 five 人参与。much less willing 对应两组明显的数量反差,after regarding the tester as unreliable 概括了作者给出的信任解释。障碍在于原文以 participated in 表现结果,选项改为 willingness to cooperate,属于行为与意愿的合理同义转换。

    数字态度对照 时间紧张时,用 follow-up activity 定位 第4段,采用“数字先行、解释后接”法:先对照 majority 与 only five of 30 的方向,再紧贴作者对 cooperate 的解释。正确项必须同时符合人数反差和行为所指向的态度;无需重读前面完整实验过程。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 信任的两面性引入

    这个 opening paragraph 通过 on the one hand 和 on the other hand 的对比结构,introduce 了 trust 这个 central topic 的 paradoxical nature:trust 既是 necessary condition for worthwhile things,又可能 carry a high price when misplaced

    作为 expository article 的 introduction part,这个意群通过呈现 trust 的 dual nature 来 create curiosity,引导读者思考一个 fundamental question:既然 trust 有 risk,why do we still trust?这为后文解释 biological mechanisms 和 protective abilities 做了 logical preparation

    提出信任的矛盾现象
  2. 信任的生物学机制解释

    这个意群直接 answer 前文提出的 question "why do we trust",通过 scientific explanation 揭示 biological mechanism:oxytocin 这个 hormone 会 produce pleasurable feelings 并 trigger herding instinct,Swiss study 的 concrete evidence 进一步 demonstrate 了 oxytocin 如何 put people in a trusting mood

    这个意群构成了 expository article 主体部分的 first major explanation,通过 scientific facts 和 empirical evidence 来 explain 主旨中提到的 biological mechanisms behind trust。它用 hormone-behavior causation 这条 clear explanatory line 让读者理解 trust 不只是 rational choice,更是 biological predisposition

    阐明催产素机制
  3. 不诚实感知能力的研究发现

    通过 "Lucky for us" 这个 transitional phrase 实现 perspective shift,introduce 了 protective mechanism against misplaced trust。Canadian study 展示 children as young as 14 months 就能 differentiate credible and dishonest persons,detailed experimental procedure 描述了 how researchers tested 这个 ability

    这个意群对应主旨中的 "innate dishonesty detection abilities",作为 expository structure 的 second major explanation。它和前一意群形成 complementary relationship:如果说意群_2 解释了 why we trust,那意群_3 就解释了 how we protect ourselves from blind trust,两者共同 constitute 了对 trust mechanism 的 complete explanation

    呈现辨别能力实验
  4. 实验结果与信任行为关联

    这个 concluding paragraph present 了 Canadian study 的 behavioral outcomes:children who were not tricked 表现出 willingness to cooperate,展示了 trust in leadership;in contrast,paired with unreliable tester 的 children 大多 refused to participate,这个 stark difference 验证了 early dishonesty detection ability 的 practical impact on trust behavior

    作为 expository article 的 conclusion part,这个意群通过 present experimental results 来 solidify 前文建立的 argument about innate protection mechanism。它用 quantitative comparison(majority vs. only five of 30)make the evidence concrete and convincing,完成了从 theoretical explanation 到 behavioral evidence 的 logical closure

    展现实验结论
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2018年考研英语一真题 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他考研英语文章。

  1. 首段对比结构定主题 P1

    说明文的 first paragraph 通常采用 topic introduction 的方式,通过 presenting a phenomenon 或 raising a question 来引出 central topic。这里的 'On the one hand... On the other hand' 这种 contrastive structure 直接揭示了文章要探讨 trust 的 two-sided nature,为后文的 biological explanation 和 protective mechanism 做铺垫。

  2. 主体段疑问词揭示解释性质 P2 P3

    说明文的 body paragraphs 通常遵循 problem-solution 或 question-answer 的 organizational pattern。第2段 的 'why' question 直接点明这是 explanatory discourse,而 第3段 的 'also' 和 'Lucky for us' 表明在 introduce additional mechanism,这种 parallel structure 证明文章在 systematically explain trust 的 different aspects。

  3. 科学证据标记解释目的 P2 P3 P4

    说明文尤其是 scientific exposition 的 defining feature 是用 empirical evidence 来 support claims。文章通过 multiple studies 和 concrete experiments 来 substantiate 两个 mechanisms,这种 evidence-heavy approach 表明文章的 purpose 不是 argue a position 而是 explain established phenomena,这直接指向 expository genre 的 main purpose。

  4. 机制进展揭示双元解释 P1 P2 P3 P4

    综合前三步,文章的 overall structure 呈现典型的 expository pattern:提出 phenomenon(trust 的 paradox)→ explain mechanism 1(biological basis)→ explain mechanism 2(innate protection)→ provide evidence(experimental data)。这种 systematic explanation 配合 scientific backing,加上 neutral tone 和 informative purpose,完全符合 expository article 的 characteristics,最终 main idea 就是 explain the mechanisms behind trust behavior。

主旨信号词 oxytocin P2 sixth sense P3 study P2 differentiate P3

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

这篇说明文解释了人类信任背后的生物学和心理学机制,阐述了催产素如何产生信任感,同时人类与生俱来的识别欺骗能力在儿童早期就已发展,以保护我们免受错误信任的伤害。
This expository article explains the biological and psychological mechanisms behind human trust, describing how oxytocin creates trusting feelings while innate dishonesty detection abilities develop early in childhood to protect us from misplaced trust.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进考研英语高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • oxytocin 催产素(一种大脑释放的激素,能产生愉悦感并促使人们相互信任)

    现在让我们把这三条 clues 串联起来。首先,从 sentence structure 我们知道 oxytocin 是一种 hormone,具有 produces pleasurable feelings 和 triggers herding instinct 这两个 functions。然后,从 experimental evidence 我们看到,当这个 substance 被 administered 之后,people 会表现出 increased trust。最后,从 morphological structure 我们确认它确实是一种 biochemical compound。这三个 layers of evidence 相互 reinforce:syntax 给出了 definition,experiment 提供了 validation,morphology 确认了 category。所有 clues 都指向同一个 conclusion。

    科技术语的三维立体推断法
  • toddler 学步儿童(约1-3岁刚学会走路的幼儿)

    让我们整合这些 evidence。从 contextual reference,我们确定 toddlers 指的是 14-month-old children 这个 age group。从 behavioral descriptions,我们看到他们具有 basic interaction abilities 但 cognitive skills 还在 developing。从 morphological analysis,我们理解到这个 term 与一种 characteristic movement pattern 相关,specifically 一种 unsteady walking。所有这些 clues converge 到同一个 concept:处于 early childhood 阶段、刚学会走路的幼儿。这个 inference 在 developmental psychology 的 context 中完全 consistent。

    年龄词汇的三角定位法
  • herd 群聚(动物成群结队的行为,引申为人类聚集、寻求归属的本能)

    综合这三个 layers,我们可以建立清晰的 inference chain。从 syntactic structure,我们知道 herding instinct 直接导致 humans connect with one another。从 logical context,我们理解这是一个 social-level effect,与 individual pleasure 形成对比,服务于 trust mechanism。从 morphological origin,我们认识到这是借用 animal behavior 的 terminology。所有 evidence 指向同一个 concept:一种促使个体 gather together、form groups 的 biological drive,就像动物成群的 tendency。在 trust 这个 context 中,这个 instinct 解释了为什么 oxytocin 会让我们更 willing to connect and trust others。

    复合术语的成分分解法
  • credible 可信的(值得相信和信赖的)

    让我们将这些 clues synthesize。从 contrastive structure,我们确立 credible 与 dishonest 是 opposites,一个 trustworthy,一个 untrustworthy。从 experimental outcomes,我们看到 credible person 能够 maintain children's cooperation,而 unreliable person 不能,这 validates credible = trustworthy 的 inference。从 morphological analysis,我们确认 'cred-' root 本身就携带 'belief/trust' 的 semantic content,'-ible' suffix 表示这是一种 quality。所有 evidence layers 完美 align:credible 描述的是一个人或事物 worthy of trust and belief 的 quality。在这个 developmental psychology 的 context 中,它指的是 behavioral reliability。

    品质形容词的对立验证法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 打比方

    P1

    作者在开篇就把 trust 比作 a tricky business,这个 metaphor 非常精妙地 capture 了信任的 dual nature。Business 这个词本身就暗示了 risk 和 reward 的权衡,perfectly mirrors 文章想要传达的核心矛盾:trust 既是 necessary condition for worthwhile things,又可能 carry a high price。这个比喻为整篇文章的 thesis 奠定了基调,让读者立刻理解 trust 的复杂性。

    信号词 is like is a resembles can be compared to similar to as like

    仿写: 当你要解释一个 abstract concept 时,问自己:这个概念的 key characteristics 是什么?有没有一个 everyday object or activity 拥有类似的特征?比如要解释 memory,可以说 'Memory is like a filing cabinet';要解释 stress,可以说 'Stress is like a pressure cooker'。模版:【抽象概念】is (like) a 【具体事物】,然后用 on the one hand... on the other hand 这样的 structure 来展开这个比喻的 multiple dimensions。

  • 列数字

    P2 P3 P4

    文章提到 14 months 这个 specific age,以及后面的 half、majority、five of the 30 children 等 numerical data。这些 precise figures 让 Canadian study 的 findings 变得 credible and convincing。特别是 '14 months' 这个数字强调了 dishonesty detection 这种能力出现得 remarkably early,支撑了文章关于人类拥有 innate protective mechanism 的主旨。数字让 abstract claim 变成了 concrete evidence。

    信号词 14 months half 60 30 five majority significantly higher

    仿写: 当你引用 research or studies 时,总是 include specific numbers:sample size(多少 subjects)、percentage(百分之几)、age(多少岁)、time period(多长时间)。模版:'In a 【地点】study, researchers found that 【具体数字+对象】can/could 【动作/结果】'。或者 '【数字+对象】were 【动作】, while 【数字+对象】showed 【对比结果】'。记住:specific beats vague,'14 months' 比 'very young' 更有说服力。

  • 举例子

    P2 P3

    文章用了两个 detailed examples 来说明主旨:Swiss study 中的 oxytocin experiment 和 Canadian study 中的 toddler experiment。第一个 example 通过 concrete experimental procedure(spray oxytocin, lend money)展示了 why we trust。第二个 example 通过 step-by-step description(container test, follow-up activity)证明了我们有 sixth sense for dishonesty。这两个 examples 不是简单的 mention,而是提供了 vivid scenarios,让读者能够 visualize the process,从而深刻理解 trust 的 biological basis 和 protective mechanism。

    信号词 In a ... study for example for instance A ... study found researchers experiment such as

    仿写: 选择 examples 时要确保它们 specific and detailed。不要只说 'Studies show...',而要说 'In a 【地点】study, researchers 【具体做了什么】... subjects 【具体反应如何】'。模版结构:'【总述观点】。【地点】study found that 【具体实验设置】: 【详细过程】; 【实验结果】。' 关键是要给出 enough procedural details,让读者能够 mentally reconstruct the scenario。

  • 作比较

    P4

    文章在 第4段 中明确进行了 comparison:children who had not been tricked vs. children paired with unreliable tester。通过 'In contrast' 这个 explicit marker,作者 juxtapose 了两组孩子的 drastically different behaviors(majority willing to cooperate vs. only five participated)。这个 stark contrast 有力地证明了即使是 toddlers 也能根据之前的 experience 来 adjust their trust level,supporting 文章关于 innate dishonesty detection 的主旨。对比让 effect of dishonesty 变得 crystal clear。

    信号词 In contrast while whereas compared to unlike on the other hand however in comparison

    仿写: 设置 comparison 时要确保 two groups differ in only one key variable,这样才能 attribute the outcome difference to that variable。模版:'Among 【群体A】, 【结果A】, demonstrating that 【解释】. In contrast, only 【数字】of 【群体B】【结果B】.' 或者用 'while' 来连接:'【群体A】showed 【行为A】, while 【群体B】exhibited 【行为B】.' 关键是要有 clear baseline (control group) 和 clear variable being tested。

  • 作诠释

    P1 P2

    在 第1段 中,作者说 trust 是 'a necessary condition',然后立刻用 colon 引出 'child care, friendships, etc.' 来 elaborate what 'worthwhile things' means。在 第2段 中,解释 oxytocin 是 'a hormone that produces pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instinct',这个 appositive clause 就是在 interpret 什么是 oxytocin。作诠释让 technical terms 或 abstract phrases 变得 accessible,确保读者能够 follow the explanation without getting lost in jargon。

    信号词 : that is in other words namely specifically — which that

    仿写: 使用 appositives(同位语)、relative clauses(定语从句)、或 colon 来提供 immediate clarification。模版:'【概念】, 【同位语解释】, 【进一步说明】。' 或 '【概念】: 【具体举例】。' 或 '【概念】that/which 【定语从句解释】。' 关键是在引入 potentially unfamiliar terms 后立即提供 context,不要让 reader guess。问自己:如果读者不知道这个词,他们需要什么 information to understand it?

  • 引资料

    P2 P3

    文章明确引用了两个 studies 作为 authoritative sources:Swiss study 和 Canadian study。这些不是 general references,而是 detailed citations of specific research with concrete findings。通过引用 established research,作者 lend credibility to the claims about oxytocin and dishonesty detection。这些 external sources 将文章从 opinion piece 提升为 evidence-based exposition,让 thesis about trust mechanisms 变得 scientifically grounded。

    信号词 study research researchers scientists found according to survey data shows evidence suggests

    仿写: 引用 studies 时要包含 key identifying information:location/institution(Swiss, Canadian)+ type of source(study, research, survey)+ what was found。模版:'【机构/地点】【研究类型】found/showed/revealed that 【具体发现】: 【详细内容】.' 或 'According to 【source】, 【claim】.' 不要只说 'studies show',要说 'A 2023 MIT study found that...' 这样 specific 才有 credibility。引用后要 interpret the finding in relation to your thesis。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

6 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 信任的双面性暗示其复杂性

    P1
    On the one hand, it's a necessary condition for many worthwhile things: child care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your faith in the wrong place often carries a high price.

    对比类 On the one hand... On the other hand while whereas however in contrast conversely on the contrary

    这个对比结构 contrasting structure 的言外之意 implication 是:trust 不是简单的好或坏 simply good or bad,而是一个充满矛盾的 paradoxical 现象。作者通过 on the one hand 和 on the other hand 暗示 suggest 读者需要理性权衡 rationally weigh trust 的价值 value 与风险 risk。这为文章主旨 article's thesis 奠定了基调 sets the tone:既然 trust 如此复杂 complicated,那么理解其生物学和心理学机制 biological and psychological mechanisms 就显得尤为重要 particularly important。这个言外之意的价值 value 在于它激发了读者的问题意识 problem awareness,为后文探讨 trust 的科学机制 scientific mechanisms 做好铺垫 paves the way。

  • 反问句引出信任的根本动因

    P2
    Then, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good.

    反问句 Then, why do we trust at all? why how what if isn't it don't we wouldn't you agree

    这个反问句 rhetorical question 的言外之意 subtext 是:trust 不是理性选择的结果 not a result of rational choice,而是有生物学基础 biological basis 的本能行为 instinctive behavior。通过 then, why do we trust at all 这个问句,作者暗示 implies 前面提到的风险 risks mentioned earlier 应该让人类停止信任 should make humans stop trusting,但事实并非如此 but that's not the case。紧接着的答案 immediate answer 'because it feels good' 揭示了 reveals trust 的本质:它是由愉悦感 pleasurable feelings 驱动的,而非理性计算 rational calculation。这个言外之意对文章主旨的价值 value for the thesis 在于:它将讨论从抽象的利弊分析 abstract pros-cons analysis 转向了具体的生物学机制 concrete biological mechanisms,为后文介绍 oxytocin 做了自然过渡 natural transition。

  • 研究数据暗示催产素的强大效果

    P2
    those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money to strangers than were their counterparts who inhaled something else.

    程度副词强调 significantly higher significantly considerably substantially remarkably dramatically markedly

    Significantly higher 这个表达 expression 的言外之意是:催产素 oxytocin 对人类信任行为的影响 impact on human trusting behavior 是强有力的 powerful 和可测量的 measurable。作者没有说 'higher' 而是说 'significantly higher',暗示 suggests 这不是偶然现象 not a coincidence 或微小差异 minor difference,而是具有统计学意义 statistical significance 的显著效应 notable effect。这个言外之意对文章主旨的作用 role in the thesis 是:它提供了硬证据 hard evidence 支持 'trust feels good' 这个论断 assertion,将主观感受 subjective feeling 和客观生物学机制 objective biological mechanism 联系起来 connects,增强了文章的科学性 scientific credibility 和说服力 persuasiveness。

  • 幸运转折暗示前文风险的平衡机制

    P3
    Lucky for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may protect us.

    情态表达 Lucky for us lucky fortunately thankfully happily mercifully luckily

    Lucky for us 这个表达的言外之意 underlying meaning 是:前文提到的 oxytocin 驱动的信任本能 trust instinct driven by oxytocin 是有风险的 risky,可能导致我们被欺骗 lead to being deceived。通过使用 lucky 这个词,作者暗示 author suggests 如果人类只有信任本能 only had trust instinct 而没有识别能力 without detection ability,后果会很严重 consequences would be serious。这个言外之意呼应了 echoes 第一段提到的 'putting your faith in the wrong place often carries a high price',构成了文章的逻辑闭环 logical loop:trust 有生物学驱动 biological drive (第二段),但也有生物学保护 biological protection (第三段)。这对文章主旨的价值 value for the thesis 是:它展示了人类信任机制的完整性 completeness of human trust mechanism——不仅有促进信任的机制 mechanisms promoting trust,还有防止误信的机制 mechanisms preventing misplaced trust,这种平衡 balance 使得信任成为可持续的社会行为 sustainable social behavior。

  • 年龄细节暗示能力的早期性和本能性

    P3
    children as young as 14 months can differentiate between a credible person and a dishonest one.

    极端化表达 as young as 14 months as young as as early as even as little as as few as merely

    As young as 14 months 这个表达的言外之意是:人类的反欺骗能力 anti-deception ability 是深深根植于生物本能 deeply rooted in biological instinct 的,而不是后天社会化的产物 product of socialization。作者选择 14个月这个极端年龄 extreme age 来说明,暗示 implies 这种能力在语言能力 language ability 和复杂认知 complex cognition 充分发展之前就已经存在 exists before full development,因此它必然是进化而来的生存机制 evolutionarily derived survival mechanism。这个言外之意对文章主旨的价值 value for the thesis 在于:它与第二段的 oxytocin 机制 mechanism 形成对称 forms symmetry——信任的生物学基础 biological basis of trust 和防御的生物学基础 biological basis of defense 都是与生俱来的 both innate,共同构成了人类社会互动的底层架构 underlying structure of human social interaction。同时,它也强化了 reinforces 文章的科学可信度 scientific credibility:不是理论推测 theoretical speculation,而是有实证支持 empirical support 的发现。

  • 数据对比揭示信任的脆弱性

    P4
    In contrast, only five of the 30 children paired with the 'unreliable' tester participated in a follow-up activity.

    对比类+数量限制词 In contrast, only five in contrast, only however, merely but just whereas only while only conversely, just

    In contrast, only five of the 30 这个表达的言外之意是:信任是脆弱的 trust is fragile,一旦建立的信任被违背 once established trust is violated,其负面影响 negative impact 是深远且难以逆转的 profound and hard to reverse。作者通过对比 majority (暗示至少15人以上) 和 only five (仅16.7%) 这个悬殊的数字差异 stark numerical difference,强调 emphasizes unreliable behavior 对信任关系的毁灭性打击 devastating blow to trust relationships。这个言外之意与第一段的 'putting your faith in the wrong place often carries a high price' 形成呼应 echoes,用实证数据 empirical data 证明了那个抽象论断 abstract assertion。对文章主旨的价值 value for the thesis 是:它完整地展示了信任机制的双向性 bidirectionality of trust mechanism——oxytocin 让我们容易建立信任 easily establish trust (第二段),但早期识别能力 early detection ability 和经验教训 experiential lessons 让我们能够撤回信任 withdraw trust (第三、四段)。这个数据对比 data contrast 还暗示 also implies:人类的信任判断系统 trust judgment system 是高效且敏感的 efficient and sensitive,这解释了为什么即使有生物学驱动 biological drive,人类社会中的信任仍然是有条件的和选择性的 conditional and selective。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度:客观中立

结论先行:本文作者态度为客观中立( Objective and analytical with cautious optimism)。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 开篇平衡结构 P1

    说明文中的 author 如果在 opening 就使用 balanced language 和 contrastive structure,通常说明他们想要 present facts objectively 而不是 push a specific agenda,这是 neutral tone 的 key indicator。

  2. 科学证据主导 P2 P3 P4

    说明文中频繁出现 research citation 和 specific numbers 表明作者依赖 empirical evidence 而非 subjective judgment,这是 objective explanatory writing 的 hallmark,显示作者在 inform readers 而不是 persuade them。

  3. 情感词汇克制 P1 P2 P3

    说明文中如果 evaluative terms 保持 moderate 且 infrequent,说明作者在 describe phenomena 而不是 judge them strongly。即使出现 slightly positive words,它们的 intensity 仍然 restrained,这维持了 overall objectivity。

  4. 作者隐身叙述 P2 P3 P4

    说明文的 objective attitude 体现在作者把自己 position 为 explainer 而非 advocate,通过 impersonal structures('studies found'、'scientists have...')和 generic 'we' 来 maintain distance from personal stance。

  5. 整体平衡验证 P1 P2 P3 P4

    在说明文中,scattered 的 mildly positive expressions 不会 override overall objectivity,只要 core structure 保持 fact-based 和 balanced。作者的 ultimate goal 是 reader understanding 而非 reader persuasion,这从 equal attention to trust's benefits 和 risks 可以看出。

文中的态度信号词

  • tricky P1

    'Tricky' 这个词 acknowledges complexity 而不是 oversimplify,说明作者 recognize 这个 topic 有 multiple layers。在 objective 说明文中,这类词 signal 作者会 explore different angles 而非 present simplistic answers。

    同类词 complicated complex nuanced multifaceted paradoxical

  • on the one hand... on the other hand P1

    在说明文中识别 structural connectors 非常关键,contrast markers 表明作者在 presenting opposing viewpoints 或 conflicting evidence without favoring one。它们与 objective attitude 关联因为 true objectivity 需要 acknowledge trade-offs 和 different perspectives。扫描文章寻找这些 logical connectors:如果它们 create balanced pairs(positive then negative,或 vice versa),说明 author is weighing options 而非 pushing agenda。特别注意 paragraph transitions 和 within-sentence contrasts,它们是 structural neutrality 的 strongest signals。

    同类词 on one hand... on the other hand while... also both... and however in contrast

  • scientists have found P2

    这个 reporting phrase 把 author 定位为 information transmitter 而非 originator,通过 cite external authority(scientists)来 support claims instead of personal opinion。

    同类词 scientists found researchers discovered studies show research indicates evidence suggests

  • lucky for us P3

    这是文中 rare 的 mildly evaluative phrase,表达 slight positive sentiment about the sixth sense。但它的 intensity 很 restrained,且出现在 purely factual context 中,所以不会 override overall objectivity。

    同类词 fortunately happily thankfully beneficially helpfully

  • may protect P3

    'May' 是 hedging device,显示作者在 qualify claims 而不是 make absolute statements。这种 linguistic caution 是 scientific objectivity 的 marker,承认 uncertainty 和 avoiding overstatement。

    同类词 may might could possibly potentially

  • then, why do we trust at all? P2

    这个 rhetorical question 是 expository device,引导 reader 进入 explanation 而不是 impose answer。它 signals 作者的 role 是 addressing questions 而非 making declarations。

    同类词 why how what explains the question is this raises the issue

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例,可直接迁移到其他考研英语 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文?

  1. 开篇功能识别 P1

    议论文的 opening 会直接 state a viewpoint 或 make a claim,比如'We should trust more';新闻报道会 lead with specific events 或 breaking news;而说明文是 present a topic 并 introduce the subject matter 来 explain,这是最核心的 distinction。

  2. 主体段落功能 P2 P3 P4

    议论文的 body paragraphs 会用'however'、'therefore'、'we must'等 argumentative transitions 来 build logic 和 persuade readers;新闻会用 quotes 和 specific details 来 report events;说明文则是 systematically explain 通过 citing research 和 describing mechanisms。

  3. 研究引用方式 P2 P3

    议论文可能 mention studies 但目的是 support an argument;新闻会 report studies 作为 news events;说明文则 deeply explain the research 来 illustrate how something works。关键是 the depth of explanation 和 the purpose of citation。

  4. 文体目的确认 P1 P2 P3 P4

    三大文体的 fundamental difference:说明文 explains to inform understanding(解释以增进理解),议论文 argues to change minds(论证以改变观点),新闻 reports to deliver timely information(报道以传递时效信息)。这篇文章没有 call to action,没有 recent events,只有 systematic explanation of trust mechanisms。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁?

  • because P2 因果解释词 since as due to owing to result from
  • Scientists have found P2 研究引用词 scientists have found research shows studies indicate experiments demonstrate researchers discovered
  • A Canadian study found P3 研究引用词 a study found research conducted by a survey revealed an experiment showed an investigation discovered
  • On the one hand... On the other hand P1 对比结构词 on the one hand... on the other hand while whereas in contrast however
  • Then, why do we trust at all? P2 设问引导词 why do we how does what is when does where can we find
  • puts us in a trusting mood P2 机制描述词 puts us in causes leads to results in triggers
  • demonstrating that P4 证明阐释词 showing that indicating that suggesting that revealing that proving that
  • In contrast P4 对比转折词 in contrast by contrast conversely on the contrary in comparison
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

5 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others 的常见问题

2018年考研英语一真题 Section I 文章 Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others 的原文出自哪里?
Reader's Digest《读者文摘》一篇題为 Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others(“执迷”于信任的大脑:为何我们对他人的信任与生俱来)的文章。
2018年考研英语一真题文章 Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others 的主旨是什么?
2018年考研英语一真题 Section I 文章 Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others 说明文解释了人类信任背后的生物学和心理学机制,阐述了催产素如何产生信任感,同时人类与生俱来的识别欺骗能力在儿童早期就已发展,以保护我们免受错误信任的伤害。(英文表述:This expository article explains the biological and psychological mechanisms behind human trust, describing how oxytocin creates trusting feelings while innate dishonesty detection abilities develop early in childhood to protect us from misplaced trust.)
Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others(2018年考研英语一真题文章)是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为说明文,作者立场是客观中立(Objective and analytical with cautious optimism)。CEFR 难度 C1,全文 273 词、4 段;在考研英语一全部 102 篇真题文章中,C1 级共 92 篇(占 90%)。
2018年考研英语一真题文章 Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others 的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 4 段按说明文骨架分为 4 个意群:第1段——信任的两面性引入;第2段——信任的生物学机制解释;第3段——不诚实感知能力的研究发现;第4段——实验结果与信任行为关联。
Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others 一文的作者态度是什么?
作者态度是客观中立(Objective and analytical with cautious optimism)。判断路径:开篇平衡结构 → 科学证据主导 → 情感词汇克制 → 作者隐身叙述 → 整体平衡验证;文中的态度信号词包括 tricky(第1段)、on the one hand... on the other hand(第1段)、scientists have found(第2段)、lucky for us(第3段)、may protect(第3段)、then, why do we trust at all?(第2段)。
2018年考研英语一真题文章 Your Brain on Trust; Why We're Hardwired to Rely On Others 中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 4 个:oxytocin(催产素(一种大脑释放的激素,能产生愉悦感并促使人们相互信任))、toddler(学步儿童(约1-3岁刚学会走路的幼儿))、herd(群聚(动物成群结队的行为,引申为人类聚集、寻求归属的本能))、credible(可信的(值得相信和信赖的)),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

本页数据最后更新: