2015年12月英语六级真题第3套 Part II Section C (2)

文章通过对比 nineteenth-century 的 stump speech（持续 hours 的长篇演讲）和当代的 30-second advertisement 以及 10-second sound bite，凸显了 television 如何将 political discourse 从 substantive、detailed 的形式压缩成 abbreviated forms。这种 temporal contrast 直接支撑了主旨中 television replaced substantive political discourse with brief visual messages 的核心观点，让读者清晰感受到 transformation 的 dramatic nature。

信号词 given way to in contrast whereas while on the other hand unlike compared to rather than instead of has been replaced by

仿写： 当你想 demonstrate 某种 change 或 impact 时,不妨采用 before-and-after 的 structure。首先 establish 一个 baseline（旧状态的 specific details），然后 present 新状态的 contrasting features，最后可以 explicitly state 这种 contrast 所 reveal 的 deeper meaning。模版：In the past, [具体旧现象 with details], which characterized [时期/领域]. This has given way to [具体新现象 with contrasting details], fundamentally altering [影响的方面]。

第二段通过 "by" 引导的三个 parallel structures，清晰地建立了 television 作为 cause 和多个 political effects 之间的 causal chain：giving independent access → diminished party role；centering on person → accelerated focus on character。这种 explicit causality 直接 support 文章主旨中 television transformed politics by changing... altering... and shifting 的 core argument，让 transformation 的 mechanism 变得 transparent and logical。

信号词 by because as a result consequently therefore thus hence leads to results in causes due to

仿写： 构建 cause-effect argument 时，可以使用 parallel "by + gerund" structure 来 present multiple causal pathways。先 identify 一个 central cause（如某个 technological/social change），然后 enumerate 它产生的 specific effects，每个 effect 都用 "by [action], [subject] + [result]" 的格式。这种 parallelism 不仅 enhance readability，还能 create rhythmic emphasis。模版：[Main agent] has transformed [domain] by [action 1], by [action 2], and by [action 3]. By [specific mechanism 1], [subject] + [specific result]. By [specific mechanism 2], [subject] + [another specific result]。

第六段通过引入 "pseudo-events" 这个 concrete example，illustrate 了 politicians 如何 exploit television's visual power。这个 specific instance（staged events designed to attract media coverage）make abstract concept "power of television's pictures" tangible and convincing。它 demonstrate 文章主旨中 politicians craft staged media events 的 practical manifestation，让 theoretical claim 获得 empirical support。

信号词 called for example for instance such as like including namely specifically to illustrate as seen in

仿写： 在 present 一个 broad claim 之后，立即 introduce 一个 specific example 来 ground your argument。可以先 acknowledge 某种 phenomenon 或 power（如 "Recognizing the power of..."），然后 describe 一个 concrete practice 或 instance that exemplifies this power。确保 example 包含 specific details（如 pseudo-events 的 purpose: "designed to attract media coverage"）。模版：Recognizing [abstract concept/power], [agents] + [specific action/practice], called [term if applicable], designed to [specific purpose]. Much of [related phenomenon] has been [specific manifestation with details]。

第四段使用三个 parallel "cannot" structures（"cannot establish... cannot detail... cannot examine"）来 enumerate 在 abbreviated forms 下 political discourse 的 multiple losses。这种 rhythmic repetition 不仅 create emphasis，更通过 accumulation of negatives 强化了 television 对 traditional discourse 的 devastating impact，directly support 主旨中 substantive political discourse 被 replaced 的观点，让 loss 显得 comprehensive and irreversible。

信号词 cannot can will must should by [verb]-ing neither... nor not only... but also whether... or

仿写： 构建 parallel structure 时，选择一个 key verb or phrase（如 "cannot"），然后 construct 三个或更多 parallel clauses that share this element。确保每个 clause 在 grammatical structure 上 identical，但在 semantic content 上 progressive or complementary。这能 create cumulative effect。模版：In [time constraint/condition], a [agent] cannot [action 1 with object], cannot [action 2 with object], and cannot [action 3 with object]。关键是保持 syntax 一致，同时让 content 逐步 expand or intensify your point。

第五段对比 old-style stump speech 的 characteristics（需要的 political style）和 television 所 require 的 new style（"more conversational, personal, and visual"），以及对比 "memorable words" vs "memorable pictures"。这种 stylistic contrast 揭示了 medium 的变化如何 fundamentally alter communication modes，supporting 主旨中 television changed political style 和 enabled visual politics 的论点，同时 introduce "informed citizenship requires new skills" 这个 consequential insight。

信号词 rather than more... than instead of in contrast whereas while unlike as opposed to on the contrary

仿写： 当 comparing different media, styles, or approaches 时，明确 identify contrasting dimensions（如 style characteristics: conversational vs formal；content type: words vs pictures）。使用 comparative adjectives（"more X than Y"）和 contrastive nouns（"X rather than Y"）。可以先 describe medium/context 的 requirement，然后 specify what type of content or style it privileges。模版：[Medium/Context] is [characteristic], [verb] through it requires [new quality] that is more [adj 1], [adj 2], and [adj 3] than that of [old form]. Reliance on [medium] means that increasingly [domain] contains [new element] rather than [old element]。

第三段 establish television 如何 alter political communication forms 的 causality：television 的 introduction → speeches 的 audience 从 physical crowd shift to viewing audience → messages 变得 briefer。第四段进一步 elaborate consequences：abbreviated forms → loss of traditional discourse elements（historical context, probable causes, alternative proposals）。这个 causal chain 系统地 demonstrate 主旨中 "changed how information spreads and replaced substantive discourse" 的 mechanism。

信号词 as well consequently as a result therefore thus hence accordingly for this reason because of this

仿写： 构建 multi-step causal chain 时，先 identify initial cause（medium/technology change），然后 trace 它的 immediate effect（如 audience shift），最后 demonstrate downstream consequences（content change）。使用 sequential structure：paragraph 1 introduces change and immediate effect；paragraph 2 explores deeper consequences using "In these [conditions]..." 来 elaborate losses or gains。模版：[Technology/Change] has altered [aspect] as well. [Describe immediate manifestation]. Increasingly [describe ongoing shift]. In these [new conditions], much of what constituted [old form] has been lost. [Agent] cannot [loss 1], cannot [loss 2], and cannot [loss 3]。