2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2)
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2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2)

对话 · 听力 · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 文章的精读视角页——这篇对话全文 317 词、12 段,CEFR 难度 B2(B2 级在英语六级文章中占 39%);英文原文之外,本篇已有的 6 项精读维度逐项展开,其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法(篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判)随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号(P1)都可以点——点一下,原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段,解析引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文,你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

12 段英文原文

以下为2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 的听力原文,由懒笔记按试卷原文逐段核对收录,共 12 段。左侧 P1–P12 是段落编号——本页全部解析(结构、逐段、修辞、自检题)都以它为坐标回指原文,点击解析里的段号,原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮;合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态,不带翻译与标注。

M: With me in the studio today is Ms. Jane Logan, author of a new book, Secrets to Success. She claims to have uncovered how people achieve success. So Ms. Logan, in your book, you claim that successful people have many things in common. For instance, they know their strengths when pursuing a goal.

W: That's right. They also tend to be motivated by a negative or positive life event. They credit their success to having someone in their life who believes in them.

M: You also write that there are a number of different factors related to success. And while successful people are driven to achieve their goals, the ultra successful have even greater ambition.

W: Yes, greater ambition as well as a burning desire to be the best of the best is also a common characteristic.

M: Right. So those who are determined don't see obstacles as something that prevents success, but mere inconveniences that need to be overcome.

W: Absolutely. Successful people are also optimistic as it is important to stay positive while being aware of obstacles that can deter us from achieving our goals.

M: That's a good point. All too often, people give up at the first hurdle. Would you say then that most successful people make it all by themselves?

W: Not exactly. They are usually good at cooperating with people and understanding the needs of others.

M: So people will be willing to help them, I guess.

W: That's correct. And this often leads to a great deal of mutual respect, whether it's with a colleague, an assistant or even a receptionist.

M: Most successful people I know are very passionate about their work. Would you say that passion is the single biggest key to success?

W: Not entirely. There's a prerequisite, that is, you have to work in an environment that nurtures passion. If that exists, success will follow.

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

12 个意群的对话骨架

按对话 的行文骨架切分意群,每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇,能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 访谈开场与核心观点引入

    主持人 introduces 嘉宾 Jane Logan 和她的 new book《Secrets to Success》,并 points out 书中的 first key finding:successful people 知道自己的 strengths 并且在 pursuing goals 时能够 leverage 这些优势。这是典型的 interview opening,通过 book introduction 自然 leads into 核心 topic。

    这个 opening segment 为整个 interview 设定了 framework,通过 introducing 作者和 book title 建立了 credibility,同时 presents 第一个 success factor(knowing strengths),为后续 deep dive into 其他 characteristics 铺设了 foundation。

    引出成功者特质的首个要素
  2. 成功者的动机与支持系统

    嘉宾 confirms 主持人的 observation 并 expands on it,指出 successful people 通常 motivated by life events(positive or negative)并且 credit their success to having believers in their life。这是 responsive turn,通过 "That's right" 进行 agreement 后 adds new information。

    这个 response 不仅 acknowledges 前面提到的 strength awareness,还 introduces 两个 additional factors:life events as motivators 和 supportive relationships。它 enriches 主旨 by showing that success 不是 isolated achievement,而是和 external triggers 以及 social support system 密切 connected 的。

    补充成功的动力来源
  3. 成功层级的差异化特征

    主持人 builds on 前面的 discussion,introduces 一个 more nuanced distinction:regular successful people vs. ultra successful people。他 mentions that while 普通 successful people are driven,ultra successful individuals have even greater ambition。这个 turn shifts focus to degrees of success 而不仅仅是 success itself。

    这个 segment 为主旨 adds complexity,showing that success factors 不是 binary 而是 exists on a spectrum。通过 contrasting "successful" 和 "ultra successful",它 helps 读者 understand that ambition level 是 differentiating factor。这种 graduated analysis 使得 overall message 更加 nuanced 和 realistic。

    区分不同成功程度的特质
  4. 顶尖成功者的极致特质

    嘉宾 agrees 并 emphasizes the characteristic of ultra successful people:不仅有 greater ambition,还有 burning desire to be the best of the best。这个 short but powerful response 用 intensifying language("burning desire")来 highlight 顶尖 achievers 的 distinctive trait。

    这个 brief segment 通过 emphatic language 加深了对 ultra success 所需 mindset 的理解。使用 "burning desire" 这样的 intense expression 让 abstract concept of ambition 变得 more visceral and memorable,helping 读者 grasp the emotional intensity 区分 good 和 great 的关键。

    强调极致追求的重要性
  5. 成功者对障碍的认知重构

    主持人 builds on ambition discussion,introduces 另一个 key characteristic:determined people 不把 obstacles 看作 success blockers,而是 view them as mere inconveniences to overcome。这个 reframing of obstacles 展示了 successful mindset 的 cognitive pattern。

    这个 segment 揭示了 success psychology 的重要 aspect:不是 avoiding obstacles 而是 reframing them。通过 contrasting "prevents success" 和 "mere inconveniences",它 shows how mental framing 影响 outcomes。这 deepens 主旨 by demonstrating that success 不仅关于 what you do,也关于 how you think。

    阐述对困难的态度
  6. 乐观态度的双重平衡

    嘉宾 strongly agrees("Absolutely")并 introduces optimism as crucial trait,同时 emphasizes 需要 balance:staying positive while remaining aware of obstacles。这个 nuanced view shows that success mindset 不是 blind optimism,而是 realistic positivity。

    这个 response 为主旨 adds sophistication by showing that optimism 必须和 awareness 结合。使用 "while being aware" 这样的 balancing phrase 防止 oversimplification,让 success formula 更 credible。它 teaches 读者 that effective mindset 是 nuanced,不是 simplistic。

    说明积极心态的必要性
  7. 对普遍放弃现象的反思与质疑

    主持人 makes 一个 meta-observation("That's a good point")然后 comments on common failure pattern:people giving up too easily。接着他 poses 一个 probing question:是否 most successful people achieve success alone?这个 turn combines commentary with challenging question,shifting conversation to social dimension of success。

    这个 segment 通过 contrasting 放弃者和 successful people 强化了 previous points,然后 introduces critical new dimension:social aspect of success。问题 "make it all by themselves" challenges potential assumption that success is solo achievement,为 discussion 打开 new direction 关于 collaboration 和 relationships。

    引出成功的社会性维度
  8. 成功的合作本质

    嘉宾 corrects 潜在的 misconception("Not exactly")并 reveals that successful people 实际上 good at cooperating 和 understanding others' needs。这个 corrective response 挑战了 self-made success 的 myth,emphasizing collaborative nature of achievement。

    这个 response 为主旨 adds crucial social dimension,showing that success factors 不仅是 individual traits 也包括 interpersonal skills。通过 explicitly rejecting solo success narrative("Not exactly"),它 corrects common misconception 并 highlights cooperation 和 empathy 作为 key ingredients。

    纠正关于成功的误解
  9. 主持人的推断确认

    主持人 makes 一个 logical inference based on 嘉宾 previous statement:如果 successful people good at cooperation,那么 people will be willing to help them。这个 brief turn shows active listening 和 logical reasoning,seeking confirmation for his deduction。

    虽然简短,这个 turn demonstrates 主持人在 actively processing information 并 making connections。它 helps 读者 understand the causal chain:cooperation skills → willingness of others to help。这种 explicit reasoning 使 logic more transparent for 读者。

    推导合作的结果
  10. 互惠尊重的建立

    嘉宾 confirms 主持人的 inference("That's correct")并 extends it by explaining that cooperation leads to mutual respect across all levels of interaction(colleague, assistant, receptionist)。这个 elaboration 强调 respect 的 universality 和 reciprocal nature。

    这个 response 完成了 cooperation discussion by showing its outcome:mutual respect。通过 listing different types of relationships(colleague to receptionist),它 emphasizes that successful people treat everyone with respect。这 enriches 主旨 by showing 不仅 what successful people do(cooperate)也 what results(respect),并且这种 respect 是 egalitarian。

    解释人际关系的深层价值
  11. 对激情作用的探讨

    主持人 introduces new topic based on personal observation:most successful people 非常 passionate about their work。他 poses potentially provocative question asking whether passion is the single biggest key to success。这个 turn shifts focus to passion 并且 uses superlative language("single biggest key")to invite strong opinion。

    这个 segment 引入 final major success factor:passion。通过 asking if it's "single biggest key",主持人 invites 嘉宾 to potentially prioritize among all factors discussed。这种 summative question 帮助 readers consider relative importance of different success factors,为 interview 的 conclusion 做准备。

    提出激情的核心地位
  12. 激情的前提条件

    嘉宾 provides nuanced response("Not entirely"),explaining that passion 有 prerequisite:必须 work in environment that nurtures passion。她 emphasizes that 只有在 right environment 存在时,success will follow。这个 conditional answer 防止 oversimplifying passion's role。

    这个 closing response 为主旨 adds critical contextual layer:individual traits 不够,还需要 supportive environment。通过 introducing prerequisite(nurturing environment),它 shows that success is interaction between personal qualities 和 external conditions。这个 final insight makes success formula more complete 和 realistic,acknowledging that passion alone 不能 guarantee success without right context。

    说明成功的环境依赖性
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出,每步说明看哪里、看出什么,可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 抓住对话开场白 P1

    在 interview 或 conversation 类型的文章中,开头段落通常会 set the stage,明确告诉我们 who is talking 和 what they're discussing。这是 grasp the main idea 最直接的 entry point。

  2. 对话通过 question-answer pattern 来 unfold ideas。主持人的每个 question 都是在 dig deeper into specific aspects,而嘉宾的 answer 则是在 add layers to the main topic。这种 back-and-forth exchange 会逐步 reveal the comprehensive picture。

  3. 捕捉认同信号 P2 P5 P6 P9 P10

    在 interview 对话中,当主持人说 'That's right' 或 'Absolutely' 或 'That's a good point' 时,他们是在 confirm and emphasize key information。这些 validation moments 往往 highlight the most important ideas that support the main theme。

  4. 分割讨论板块 P3 P7 P11

    主持人的 questions 不仅在 elicit information,还在 segment the discussion。当我们看到 question shifts from one angle to another,就能 map out the structure of the main idea 以及它包含了哪些 dimensions。

  5. 这个 four-step approach 覆盖了对话文章的 structural logic:introduction provides the framework,Q&A develops the content,signals highlight priorities,transitions show organization。Together 它们形成一个 systematic method 来 decode the main idea without getting lost in details。

主旨信号词 claims to have uncovered P1 in common P1 That's right P2 also P2 greater ambition P3 Absolutely P6 Not exactly P8 prerequisite P12

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

一场关于简·洛根成功因素著作的访谈。她解释道,成功人士了解自己的优势,保持积极乐观,将障碍视为暂时困难,善于与他人合作,并在培养热情的环境中工作。
An interview discussing Jane Logan's book on success factors. She explains that successful people know their strengths, stay motivated and optimistic, view obstacles as temporary hurdles, cooperate well with others, and work in environments that nurture their passion.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典,只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • uncover 揭示,发现(隐藏的事物)

    结合 morphological analysis 和 contextual clues,我们可以建立这样的 reasoning chain:首先从 word structure 看,un- + cover 暗示一个 reverse action,即把某个 covered 的东西 expose 出来;然后从 context 看,作者通过 research 对 success 有了新的 understanding,发现了 common characteristics。这两条 clues 指向同一个 meaning:揭示、发现原本 hidden 的 information。

    词缀分解配合语义场验证
  • credit 把...归功于

    从 syntactic pattern credit A to B 可以看出这是一个 causation expression;从 broader context 看,这段在讨论 success 的 contributing factors,所以 credit 在这里表达的是 successful people 如何 recognize 或 attribute 他们的 achievement 到某个 specific cause。两条 clues 共同指向:把功劳归于某个 factor。

    句式框架结合话语功能
  • deter 阻止,威慑

    结合 semantic logic 和 contrastive context,我们可以这样 reason:obstacles 作为 subject,goals 作为 target,deter from 这个 structure 表明一种 blocking relationship;而 第5段-6 的 contrast 进一步确认 deter 指的是 obstacles 对 goal achievement 的 negative interference。这是一个表达 prevention 或 discouragement 的 verb。

    论元语义配合语篇对比
  • nurture 培养,促进发展

    从 collocation pattern 看,environment nurtures passion 暗示一种 cultivation relationship;从 conditional logic 看,这种 cultivation 是 success 的 prerequisite,说明 nurture 表达的不仅是 allow 存在,而是 actively promote development。两条 clues 共同指向:培养、促进成长的 action。

    搭配语义结合论证链定位
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

4 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认,也能写。

  • 反问

    P7

    主持人在 第7段 使用反问句 'Would you say then that most successful people make it all by themselves?' 来 challenge 一个常见的 assumption。这个 rhetorical question 并不是真的在 seek information,而是引导 Logan 去 clarify 一个关键点:success 不是 individual effort,而需要 cooperation。这种反问 technique 让对话更有 depth,帮助 reveal 成功的一个重要但容易被 overlook 的 factor。

    信号词 Would you say Don't you think Wouldn't you agree Isn't it true that Do you really believe Can we really say

    仿写: 当你想要 challenge 某个 common belief 或者 transition 到一个 contrasting point 时,可以用反问。比如在讨论 teamwork 时,不要直接说 'Individual effort is not enough',而是问 'Would you say that working alone can guarantee success?'。仿写模版:'Would you say (that) + [待质疑的观点]?' 或 'So + [推论] + , would you say?'

  • 重复

    P3 P4

    在 第3段 和 第4段 中,'ambition' 这个 keyword 被 deliberately repeated。主持人先提到 'greater ambition',Logan 立即 echo 并 expand:'greater ambition as well as a burning desire'。这种 lexical repetition 在对话中 serve 两个 purposes:一是 emphasize 这个 critical trait of ultra-successful people,二是 create coherence 让对话 flow smoothly。这个 technique 让 listener 清楚地 grasp 核心 concept。

    信号词 Yes Right Absolutely Exactly That's right Indeed

    仿写: 当你想 emphasize 某个 central concept 时,让 conversation partners echo 和 expand key terms。比如 A 说 'Dedication is crucial',B 可以回应 'Yes, dedication, and I'd add consistent dedication over time'。仿写模版:'[Key term], + yes/right/absolutely + [Key term] + as well as/along with + [补充内容]'。

  • 语气词

    P2 P4 P6 P10

    整个对话中 frequent 使用 affirmative markers 如 'That's right' (第2段), 'Absolutely' (第6段), 'That's correct' (第10段)。这些 discourse markers 不仅表示 agreement,更重要的是 create 一种 collaborative atmosphere。在这个 interview about success factors 中,这些 affirmatives 让 Logan 的 expertise 看起来更 credible 和 authoritative,同时让 conversation 保持 positive 和 flowing 的 tone。

    信号词 That's right Absolutely That's correct Right Yes Exactly Indeed That's a good point I agree

    仿写: 在 professional dialogue 中,strategically place affirmatives 来 acknowledge points 和 maintain engagement。不要 overuse 同一个词,要 vary 你的 responses。比如用 'Absolutely' for strong agreement, 'That's a good point' for acknowledging, 'Right' for quick confirmation。仿写模版:'[Affirmative marker] + . + [Elaboration or new point]' 或 '[Affirmative] + , + [brief restatement] + [addition]'。

  • 省略

    P9

    在 第9段,主持人说 'So people will be willing to help them, I guess',这里 省略了 complete logical connection。完整的 thought 应该是 'So if successful people are good at cooperating and understanding others' needs, then people will be willing to help them'。这种 ellipsis 让对话更 conversational 和 efficient,avoid redundancy while maintaining clarity。它也 demonstrate 了 shared understanding between speakers,因为 Logan 能 immediately follow with 'That's correct'。

    信号词 So Then Therefore Thus Hence I guess I suppose

    仿写: 当前面的 context 已经 establish 了某个 premise 时,你可以 directly state conclusion 而 skip explicit restatement。比如在讨论 exercise benefits 后,不用说 'Since exercise improves health, people should exercise',直接说 'So people should make time for it, I think'。仿写模版:'So + [结论/推论] + , I guess/I suppose/I think' 或 'Then + [结果] + , right?'。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

6 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 成功者的共性远不止知道自身优势

    P2
    They also tend to be motivated by a negative or positive life event.

    递进类 also furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides what's more

    表面上 Jane 在 list 成功者的 characteristics,但用 also 这个 progressive marker 暗示'knowing strengths'只是 one piece of the puzzle。真正的 implication 是 success 需要 multiple factors working together,而非 single trait。这对 main idea 的作用是 establish 文章的 framework:成功是 multifaceted 的,需要从 various angles 去 understand,为后续 discussion 的 depth 和 breadth 奠定基础。

  • 极度成功者与普通成功者的分水岭

    P3
    while successful people are driven to achieve their goals, the ultra successful have even greater ambition

    对比强化类 even greater much more far more significantly considerably substantially ultra

    表面在 compare 两类人的 ambition level,实际 implication 是 success 有 different tiers,而 reaching top tier 需要的不是 slightly more effort,而是 fundamentally different mindset。这个 distinction 对 article theme 的 value 在于 nuance the discussion:不是简单说'有野心就成功',而是 reveal 成功有 gradations,最顶尖的 success requires exceptional qualities。这给 target readers(考生们)传递一个 realistic message about excellence。

  • 障碍的本质被重新定义

    P5
    those who are determined don't see obstacles as something that prevents success, but mere inconveniences

    视角转换类 don't see...as...but not...but rather than instead of view...as regard...as consider...as

    表面在描述 how determined people view obstacles,实则 implication 是 success 更多关于 perception than reality。同样的 obstacle,不同 interpretation 导致 different outcomes。这对 main theme 的 contribution 是 introduce psychological dimension:成功不仅需要 external actions,更需要 internal reframing。这个 insight 对考生特别 valuable,因为它 suggests 改变 mindset 是 achievable first step。

  • 乐观主义的边界条件

    P6
    important to stay positive while being aware of obstacles

    让步限定类 while being aware of while although even though despite in spite of whereas

    表面说要 optimistic,但 'while being aware'这个 qualifier 的 implication 是'盲目乐观'行不通。真正的 success mindset 是 grounded optimism—既保持 positive outlook 又 realistic about challenges。这对 article's theme 的 significance 在于 add sophistication:成功者的 traits 不是 simplistic(纯粹乐观),而是 nuanced(乐观与现实的结合)。这防止 readers 产生 naive understanding。

  • 普遍误区被委婉否定

    P8
    Would you say then that most successful people make it all by themselves? Not exactly.

    委婉否定类 Not exactly not exactly not quite not really not necessarily not entirely not always

    主持人的 question implies 'self-made success'这个 common belief,而 Jane 的'Not exactly'实则 challenge 这个 myth。Implication 是 success 往往被 romanticized 为 individual heroism,但 reality 更 complex—需要 collaboration。这对 main idea 的 value 在于 debunk stereotype:文章不是 promote 孤胆英雄,而是 emphasize social skills 和 teamwork。这给 target readers 一个 more actionable insight。

  • 单一因素论被明确否决

    P12
    Would you say that passion is the single biggest key to success? Not entirely.

    部分否定类 Not entirely not entirely not completely not solely not only only part of partially

    主持人试图 pinpoint 'single biggest key',而 Jane 的'Not entirely'加上'There's a prerequisite'这个 follow-up,其 implication 是 success 不存在 silver bullet。Passion 重要,但需要 conducive environment 作为 foundation。这对 article theme 的 concluding value 在于 reinforce 整篇的 core message:成功是 multidimensional,任何 single-factor explanation 都是 incomplete。这给 readers 留下 holistic understanding。

SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

6 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

  • All too often, people give up at the first hurdle.
    第7段,第2句

    简单句结构在真题中常见,但本句的句首频率状语 + 不及物短语动词 + 介词短语状语的组合并非高频考点句式。结构本身有一定代表性(简单句的典型语序),但不属于需要重点掌握的复杂句式(如定语从句、状语从句、强调句等),典型性中等。

  • They are usually good at cooperating with people and understanding the needs of others.
    第8段,第2句

    主系表结构 + be good at doing 是常见基础句式,在四六级/考研阅读中频繁出现,具有一定代表性。但整句过于简单,缺少复杂修饰或从句,典型性中等偏下。

  • There's a prerequisite, that is, you have to work in an environment that nurtures passion.
    第12段,第2句

    覆盖主语、谓语、宾语、地点状语、同位语从句、定语从句等多种成分;同位语从句和定语从句的识别是常考易错点;定语从句中关系代词 that 作主语也是重要考点。成分种类丰富,训练价值较高。

  • What do successful people attribute their achievements to?
    第6题题干

    特殊疑问句是四六级和考研阅读理解中的常见句式,attribute A to B 的固定搭配以及疑问词前置的倒装结构也是典型考点,掌握本句结构可迁移到大量同类疑问句的理解中

  • What do successful people do when faced with difficulties?
    第7题题干

    特殊疑问句加时间状语从句的组合是四六级和考研阅读理解中的高频句式;从句中的省略结构(省略主语和 be 动词)也是考试常考语法点;"be faced with" 固定搭配常出现在写作和翻译题中,结构具有很强的代表性

  • They adjust their goals accordingly.
    第7题,A

    覆盖主谓宾状四种基本成分,结构简单但完整;状语"accordingly"位于句末,是常见位置,可作为初学者熟悉状语位置的入门例句,但无复杂修饰或易错点,训练价值有限。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 的常见问题

2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 文章的主旨是什么?
一场关于简·洛根成功因素著作的访谈。她解释道,成功人士了解自己的优势,保持积极乐观,将障碍视为暂时困难,善于与他人合作,并在培养热情的环境中工作。(英文表述:An interview discussing Jane Logan's book on success factors. She explains that successful people know their strengths, stay motivated and optimistic, view obstacles as temporary hurdles, cooperate well with others, and work in environments that nurture their passion.)
2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 文章是什么体裁?难度如何?
体裁为对话。CEFR 难度 B2,全文 317 词、12 段;在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中,B2 级共 233 篇(占 39%)。
2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的?
全文 12 段按对话骨架分为 12 个意群:第1段——访谈开场与核心观点引入;第2段——成功者的动机与支持系统;第3段——成功层级的差异化特征;第4段——顶尖成功者的极致特质;第5段——成功者对障碍的认知重构;第6段——乐观态度的双重平衡;第7段——对普遍放弃现象的反思与质疑;第8段——成功的合作本质;第9段——主持人的推断确认;第10段——互惠尊重的建立;第11段——对激情作用的探讨;第12段——激情的前提条件。
2021年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part II Section A (2) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词?
按文中出现顺序共 4 个:uncover(揭示,发现(隐藏的事物))、credit(把...归功于)、deter(阻止,威慑)、nurture(培养,促进发展),每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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