懒笔记
2023年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section C (2) Competition
CET-6 · 来自 2023年12月英语六级真题第2套 · Part III Section C (2) · 阅读理解（四选一）

Competition

2023年12月英语六级真题第2套文章逐层精读

psychology.jrank.org网站上发表的一篇标题为“Competition”的文章。

本页是 2023年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section C (2) 文章的精读视角页——这篇议论文全文 444 词、4 段，CEFR 难度 C1（C1 级在英语六级文章中占 58%），作者立场为「消极批判」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他英语六级真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

4 段英文原文

以下为2023年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section C (2) 的阅读理解（四选一）原文，共 4 段。左侧 P1–P4 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

Competition

Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a genetic component of human behavior. Whatever it is, you cannot but recognize the effect competition is exerting in academics and many other areas of contemporary life.

Psychologically speaking, competition has been seen as an inevitable consequence of human drives. According to Sigmund Freud, humans are born screaming for attention and full of organic drives for fulfillment in various areas. Initially, we compete for the attention of our parents. Thereafter, we are at the mercy of a battle between our base impulses for self-fulfillment and social and cultural norms which prohibit pure indulgence.

Current work in anthropology(人类学) has suggested, however, that this view of the role of competition in human behavior may be incorrect. Thomas Hobbes, one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century, is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the "natural world," that is, the world before the imposition of the will of humanity, as being "nasty, brutish, and short." This image of the pre-rational world is still widely held, reinforced by Charles Darwin's highly influential work, The Origin of Species, which established the doctrine of natural selection. This doctrine, which takes for granted that those species best able to adapt to and master the natural environment in which they live will survive, has suggested that the struggle for survival is an inherent human trait which determines a person's success. Darwin's theory has even been summarized as "survival of the fittest"—a phrase Darwin himself never used—further highlighting competition's role in success. As it has often been pointed out, however, there is nothing in the concept of natural selection that suggests that competition is the most successful strategy for "survival of the fittest." Darwin asserted in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and could easily include dependence and cooperation.

Many studies have been conducted to test the importance placed on competition as opposed to other values, such as cooperation—by various cultures, and generally conclude that Americans uniquely praise competition as natural, inevitable, and desirable. In 1937, the world-renowned anthropologist Margaret Mead published Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples, based on her studies of several societies that did not prize competition, and, in fact, seemed at times to place a negative value on it. One such society was the Zuni Indians of Arizona, and they, Mead found, valued cooperation far more than competition. After studying dozens of such cultures, Mead's final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behavior, and that its prevalence in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

4 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2023年12月英语六级真题第2套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Debate over Competition

    The paragraph introduces the debate over whether competition is learned or genetic and notes its pervasive social influence.

    对于全文主旨而言，本段先搭建“竞争是否 innate”的讨论框架；后文将逐步挑战 genetic 或 inevitable 的传统看法，最终论证 competition 更可能是 culturally created 的行为。

    抓住争议焦点
  2. P2

    The Psychological Case for Innate Competition

    The paragraph presents the psychological view that competition stems from innate human drives for attention and self-fulfillment.

    对于全文论证，本段提供了“竞争是 innate”的第一种传统解释，即心理驱力解释；它是作者后文借助 anthropology 和跨文化证据所要修正、反驳的对象之一。

    锁定弗洛伊德观点
  3. P3

    Rethinking Darwinian Competition

    The paragraph challenges the belief that Darwinian natural selection proves competition is the essential strategy for survival.

    对于全文主旨，本段从理论层面拆解了“竞争是自然选择必然结果”的依据；它证明 evolution 不能自动推出 competition 至上，并为下一段以文化研究证明竞争的相对性作好逻辑铺垫。

    紧盯转折后的纠偏
  4. P4

    Competition as a Cultural Construction

    Anthropological evidence shows that competitiveness is culturally constructed and varies according to a society's values.

    对于全文主旨，本段提供最直接、最有力的 empirical evidence：既然存在重合作而轻竞争的社会，competition 就不可能是 universally natural 或 inevitable；因此本段完成了文章“竞争是文化产物”的核心论证。

    由跨文化证据归纳结论
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对2023年12月英语六级真题第2套这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 academics contemporary life

    What does the author say about the effect of competition?

    • A It has proved to be entirely genetic in academic settings.
    • B It affects only people engaged in academics.
    • C It has a noticeable influence on academics and many other areas of contemporary life.
    • D It has disappeared from most areas of contemporary life.
    • E It is relevant only when psychologists agree on its origin.
    • F It is less important than other forms of human behavior.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    该项完整保留了原文的核心信息链：competition exerting an effect，范围落在 academics 与 many other areas of contemporary life。noticeable 对应 cannot but recognize，属于合理的语气转换，并未把影响夸大为绝对控制。障碍在于选项没有机械复现 effect，而改用 influence，考查同义替换识别。

    范围词秒杀 时间极紧时，不必从头读全文。直接用选项中的 academics 与 contemporary life 扫描 第1段，找到两者共同出现的句子。随后采用“范围词删选法”：重点核查 entirely、only、most 等高风险程度词，再比较剩余项是否完整保留原句的主体、作用对象和范围；保留信息骨架完全对应的正确项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 Freud social and cultural norms

    According to Freud, what conflict do humans face after competing for parental attention?

    • A A choice between seeking parental attention and adapting to the natural environment.
    • B A battle between cooperation and competition among primitive peoples.
    • C A need to reject all organic drives for fulfillment.
    • D A battle between impulses for self-fulfillment and social and cultural norms that restrict indulgence.
    • E A struggle to make social and cultural norms allow pure indulgence.
    • F A contest to become the fittest species.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    该项准确复现 Freud 理论中的对立结构：一端是 base impulses for self-fulfillment，另一端是 prohibit pure indulgence 的 social and cultural norms。battle 对应题干的 conflict，restrict 是 prohibit 的同义转换。障碍在于原文句子较长，命题人把两端信息压缩进一个名词短语，要求考生保持结构对应。

    对抗骨架配对 直接用 Freud 跳至 第2段，再根据题干的 after 寻找相应的时间推进位置。不要逐词翻译长句，而是先画“A ↔ B”的对抗骨架；逐项检查是否能同时填满骨架两端，并保留原有关系方向。结构完整且关系一致的正确项，比依次翻译全部选项更容易识别。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 Darwin natural selection

    What does the passage indicate about Darwin's concept of natural selection?

    • A It proves that competition is the most successful strategy for survival.
    • B It was summarized by Darwin himself as survival of the fittest.
    • C It excludes dependence and cooperation from the struggle for survival.
    • D It describes the natural world as nasty, brutish, and short.
    • E It does not make competition the only or necessarily most successful strategy for survival.
    • F It shows that human success is determined solely by genetic traits.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    原文明确指出，natural selection 的概念中没有任何内容表明 competition 是 survival of the fittest 最成功的 strategy；随后又说明 struggles 可包括 dependence 和 cooperation。该项用 does not 与 only or necessarily most successful 精确保留否定限定。障碍是前文反复提及 competition、success 与 survival，容易诱导考生忽略后文反驳。

    末端观点定向 在 第3段 中用 Darwin 与 natural selection 直接锁定论证单元，然后采用“末端观点优先”的阅读顺序：先确定该论证单元最后形成的限定，再回看前面的背景说明。比较选项时只核查观点归属、肯否方向和程度范围，保留三个维度均与文本一致的正确项。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 Margaret Mead final conclusion

    What was Margaret Mead's final conclusion about competitiveness?

    • A Competitiveness is a genetic component of human behavior in every culture.
    • B All primitive peoples place a negative value on competition.
    • C Americans are the only people capable of cooperation.
    • D The Zuni Indians valued competition far more than cooperation.
    • E Competition is natural, inevitable, and desirable in all societies.
    • F Competitiveness is culturally created, and its prevalence depends on how a society values it.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    该项完整对应 Mead 的 final conclusion：competitiveness 是 culturally created aspect，且其 prevalence 相对于 society values it 的方式而定。depends on 是 relative to how 的准确释义。障碍在于正确项整合了末句的两个信息分句，考生若只记住 Zuni Indians 重视 cooperation，容易漏掉文化相对性的总论。

    段尾总论验项 用 final conclusion 直接跳读 第4段 段尾，不必先处理 1937、Zuni Indians 等材料。先把总结句拆成若干可核查的信息单元，再检查选项是否完整保留这些单元及其关系；只复述案例、偷换人物或使用 all、every、only 等越界范围词的选项可优先排除，最终保留与总结句一致的正确项。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的议论文骨架

按议论文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引言 P1

    竞争本质的争议与影响

    这个 opening paragraph 开门见山地提出了 psychologists 长期存在的 disagreement：competition 究竟是 learned behavior 还是 genetic component。作者通过 whatever it is 这个让步，acknowledge 了争议的存在，然后用 you cannot but recognize 强调 competition 在 academics 和 contemporary life 中的 undeniable effect，为后文的 exploration 设置了 context。

    这个 introductory section 通过呈现 competition 的 nature 存在 debate，为后续论证 competitiveness is culturally created 而非 inherent trait 搭建了 argumentative foundation。它用 recognize the effect 暗示 competition 的 prominence，但没有 assert 其 inevitability，为后文的 challenge 留下了 space。

    提出待论证的核心概念
  2. 分论点 P2

    心理学视角：竞争的生物驱动论

    这个 paragraph 通过 psychologically speaking 明确了 perspective，引入 Freud 的 theory 来 support the view that competition is an inherent trait。作者用 inevitable consequence of human drives 和 born screaming for attention 这些 vivid descriptions 来 illustrate 竞争源于 biological impulses。从 initially compete for parents' attention 到后来的 battle between base impulses and social norms，展现了 competition 如何从 infancy 贯穿到 socialization process 的 trajectory。

    这个 supporting point 实际上是在 set up a position to be challenged later。它通过 present Freudian psychology 的 biological determinism view，为后文 anthropological evidence 的 counterargument 提供了 contrast。作者用 has been seen as 这个 passive construction 暗示这只是 one perspective，而非 definitive truth，为 subsequent rebuttal 埋下了 foreshadowing。

    呈现被反驳的传统观点
  3. 分论点 P3

    进化论视角与其内在矛盾

    这个 extensive paragraph 通过 current work in anthropology 和 however 实现了 crucial turning point。它先 present Hobbes 和 Darwin 的 evolutionary perspective 来 reinforce the idea that competition is natural，用 natural selection 和 survival of the fittest 等 concepts 来 support biological determinism。但 critical shift 发生在 as it has often been pointed out 之后，作者 reveal 了一个 key contradiction：Darwin's theory 本身 doesn't necessitate competition，can equally include dependence and cooperation。这个 internal critique 开始 undermine 前面建立的 competition-as-inherent 的 assumption。

    这是 argumentation 的 pivotal paragraph，它通过 present and problematize 的 dual function 推进论证。前半部分 build up 了 evolutionary biology perspective，使得 competition-as-natural 的 view 看似 well-established with authority（Hobbes, Darwin）。但通过 point out Darwin himself 认为 struggles should be viewed as metaphors 且 could include cooperation，作者 begin to dismantle 这个 seemingly solid foundation，为 第4段 的 anthropological evidence 铺垫了 theoretical opening。

    揭示传统观点的内在缺陷
  4. 分论点 P4

    人类学证据：竞争的文化建构性

    这个 paragraph 通过 many studies have been conducted 提供了 empirical evidence 来 solidify the argument。作者引入 Margaret Mead 的 groundbreaking research，特别是 Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples 这个 landmark study，来 demonstrate 存在 societies that don't prize competition 甚至 place negative value on it。Zuni Indians 作为 concrete example，valued cooperation far more than competition，直接 contradict 了 competition is universal 的 assumption。最终 Mead's conclusion 明确了 competitiveness is culturally created 而非 inherent，其 prevalence is relative to cultural values。

    这是 argument 的 climax 和 evidential core，直接 support 文章主旨 that competition is culturally constructed。通过 shift from theoretical discussion（第2段-3）到 empirical research（anthropological studies），argument 获得了 concrete grounding。Mead 的 authority 和 Zuni example 的 specificity 使得 conclusion - competitiveness is culturally created aspect - 变得 compelling and irrefutable。这个 paragraph 完成了从 questioning inherent nature（第3段）到 affirming cultural construction（第4段）的 decisive move。

    提供决定性文化证据
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2023年12月英语六级真题第2套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他英语六级文章。

  1. 定位首段核心争议 P1

    议论文的 first paragraph 通常会 introduce the topic 并暗示 the author's focus。这里通过 'learned or genetic' 这个 dichotomy 建立了整篇文章要解决的 core question，为后续的 argument 奠定基础。

  2. 追踪段落转折信号 P2 P3

    议论文的 body paragraphs 要么是 supporting evidence，要么是 contrasting perspectives。通过识别 however、but、in contrast 等 转折词，可以判断作者是在 challenge previous views 还是在 build upon them。这里的 'however' 是 critical signal，表明作者倾向于 the alternative view。

  3. 锁定结论段核心论断 P4

    议论文的 concluding section 通常会 present the strongest evidence 或 explicitly state the author's position。这里不仅有 empirical studies，还有 authoritative figure（world-renowned anthropologist）的 conclusion，加上 'final conclusion' 这种 explicit language，清楚地表明了 the article's main argument。

  4. 整合全文论证逻辑 P1 P2 P3 P4

    综合前三个步骤，可以看出文章的 overarching structure 是在 debunking a widely-held belief 并 proposing an alternative explanation。从 'long been in disagreement' 到 'however' 到 'final conclusion'，形成了完整的 argumentative arc，指向一个明确的 thesis：competition is cultural, not biological。

主旨信号词 however P3 incorrect P3 final conclusion P4 culturally created P4 uniquely P4

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

文章论证了竞争并非人类与生俱来的生物或进化特质,而是一种文化建构的行为。来自人类学研究的证据表明,以合作为导向的社会确实存在,证明竞争性因文化而异,并非普遍存在或不可避免的自然属性。
The article argues that competition, long considered an inherent human trait rooted in biology and evolution, is actually a culturally constructed behavior. Evidence from anthropological studies demonstrates that cooperation-focused societies exist, proving competitiveness varies across cultures rather than being universally natural or inevitable.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

5 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语六级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • inevitable 不可避免的、必然发生的

    我们先看 consequence 这个词,它本身就带有因果链条的含义。当文中说 competition 是一个 inevitable consequence 时,已经在暗示这是一种必然发生的结果。然后我们注意到在 第4段 中的并列结构：natural、inevitable、desirable。Natural 我们知道是自然的,desirable 是值得追求的,那么夹在中间的 inevitable 应该承上启下,既呼应 natural 的天生属性,又独立表达某种更强的必然性。最后从构词法角度,in- 这个否定前缀加上与 avoid 相关的词根,清楚地指向了无法避免的含义。三条线索共同指向同一个方向。

    形容词的三角验证法
  • indulgence 放纵、纵容(尤指对欲望的)

    首先从对立结构看,indulgence 站在 impulses 和 self-fulfillment 这一边,对抗着 social norms。这告诉我们它与欲望满足相关。然后从构词法角度,-ence 后缀表明这是一个名词,描述某种行为或状态。最后从逻辑推理,既然是被 prohibit 的对象,还被 pure 修饰,说明这是一种完全的、不受约束的状态。把三个角度整合起来,indulgence 应该指放纵、纵容自己的欲望和冲动,不加节制。

    抽象名词的对立结构定位法
  • doctrine 学说、信条、主义

    从搭配关系看,established doctrine 这个结构告诉我们这是某种被正式确立的东西,而它指向的是 natural selection 这样一个完整的理论体系。从同义复现看,doctrine 与 theory 在文中互换使用,但 doctrine 的使用场景更强调其确立性和权威性。从词源看,doct- 词根本身就带有教导、传承的含义,这与其在学术语境中的使用完全吻合。三条线索共同指向一个结论：doctrine 是比 theory 更强调系统性、权威性和被广泛接受的学说或信条。

    学术名词的同义词辨析法
  • assert 断言、坚称、明确表示

    首先从句法结构看,assert 后接 that 从句,这是典型的观点表达动词的用法,与 claim、state 等同类。从逻辑关系看,这个动词出现在转折之后,用于纠正前文提到的误解,暗示它带有明确表态、强调立场的语义特征,比简单的 say 更有力度。从构词法看,as- 加强前缀配合 sert 词根,字面意义就是将观点与自己牢牢绑定,即坚定地声明。三个角度都指向同一个结论：assert 是坚定地声明、断言。

    观点动词的语力强度定位法
  • prevalence 流行程度、普遍性、盛行率

    从因果关系看,prevalence 的高低取决于社会的重视程度,这说明它是一个可量化的、有程度差异的概念,指某事物的存在程度。从跨文化对比看,文章用大量篇幅对比不同社会对竞争的重视程度,最后用 prevalence 这个词来总结这种差异,进一步确认它指的是普遍程度或流行程度。从构词法看,val 词根本身就带有强大、盛行的含义,prevalence 作为名词形式,自然表示盛行的状态或程度。三条线索完美契合,共同指向普遍性、流行程度这个核心含义。

    程度名词的量化指标识别法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

7 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 引用论证

    P2

    作者引用了 Sigmund Freud 的心理学理论来呈现 traditional view，解释 competition 被视为 human drives 的 inevitable consequence。这个引用为后文的反驳提供了 target，通过展示主流观点来构建对比框架，最终服务于文章主旨——证明 competitiveness 并非 inherent trait 而是 culturally created。

    信号词 According to As X stated X argues that X claims In X's view X suggests X maintains As noted by X

    仿写： 当你需要呈现一个 prevailing view 或建立对比时，可以引用相关领域的 prominent scholars。具体步骤：首先用 'According to...' 或 'X argues that...' 引出权威；然后简明扼要地概括其核心观点；最后暗示或明示这个观点的局限性。模版：'According to [权威人物], [核心观点]. However, this perspective overlooks [你的反驳点].'

  • 引用论证

    P3

    作者引用了 seventeenth century 的 great philosopher Thomas Hobbes 对 'natural world' 的描述（'nasty, brutish, and short'），以及 Charles Darwin 的 The Origin of Species 和 natural selection doctrine。这些引用构建了一个 intellectual lineage，展示 competition-as-natural 这个观念的 historical roots 和 scientific backing。但作者随即指出这种解读的 misunderstanding，为推翻这个根深蒂固的观念做铺垫，直接服务于文章主旨。

    信号词 According to As X stated X argues that X claims In X's view X suggests X maintains As noted by X best remembered for established the doctrine

    仿写： 当你需要追溯某个观念的 historical origins 或展示其 widespread acceptance 时，可以串联多个权威引用形成 chain of evidence。具体方法：先引用 earliest influential figure，再引用 subsequent reinforcement，最后揭示这些引用的 common misconception。模版：'[历史人物] characterized [概念] as [描述]. This view was reinforced by [后续权威]'s [理论], which established [核心观点]. However, a closer examination reveals [误解之处].'

  • 举例论证

    P4

    作者引用了 Margaret Mead 在1937年发表的研究，specifically 提到了 Zuni Indians of Arizona 这个 concrete example。这个 society 展示了与美国文化 drastically different 的价值取向——他们 valued cooperation far more than competition。这个具体案例为 'competitiveness is culturally created' 这个抽象主张提供了 tangible evidence，直接支撑文章主旨。

    信号词 One such For example For instance A case in point To illustrate Consider the case of Take... for example Such as Specifically

    仿写： 当你提出一个 abstract claim 后，需要用 real-world example 来支撑。步骤：首先陈述你的 general conclusion；然后用 'One such...' 或 'For instance' 引入 specific case；接着描述这个 example 的 key characteristics；最后明确说明它如何 support 你的论点。模版：'[总体结论]. One such example is [具体案例], where [关键特征]. This demonstrates that [回扣论点].'

  • 对比论证

    P3

    文章在第三段中对比了对 Darwin 理论的 common interpretation（'survival of the fittest' 强调 competition）和 Darwin's actual assertion（struggles 应被视为 metaphors，可以包括 dependence and cooperation）。这个对比揭示了 popular misconception，展示人们如何 misread natural selection 来 justify competitiveness。通过这个对比，作者削弱了 'competition is natural' 的 biological foundation，为主旨服务。

    信号词 however in contrast on the other hand whereas while but conversely yet rather than as opposed to

    仿写： 当你需要纠正 misconception 或展示 nuanced understanding 时，使用对比论证。方法：先呈现 commonly held view；然后用 'however'、'in contrast'、'in fact' 等转折引出 actual situation；最后强调两者的 key difference 及其 implications。模版：'[Theory/concept] has often been interpreted as [常见理解]. However, [实际情况] actually suggests [不同理解]. This distinction is crucial because [重要性].'

  • 对比论证

    P4

    第四段通过对比 Americans 和其他 cultures（如 Zuni Indians）对 competition 和 cooperation 的 different attitudes 来论证。Americans uniquely praise competition as natural, inevitable, and desirable，而 Zuni Indians valued cooperation far more than competition，甚至 placed a negative value on competitiveness。这个 cross-cultural contrast 是文章主旨的 核心 evidence，直接证明 competitiveness 是 culturally created 而非 universal human trait。

    信号词 however in contrast on the other hand whereas while but conversely yet rather than as opposed to uniquely far more than

    仿写： 当你需要证明某个特征是 culturally specific 而非 universal 时，用 cross-cultural comparison。步骤：先描述 dominant culture 的特征并标注其 uniqueness；然后引入 contrasting culture 的做法；最后明确说明这个对比的 implications。模版：'[Culture A] uniquely [特征/做法]. In contrast, [Culture B] [相反做法]. This divergence demonstrates that [结论].'

  • 因果论证

    P1

    文章开头指出无论 competition 是 learned 还是 genetic，'you cannot but recognize the effect competition is exerting'。这里建立了一个 causal relationship：competition（cause）正在对 academics 和 contemporary life 产生 significant effect。这个因果关系为整篇文章提供了 practical relevance，说明为什么需要深入探讨 competition 的本质，与主旨形成 logical connection。

    信号词 the effect as a result consequently therefore thus because since leads to results in causes due to

    仿写： 当你需要 establish relevance 或 motivate discussion 时，先呈现某个现象的 observable effects。方法：用 'the effect... is exerting'、'as a result'、'consequently' 等 causal language 明确标注 cause-effect link；然后用这个 consequence 来 justify 你的 subsequent analysis。模版：'Regardless of [争议点], one cannot deny the [effects/consequences] that [phenomenon] is producing in [领域]. This makes it crucial to examine [你要分析的问题].'

  • 因果论证

    P2

    第二段解释了心理学视角下 competition 产生的 causal chain：humans are born with organic drives → we compete for parental attention → we battle between base impulses and social norms。这个 multi-layered causation 展示了传统心理学如何将 competition 视为 inevitable consequence of human nature。作者呈现这个因果链是为了后文的反驳做准备，ultimately 服务于证明 competition 并非 biologically determined 的主旨。

    信号词 the effect as a result consequently therefore thus because since leads to results in causes due to consequence of initially thereafter

    仿写： 当需要解释 complex phenomena 的 origins 时，可以构建 multi-step causal chain。方法：从 initial condition 开始，用 'initially'、'thereafter' 等 temporal-causal markers 串联 successive stages；每一步都明确 cause-effect link。模版：'[Phenomenon] stems from [root cause]. Initially, [第一阶段因果]. Thereafter, [第二阶段因果]. This progression demonstrates [结论].'

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

7 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 竞争本质的不确定性暗示传统观点可能错误

    P1
    Whatever it is, you cannot but recognize the effect competition is exerting

    让步类 whatever it is whatever regardless of no matter even if even though although

    作者用 whatever it is 这个 dismissive phrase 表面上承认竞争是 learned 还是 genetic 尚无定论 unresolved,但紧接着用 cannot but recognize 强行 redirect 读者注意力到竞争的现实影响 actual effects。这个言外之意是:竞争的 biological basis 可能根本不存在 may not exist,或者至少是 questionable,为后文反驳 challenge「竞争是人类本性」这一观点埋下伏笔 foreshadow。它对文章主旨的作用是 plant seeds of doubt 在开篇就质疑传统观点的 validity,为后续的 anthropological evidence 做 rhetorical preparation。

  • 弗洛伊德理论只是一家之言而非定论

    P2
    competition has been seen as an inevitable consequence of human drives. According to Sigmund Freud

    被动语态+模糊限制语 has been seen as is often viewed as is regarded as is considered is thought to be has been characterized as is commonly believed

    作者用 has been seen 而非 is 来描述竞争是 human drives 的必然结果 inevitable consequence,暗示这只是 psychologists' belief 而非 objective truth。紧跟 According to Freud 进一步 distance 自己与此观点,言外之意是:这是 Freudian perspective 弗洛伊德视角,可能 outdated 或 incomplete。这为第三段的 however 转折做铺垫 pave the way,该段会用 anthropological evidence 人类学证据来 contradict 这种 psychological determinism 心理决定论。对主旨的作用是 present the opposing view 呈现对立观点,构建一个 straw man 稻草人论证,后续会被 knock down 推翻。

  • 人类学研究对心理学观点的根本性质疑

    P3
    Current work in anthropology has suggested, however, that this view of the role of competition in human behavior may be incorrect.

    转折类 however but yet nevertheless nonetheless on the contrary conversely

    这个 however 是全文的 turning point 转折点,标志从 presenting 呈现心理学观点转向 challenging 挑战它。作者用 current work in anthropology 强调新研究 recent research,暗示相比 Freud 的旧理论 older theories,人类学证据更 up-to-date 且 credible。May be incorrect 表面上是 cautious phrasing 谨慎措辞,言外之意是「几乎确定错误 almost certainly wrong」,因为学术写作 academic writing 中的 may 常用来 soften 软化强烈否定 strong negation。这句话对主旨至关重要 crucial,它 explicitly states 明确陈述文章将论证竞争观点的 incorrectness,为后续引入 Mead's research 做 direct setup。

  • 自然选择理论被误读为竞争至上

    P3
    As it has often been pointed out, however, there is nothing in the concept of natural selection that suggests that competition is the most successful strategy

    转折类+被动语态 As it has often been pointed out, however as has been pointed out as is often noted as many have observed it should be noted that it is worth noting as scholars have shown

    作者用 as it has often been pointed out 制造一种「这本该是常识 should be common sense」的效果,暗示将达尔文理论 Darwin's theory 理解为 competition-centric 以竞争为中心是 widespread error 广泛存在的错误。However 强化转折,there is nothing 是 strong negation 强否定,言外之意是:人们 systematically misread 系统性误读了自然选择理论,将 survival of the fittest 错误等同于 competitive dominance 竞争主导。作者接着引用达尔文自己的话 Darwin's own words 说 struggles 应被视为 metaphors 隐喻且包括 cooperation,这 directly contradicts 直接反驳前文的 Hobbesian/Darwinian interpretation。对主旨的作用是 expose 揭露竞争观点建立在 misinterpretation 误读之上,为文章的 cultural construction argument 文化建构论证 clear the ground 扫清障碍。

  • 美国文化对竞争的独特推崇

    P4
    generally conclude that Americans uniquely praise competition as natural, inevitable, and desirable

    程度副词+对比类 uniquely exclusively particularly especially distinctively solely only

    Uniquely 这个词 isolate 孤立出 Americans,暗示相比 other cultures 其他文化,美国人对竞争的 valorization 推崇是 exceptional 例外的,甚至 abnormal 不正常的。Generally conclude 表示这是 research consensus 研究共识,增强 credibility 可信度。言外之意是:如果竞争真是 human nature 人性,为何只有美国人 uniquely praise 独特推崇它?这个 rhetorical question 修辞问题 implicitly undermines 隐性削弱了竞争是 biological imperative 生物必然性的观点。对主旨的作用是通过 cross-cultural comparison 跨文化比较来 demonstrate 证明竞争观念的 cultural specificity 文化特殊性,直接支持 culturally created 文化创造的核心论点,为后续 Mead's case studies 梅德的案例研究做 empirical foundation 实证基础。

  • 祖尼印第安人案例对竞争普遍性的反证

    P4
    did not prize competition, and, in fact, seemed at times to place a negative value on it

    强化类+对比词 in fact indeed actually as a matter of fact in reality truth be told to be frank

    作者先说祖尼印第安人 did not prize competition 不重视竞争,这已经 challenge 挑战竞争是 universal value 普遍价值的观点。然后用 in fact 将论证 escalate 升级到更强层次:不仅不重视,甚至 place negative value 赋予负面价值。Seemed at times 是谨慎措辞 cautious phrasing,但言外之意是「确实如此 actually the case」,只是学术写作要求 hedge。这个例证 exemplify 体现了竞争观念的 cultural variability 文化可变性达到 extreme 极端:同一行为在美国被 praised 推崇,在祖尼却被 devalued 贬值。对主旨的作用是提供 concrete counterexample 具体反例,用 empirical data 实证数据来 falsify 证伪竞争是 innate 天生的假设,直接支持 Mead's conclusion 梅德的结论即竞争是 culturally created 文化创造的。

  • 梅德研究对竞争本质的明确结论

    P4
    Mead's final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behavior, and that its prevalence in a particular society is relative to how that society values it

    总结性标记语 final conclusion ultimately in conclusion to conclude in sum to sum up the bottom line

    Final conclusion 标志这是梅德研究的 culminating insight 最终洞见,也是本文的 thesis statement 论点陈述。作者用 was 而非 suggested 或 indicated,显示这是 definitive finding 明确发现而非 preliminary hypothesis 初步假设。Culturally created 直接 contradict 反驳第二段弗洛伊德的 biological drives 生物驱力理论,its prevalence...relative to 强调竞争的 variability 可变性取决于 cultural values 文化价值观,彻底 demolish 摧毁竞争是 human nature 人性本质的观点。言外之意是:既然竞争的 presence 存在与否由文化决定,那它就不可能是 genetic 遗传的或 inevitable 不可避免的。这是全文的 culmination 高潮,将前三段的 refutations 反驳和第四段的 evidence 证据 converge 汇聚成一个 clear-cut verdict 明确判定,完美 align 对齐文章主旨。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：消极批判

结论先行：本文作者态度为消极批判（ Questioning and corrective）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首段争议与焦点转移 P1

    首段提出psychologists的disagreement后，用'whatever it is'这种dismissive的表达，暗示作者对nature vs. nurture debate并不执着于某一方，而是要引出competition这个现象本身，为后文质疑传统观点埋下伏笔。

  2. 转折词后的否定表达 P3

    第三段开头'Current work...has suggested, however, that this view...may be incorrect'是典型的态度转折点，作者用anthropological evidence来directly question之前提到的psychological和biological determinism。这个however就是作者立场的explicit marker。

  3. 他人观点与己方观点的表述差异 P2 P3 P4

    第三段中作者说'As it has often been pointed out, however, there is nothing...that suggests'，用被动语态和impersonal structure来introduce自己支持的观点，显得more objective。而第四段'Many studies...generally conclude'用active voice配合'world-renowned anthropologist'来给支持性证据加weight。

  4. 结论段的明确立场表达 P4

    第四段结尾'Mead's final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect'直接给出了作者支持的观点，用'final conclusion'这种authoritative phrase和'culturally created'来explicitly reject之前的genetic/innate说法。

  5. 驳论型文章结构 P1 P2 P3 P4

    整篇文章采用classic refutation pattern：先acknowledge一个widely held belief(competition是innate)，然后systematically dismantle it(用Darwin被误读的例子和Mead的研究)，最后establish替代观点(competition是cultural)。这种结构本身就是argumentative和corrective的。

文中的态度信号词

  • however P3

    However在第三段opening sentence中起到pivotal作用，标志从presenting established views到introducing challenging evidence的transition，直接引出'this view...may be incorrect'，是作者shift to critical stance的explicit marker。

    同类词 nevertheless nonetheless yet but in contrast

  • may be incorrect P3

    这个hedged negation directly challenges第二段的psychological determinism观点，用modal verb 'may'来soften criticism同时maintain scholarly tone，但'incorrect'本身是strong evaluative term，显示作者clearly disagrees with之前的view。

    同类词 may be mistaken might be flawed could be problematic questionable doubtful

  • as it has often been pointed out P3

    这个impersonal construction让作者能introduce自己支持的观点while attributing it to broader scholarly consensus，增强argument的credibility。用'often'暗示这是well-established fact而非个人意见，从而给后面的critique增加weight。

    同类词 as has been noted it should be noted that it is worth noting scholars have observed research indicates

  • there is nothing P3

    这个absolute negation用来dismantle Darwin理论被misinterpreted的部分，'nothing...that suggests'是强有力的refutation，直接否定competition作为natural selection必然结果的assumption。

    同类词 there is no evidence no support for fails to demonstrate does not prove lacking in

  • uniquely praise P4

    Uniquely这个adverb暗示Americans对competition的valuation是cultural anomaly而非universal human trait，support作者的argument that competitiveness是culturally specific而非biologically determined。通过contrast American culture with其他cultures来reinforce主论点。

    同类词 uniquely exclusively distinctively particularly especially

  • final conclusion P4

    这个phrase给Mead的研究findings赋予authoritative status，'final conclusion'暗示这是经过thorough investigation后的definitive judgment，作者用这个强有力的表达来present自己endorse的position。

    同类词 ultimate finding definitive conclusion concluded that demonstrated that established that

  • culturally created P4

    这个key phrase directly opposes第二段的'organic drives'和'inherent trait'说法，明确establish competitiveness作为nurture而非nature的product。Culturally created vs. biologically determined是全文central dichotomy，作者选择前者来frame conclusion。

    同类词 socially constructed learned behavior acquired trait product of environment shaped by society

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇议论文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他英语六级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇议论文？

  1. 开篇争议性问题 P1

    在 第1段 中,作者直接抛出 'whether competition is a learned or a genetic component' 这个 long-standing debate,这种提出争议性问题的方式是 argumentative essay 的标志。说明文会直接介绍事实,新闻报道会报道事件,而议论文会提出需要论证的观点。

  2. 多视角理论对比 P2 P3 P4

    第2段 介绍了 Freudian perspective 认为 competition 是 inevitable consequence,而 第3段 用 'however' 转折引入 anthropological view 来 challenge 前面的观点,第4段 又通过 Margaret Mead 的 research 提供了 cultural perspective。这种呈现 multiple competing theories 的结构是议论文特有的,说明文不会呈现对立观点,新闻报道不会深入理论分析。

  3. 批判既有观点 P3

    在 第3段 中,作者明确指出 'this view...may be incorrect',并详细分析了 Hobbes 和 Darwin 的理论被 misinterpreted 的问题,特别是 'survival of the fittest' 这个 phrase 的误用。这种 critical evaluation 和 refutation 是议论文的核心,说明文会接受既有知识,新闻报道会客观陈述而不做深度批判。

  4. 实证支撑论点 P4

    第4段 引用了 Margaret Mead 在 1937 年发表的 research 以及对 Zuni Indians 等 societies 的 case studies,并得出 'competitiveness is a culturally created aspect' 这个明确的 conclusion。这种通过 empirical research 来支持一个 particular thesis 的方式是议论文的特征,说明文引用研究是为了解释现象,而议论文引用研究是为了证明论点。

  5. 整合体裁特征 P1 P2 P3 P4

    这篇文章完整体现了议论文的所有特征:从 第1段 的 disagreement 起始,到 第2段-4 对 psychological、biological、anthropological 三个 perspectives 的系统性分析和对比,再到对 Darwin 理论的 critical reinterpretation,最后通过 Mead 的 cross-cultural studies 得出 'culturally created' 这个倾向性 conclusion。整个 argumentative arc 清晰完整。

哪些词暴露了议论文体裁？

  • have long been in disagreement P1 观点分歧引导词 debate over controversy surrounding scholars dispute remains contested differing views on
  • however P3 论证逻辑转折词 nevertheless yet on the other hand in contrast conversely
  • may be incorrect P3 立场质疑表态词 might be mistaken questionable flawed problematic fails to account for
  • suggested P3 观点引导词 argued claimed asserted maintained proposed
  • as it has often been pointed out P3 论证强化引证词 critics argue that scholars note that research shows that evidence suggests that it is widely acknowledged that
  • final conclusion was that P4 论证总结判定词 ultimately concluded that the evidence suggests that therefore thus hence
  • uniquely praise P4 对比评价表态词 distinctively value exclusively emphasize particularly prize disproportionately favor exceptionally prioritize
  • seemed at times to place a negative value on it P4 立场表态词 place a negative value on view unfavorably regard with skepticism consider problematic treat as undesirable
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

12 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 Competition 的常见问题

2023年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section C (2) 文章 Competition 的原文出自哪里？
psychology.jrank.org网站上发表的一篇标题为“Competition”的文章。
2023年12月英语六级真题第2套文章 Competition 的主旨是什么？
2023年12月英语六级真题第2套 Part III Section C (2) 文章 Competition 论证了竞争并非人类与生俱来的生物或进化特质,而是一种文化建构的行为。来自人类学研究的证据表明,以合作为导向的社会确实存在,证明竞争性因文化而异,并非普遍存在或不可避免的自然属性。（英文表述：The article argues that competition, long considered an inherent human trait rooted in biology and evolution, is actually a culturally constructed behavior. Evidence from anthropological studies demonstrates that cooperation-focused societies exist, proving competitiveness varies across cultures rather than being universally natural or inevitable.）
Competition（2023年12月英语六级真题第2套文章）是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为议论文，作者立场是消极批判（Questioning and corrective）。CEFR 难度 C1，全文 444 词、4 段；在英语六级全部 593 篇真题文章中，C1 级共 343 篇（占 58%）。
2023年12月英语六级真题第2套文章 Competition 的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 4 段按议论文骨架分为 4 个意群：引言 · 第1段——竞争本质的争议与影响；分论点 · 第2段——心理学视角：竞争的生物驱动论；分论点 · 第3段——进化论视角与其内在矛盾；分论点 · 第4段——人类学证据：竞争的文化建构性。
Competition 一文的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是消极批判（Questioning and corrective）。判断路径：首段争议与焦点转移 → 转折词后的否定表达 → 他人观点与己方观点的表述差异 → 结论段的明确立场表达 → 驳论型文章结构；文中的态度信号词包括 however（第3段）、may be incorrect（第3段）、as it has often been pointed out（第3段）、there is nothing（第3段）、uniquely praise（第4段）、final conclusion（第4段）、culturally created（第4段）。
2023年12月英语六级真题第2套文章 Competition 中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 5 个：inevitable（不可避免的、必然发生的）、indulgence（放纵、纵容(尤指对欲望的)）、doctrine（学说、信条、主义）、assert（断言、坚称、明确表示）、prevalence（流行程度、普遍性、盛行率），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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