懒笔记
2017年考研英语一真题 Section II Part A (1) Hurry up and wait
Postgraduate · 来自 2017年考研英语一真题 · Section II Part A (1) · 阅读理解（四选一）

Hurry up and wait

2017年考研英语一真题文章逐层精读

The Washington Post《华盛顿邮报》2016年5月22日一篇题为 Hurry up and wait（赶紧候着）的文章。

本页是 2017年考研英语一真题 Section II Part A (1) 文章的精读视角页——这篇议论文全文 441 词、7 段，CEFR 难度 C1（C1 级在考研英语一文章中占 90%），作者立场为「积极支持」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他考研英语真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

7 段英文原文

以下为2017年考研英语一真题 Section II Part A (1) 的阅读理解（四选一）原文，共 7 段。左侧 P1–P7 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

Hurry up and wait

First two hours, now three hours – this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.

Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons – both fake and real – past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become – but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. The TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

7 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2017年考研英语一真题 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    Growing Security Delays at U.S. Airports

    Airport security wait times at major U.S. airports have dramatically increased, now requiring passengers to arrive two to three hours early for domestic flights.

    作为文章的opening paragraph,它establish了entire argument的starting point,即excessive wait times这个concrete problem。这为文章主旨中提到的alleviate wait times提供了必要的context和justification。Without这个problem的establishment,后面关于PreCheck expansion的solution就会lack motivation和urgency。

    定位具体数据并提炼问题本质
  2. P2

    The Balance Between Security and Efficiency

    While Americans accept security measures for safety reasons, excessive wait times waste time, harm the economy, and risk undermining public support for security procedures.

    这个paragraph对文章主旨extremely crucial,因为它establish了整个argument的philosophical foundation。它explain了为什么need to改进current system,即excessive burden会undermine public support。这directly support文章主旨中提到的reducing enrollment fees to improve efficiency的rationale。Without这个paragraph阐明的balance需求,PreCheck expansion的urgency就不够compelling。

    识别让步与转折的论证结构
  3. P3

    Security Enhancements and Rising Delays

    TSA's enhanced security measures, implemented after revealed security failures and combined with increased air travel, have caused long airport waits, though their actual effectiveness remains unclear.

    这个paragraph为文章主旨中的necessary security这个qualifier提供了factual support,同时它揭示的inefficiency问题directly lead to对better solution的need。通过showing现有enhanced measures虽然well-intentioned但result in long lines且effectiveness unclear,它create了logical space for PreCheck这种更efficient alternative。这是argument从problem identification向solution proposal过渡的crucial step。

    追踪因果链条并捕捉隐含评价
  4. P4

    Multiple Root Causes of Security Delays

    Multiple factors contribute to long security lines: inadequate government planning, TSA staffing shortages, limited airport space, and possibly passenger behavior, with no single quick fix available.

    这个paragraph通过demonstrating problem的complexity,为文章主旨中proposed的PreCheck expansion提供了strategic context。它show传统solutions like hiring more staff或expanding physical space有inherent limitations,因此need更innovative approaches。这create了logical necessity for PreCheck这种能improve efficiency without requiring major infrastructure changes的solution,directly supporting文章主旨的核心proposal。

    枚举多重原因并评估其关联性
  5. P5

    PreCheck: A Ready Solution

    PreCheck offers an immediately implementable solution that benefits both travelers through expedited screening and the TSA through better resource allocation, with a goal of enrolling 25 million people.

    这个paragraph是entire article的argumentative turning point,从problem analysis正式pivot到solution proposal。它directly introduce文章主旨的core element,即PreCheck expansion。通过detailed explanation of PreCheck's benefits and mechanism,它establish这不是arbitrary suggestion而是well-reasoned solution。这个paragraph为接下来discussion of enrollment barriers和最终call to action提供necessary foundation。

    解构方案陈述的说服策略
  6. P6

    The Price Barrier to PreCheck Expansion

    PreCheck enrollment has fallen far short of its target primarily because the $85 five-year fee creates sticker shock, making Congressional intervention to reduce costs essential for the program's success.

    这个paragraph对文章主旨absolutely critical,因为它directly address主旨中的reducing enrollment fees这个core recommendation。它explain为什么fee reduction不只是nice to have而是essential for PreCheck success,因为current price是fatal flaw preventing adequate enrollment。通过establishing这个causal relationship between price和enrollment failure,它provide logical foundation for文章的ultimate call for Congressional intervention。

    识别障碍与提出补救的论证链
  7. P7

    An Urgent Call for Action

    The TSA must stop wasting resources on underutilized PreCheck lanes while most travelers suffer in unnecessary lines; immediate action to make the program work effectively is long overdue.

    作为concluding paragraph,它bring文章full circle回到opening concern about long lines,但now armed with complete argument about why和how to fix it。它directly echo文章主旨中的核心message: PreCheck expansion through reducing fees is necessary。通过framing inaction as resource waste和unnecessary public suffering,它add moral和practical urgency to整个argument,leaving readers with clear understanding of what needs to happen和why it matters。

    提取行动号召的紧迫性标记
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

7 道逐段细节自检题

针对2017年考研英语一真题这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 major U.S. airports advised

    What are travelers advised to do at some major U.S. airports?

    • A Limit their carry-on bags to one item.
    • B Use only newly added security lanes.
    • C Arrive as much as three hours before a domestic flight.
    • D Pay an additional fee before entering the airport.
    • E Avoid flying during periods of low oil prices.
    • F Complete a background check at least two hours in advance.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    原文给出 authorities 的直接 recommendation，并用 now three hours 表示当前建议的最高提前量。正确项保留 domestic flight 和 three hours 两个关键限制，属于对原句的同义压缩。障碍在于 as much as 没有机械照搬 now，但仍准确表达建议已提高到三小时。

    三小时行动筛选 时间最紧时，直接抓题干中的 major U.S. airports 与 advised，定位到 第1段 的首句。随后不必逐项回原文核对所有细节，而是用“行动类型筛选”：正确项必须同时是旅客可执行的提前到达动作，并含有 three hours 这一时间升级信号；其余选项即使出现原文词，也不是同类动作或缺少对应限定。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 public support decline

    According to the passage, public support for airport security is likely to decline when authorities

    • A Require all passengers to accept any security procedure for safety.
    • B Explain the EgyptAir crash in greater detail.
    • C Reduce safety checks to make air travel more convenient.
    • D Demand excessive time from travelers without delivering adequate security.
    • E Increase oil prices in order to curb airline travel.
    • F Make security lines equally long at every airport.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    该项准确整合 demanding too much 与 providing too little security in return 两个并列条件，并保留 without 的不对等关系。命题障碍是文章前半段肯定安全的重要性，容易诱使考生误选任何“加强安检”的表述；正确项强调的是成本和收益失衡。

    安检成本收益公式 最紧张时，用 public support 加 decline 的负向同义关系，定位 第2段 中含 undermines 的句子。答案判断采用“失衡公式”：正确项必须同时呈现 traveler 的时间成本和 security 的回报不足；只谈其中一端，或把安全完全取消的选项，均不能满足公式。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 most evident recent changes in airport security

    What does the passage identify as the most evident result of recent changes in airport security?

    • A A proven elimination of weapons at security checkpoints.
    • B A decline in airline travel caused by stricter screening.
    • C The immediate completion of TSA hiring plans.
    • D Lower checked-baggage fees for all passengers.
    • E Long waiting lines at major airports.
    • F Greater public confidence in the TSA.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    原文在 but 后明确指出效果是否提升尚不清楚，而 lines are obvious。正确项把 long waits 同义转换为 long waiting lines，并保留 major airports 的范围。障碍在于 enhanced security 容易让考生推断“安检更有效”，但作者恰恰拒绝确认该推断。

    抓住 obvious 反杀推断 可用 most evident 直接定位 第3段 末句的 obvious，并采取“反向确定性排除”：先删除声称安检已有效、问题已解决的选项，因为原文以 not yet clear 否定了这类结论；剩下与 obvious 同向的正确项即可确定。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 contributing to airport delays uncertain

    Which factor contributing to airport delays is presented as uncertain?

    • A The government failed to anticipate the rise in airline travel.
    • B Airports have limited space for screening lanes.
    • C PreCheck enrollment has grown too quickly.
    • D Terrorists have certainly caused all recent flight crashes.
    • E Screeners are deliberately leaving their posts vacant.
    • F Passengers may be overpacking carry-on bags to avoid baggage fees.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    该项保留 may be 的推测力度，并保留 avoid checked-baggage fees 的动机；随后 airlines strongly dispute this，进一步说明其未被证实。障碍在于内容本身符合生活常识，考生容易忽略作者刻意加入的 may 和 dispute。

    锁定 may 加 dispute 时间不足时，先以 airport delays 的原因框架定位 第4段，跳读所有语气词，专找 may、dispute 这两个“双保险”信号。正确项必须把该不确定因素和其费用动机一并保留；凡是没有弱化语气的原因，即便原文真实，也立即排除。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 PreCheck program help the TSA

    How is the PreCheck program expected to help the TSA?

    • A It enables the agency to concentrate screening resources on higher-risk travelers.
    • B It removes the need for passengers to undergo background checks.
    • C It guarantees that every traveler will use an expedited lane.
    • D It provides the TSA with funds from baggage fees.
    • E It eliminates the need to screen high-risk travelers.
    • F It immediately fulfills the goal of enrolling 25 million people.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：A

    原文明确说明 expedited lanes 会让 TSA focus on travelers who are higher risk。正确项将 focus 具体化为 concentrate screening resources，属于符合逻辑的同义转述。障碍是段落先强调旅客可走快速通道，容易使考生只看到 passenger benefit 而漏掉 TSA 的资源配置收益。

    只读 TSA 主语句 以 PreCheck 直达 第5段 后，采用“主语替换法”：只读含 TSA 的句子，而暂时跳过以 Passengers 开头的句子。正确项必须能替换为“the TSA can therefore ...”，并落在 higher-risk travelers 的资源聚焦上；描述旅客资格或总体目标的选项无需深读即可排除。

  6. 第 6 段 定位词 PreCheck enrollment major obstacle

    What is described as a major obstacle to wider PreCheck enrollment?

    • A A shortage of travelers willing to take domestic flights.
    • B The $85 fee for processing a background check every five years.
    • C The TSA's refusal to establish expedited screening lanes.
    • D Congressional opposition to all airport security reforms.
    • E The lack of any background-check procedure.
    • F The excessive number of people already in PreCheck.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：B

    原文将 sticker shock 明确称为 one big reason，并具体说明 $85 every five years；随后更评价其为 PreCheck's fatal flaw。正确项完整保留金额、用途和周期。障碍在于考生可能把 Congress financing 或 upcoming reforms 当作障碍，但它们是针对障碍的补救措施。

    原因对策一刀切 用 PreCheck enrollment 定位 第6段 后，不按句序细读，而是扫描因果标签 one big reason、fatal flaw。两个标签共同指向 price tag，正确项便应是能具体还原该价格负担的选项；所有带 reforms、Congress、finance 的选项统一归为“对策”而不是“障碍”。

  7. 第 7 段 定位词 urge PreCheck program

    What action does the author urge regarding the PreCheck program?

    • A Abolish PreCheck lanes and return all travelers to regular screening.
    • B Continue diverting resources to underused lanes indefinitely.
    • C Reform the program so that it functions effectively and is used more fully.
    • D Replace all background checks with a higher baggage fee.
    • E Delay security improvements until airport remodeling is complete.
    • F Focus solely on increasing the number of security screeners.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    作者并未主张取消 PreCheck，而是说不能继续把资源投入 underused lanes，并要求 make the program work。正确项将 make the program work 合理转述为 reform it so it functions effectively，并以 used more fully 对应 underused。障碍是批评 underused lanes 容易让考生误选关闭项目，但作者的结论是修复而非放弃。

    盯住 make it work 最短路径是用 urge 搜索文章末尾的规范句，定位 第7段 的 long past time。然后采用“动词方向判定”：正确项必须表达让 program work 的修复方向；含 abolish、continue、delay 的选项分别对应废弃、维持、拖延，方向均与结论动词冲突。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

5 个意群的议论文骨架

按议论文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引言 P1

    机场安检排队时长激增的现状

    这个 opening paragraph 直接呈现了一个 striking fact：authorities 现在 recommend 旅客需要提前 three hours 到达 airport，这个 time requirement 的 increase 凸显了 security lines 正变得 increasingly massive，为整篇文章设置了一个 urgent problem context。

    这个 introduction 通过 concrete time data 建立了文章要解决的 core problem，即 excessive wait times at security checkpoints，为后续 advocate PreCheck expansion 提供了 necessary background 和 urgency。

    点明安检等待时间过长的问题
  2. 分论点 P2 P3

    安检时长问题的两难困境

    这两个 paragraphs 构成了 first main argument section，第2段 建立了 security vs. convenience 的 tension：Americans tolerate time-consuming procedures for safety，但 demanding too much undermines public support。第3段 则提供 concrete evidence，包括 TSA's failed security check 和 resulting enhanced measures，解释了 why lines have become so long。

    这个 section 通过 establish 一个 fundamental dilemma 来 justify 为什么需要 better solution like PreCheck。它 acknowledges security necessity (EgyptAir crash reminder) 但也 highlights 现有 approach 的 unsustainability，为后续 propose PreCheck expansion 铺垫了 logical foundation。

    说明强化安检导致排队加剧
  3. 分论点 P4

    排队问题的多重具体成因

    这个 paragraph 通过 multiple "Part of the issue" structure 列举了 several contributing factors：government 未 anticipate travel increase、airports 的 physical limitations (limited room for screening lanes)、以及 passengers overpacking carry-ons to avoid fees。这是对问题的 multifaceted analysis。

    这个 section 通过 break down 问题为 multiple specific causes，为下一段 introduce PreCheck 作为 targeted solution 建立 context。它 demonstrates 问题的 complexity，暗示需要 strategic approach 而非 simple fix，从而 elevate PreCheck proposal 的 credibility。

    列举导致排队的多个操作层面因素
  4. 分论点 P5 P6

    PreCheck项目作为解决方案及其障碍

    这两个 paragraphs 构成 solution-focused section：第5段 introduces PreCheck as a "win-win" solution，explain 它的 mechanism (background check → expedited lanes) 和 goal (enroll 25 million)。第6段 immediately identifies the critical barrier：$85 fee 导致的 sticker shock，这个 fatal flaw 阻碍了 enrollment，因此 suggest Congress should help reduce costs。

    这是文章的 central advocacy section，directly articulates the main thesis：PreCheck expansion through fee reduction。它不仅 present 这个 solution 而且 diagnose 当前的 implementation problem (enrollment barrier)，为 conclusion 的 urgent call to action 建立 complete argumentative foundation。

    提出PreCheck扩展方案及降费核心诉求
  5. 结论 P7

    改革PreCheck的紧迫呼吁

    这个 concluding paragraph 使用 strong directive language：TSA "cannot continue" current inefficient resource allocation，"it is long past time" to make PreCheck work。它 synthesizes 前面的 argument into urgent call for action，emphasizing 现状的 unsustainability (most travelers suffering in unnecessary lines)。

    这个 conclusion 通过 emphatic tone 和 temporal urgency ("long past time") 将整篇 argument 推向 decisive ending。它不 introduce new information 而是 crystallize 核心 message：PreCheck reform 不是 optional suggestion 而是 necessary action，从而 reinforce 文章的 persuasive impact。

    强调立即改革PreCheck的必要性
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

5 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 5 步按2017年考研英语一真题 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他考研英语文章。

  1. 首段问题定位 P1 P2

    议论文通常会在 opening paragraphs 建立一个 problem context 或者 issue，作者后续的 arguments 和 solutions 都是围绕这个 problem 展开的。识别 the initial problem 可以帮助我们预判作者的 argumentative direction。

  2. 方案段落扫描 P5 P6 P7

    议论文的 main thesis 通常不是 problem 本身，而是作者针对 problem 提出的 stance 或 solution。找到作者明确 advocate 的 action 或 policy，就找到了文章的 argumentative core。

  3. 论据链条梳理 P3 P4 P5 P6

    议论文的 thesis 需要通过 logical reasoning 和 factual support 来验证。识别 evidence 和 reasoning 可以帮助我们区分 main point 和 supporting details，确认哪个 solution 是作者真正 emphasize 的 priority。

  4. 结尾强调捕捉 P7

    议论文的 conclusion 往往用 emphatic language 或 urgent tone 来 highlight the core argument。如果某个 solution 在 ending 被反复强调且语气强烈，这通常就是 the central thesis。

  5. 四步闭环整合 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

    这个 four-step framework 覆盖了议论文的完整 argumentative structure：issue、stance、justification、conclusion。通过这个 systematic approach，我们可以快速区分 background information 和 core thesis，避免被 details 干扰，准确把握作者的 main point。

主旨信号词 should P6 fatal flaw P6 long past time P7 win-win P5 cannot continue P7

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

TSA应通过降低注册费用来扩大其PreCheck项目,以缓解过长的机场安检等待时间。虽然加强安全是必要的,但目前漫长的排队浪费时间并削弱公众支持。让PreCheck更易于使用将提高所有旅客的效率。
The TSA should expand its PreCheck program by reducing enrollment fees to alleviate excessive airport security wait times. While enhanced security is necessary, current long lines waste time and undermine public support. Making PreCheck more accessible would improve efficiency for all travelers.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进考研英语高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • undermine 削弱,破坏(尤其指逐渐地、暗中地损害根基)

    现在我们把这些 clues 串联起来。首先,sentence structure 告诉我们这是一个 negative action,targeting public support。然后,word formation 提供了一个 vivid image:从下方挖掘,暗示 destabilizing 或 weakening。最后,contextual attitude 确认这种 weakening 是 warranted,因为过度的 security measures 确实会 damage 民众的支持。三条线索共同指向一个 meaning:从根本上削弱、破坏。

    句法+构词+态度三角验证法
  • expedite 加速,使加快(指简化流程以提高效率)

    综合来看,problem-solution context 确立了这个词要解决 slow process 的问题。Word origin 提供了'移除障碍'的 core concept,而 causal relationship 直接 confirm 了 saving time 这个 outcome。三个 angles 都指向同一个 meaning:加速、使更高效。

    问题-方案-结果框架分析法
  • divert 转移,使改道(指将资源或注意力从原定用途转移到别处)

    Contrast structure 揭示了 resources 的 abnormal flow,morphological analysis 提供了'转向'的 basic concept,而 evaluative context 确认这是一种 negative redirection。三者结合,意思很清晰:把某物从原定目标转移到别处,而且这种 diversion 在此处是 problematic 的。

    资源流向对比与评价分析法
  • sneak 偷偷带入,潜入(指不被察觉地通过障碍或进入某地)

    Situational context 建立了 covert security test 的 scenario,verb-preposition pattern 揭示了 successfully bypassing barriers 的 action,而 modifier-result correlation 强调了 avoiding detection 的 key characteristic。三条线索共同勾勒出一个完整的 picture:秘密地、不被察觉地通过某个本应阻止你的地方。

    情境-搭配-结果三维描摹法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 举例论证

    P2

    文章通过 EgyptAir Flight 804 这个 tragic reminder 来 illustrate 为什么 Americans 愿意 tolerate 耗时的 security procedures。这个 concrete example 让抽象的 security necessity 变得 tangible and emotional,强化了 enhanced security 的 legitimacy,为后文批评 inefficient lines 提供了 balanced context。

    信号词 provides another tragic reminder for example for instance such as take the case of consider illustrates demonstrates serves as evidence as shown by

    仿写： 当你需要 justify 某个 policy 或 practice 时,先承认其 necessity,然后用 recent event 或 well-known case 来 demonstrate 其 importance。模版可以是:'The [incident/case] provides a [adjective] reminder of why [policy/practice] is necessary.' 例如:'The recent data breach provides a stark reminder of why password requirements must be strengthened.'

  • 举例论证

    P3

    文章用 Chicago's O'Hare International 这个 major airport 作为 tangible example 来 demonstrate long waits 的 severity。这个 specific location 让 problem 从 abstract complaint 变成 verifiable reality,增强了 argument 的 credibility,同时让 readers 能够 relate to 这个 widespread issue。

    信号词 such as for example for instance including like namely in particular especially notably

    仿写： 当描述 widespread problem 时,选择一个 well-known example 来 anchor your point。模版:'[Problem] has resulted in [consequence] at [specific location/case] such as [example].' 例如:'Rising tuition costs have resulted in decreased enrollment at universities such as State University, which saw a 15% drop last year.'

  • 因果论证

    P3

    文章建立了一个清晰的 causal chain:'Enhanced security measures' 加上 'rise in airline travel' 导致了 'long waits'。这个 cause-and-effect reasoning 解释了 current problem 的 root causes,为后续的 solution(PreCheck expansion)提供了 logical foundation。通过展示 multiple contributing factors,argument 显得更加 comprehensive and credible。

    信号词 combined with have resulted in due to because of as a result of consequently therefore thus led to caused by stems from

    仿写： 当解释 complex problem 时,先 identify multiple causes,然后用 combined with 或 along with 来 show 它们如何 interact。模版:'[Cause A], combined with [Cause B], have resulted in/led to [Effect].' 例如:'Increased remote work, combined with rising housing costs, has resulted in a significant migration from urban to suburban areas.'

  • 因果论证

    P4

    段落列举了三个 parallel causes 来解释 long lines:'government did not anticipate'、'airports have limited room'、'people overpack carry-on bags'。这种 multi-causal analysis 展示了 problem 的 complexity,同时 implicit 地暗示需要 multi-faceted solutions。通过 presenting various factors,作者 build up 对 PreCheck 这个 comprehensive solution 的 need。

    信号词 Part of the issue is that Another factor one reason is this is because the cause is stems from is attributed to can be traced to originates from

    仿写： 当 explaining complex issues 时,用 'Part of... Part of... Another factor...' 的 parallel structure 来 present multiple causes。模版:'Part of [problem] is that [cause 1]. Part of [problem] is that [cause 2]. Another factor may be that [cause 3].' 这种 structure 显得 analytical and thorough,适合 building case for comprehensive solutions。

  • 对比论证

    P7

    文章对比了 PreCheck lanes(underused but efficient)和 regular lines(overcrowded and slow),通过这个 stark contrast 来 highlight resource misallocation 的 absurdity。这个 juxtaposition 让 inefficiency 变得 visually obvious,强化了 reform 的 urgency。对比还 implicitly suggest 一个 simple solution:redirect resources from underused to overused areas。

    信号词 while whereas in contrast on the other hand however but yet conversely unlike compared to in comparison

    仿写： 当批评 resource allocation 或 policy inefficiency 时,用 'while' 来 create sharp contrast。模版:'[Entity] cannot continue [negative action A] while [contrasting situation B].' 例如:'The city cannot continue investing millions in new stadiums while essential infrastructure crumbles and public schools lack basic supplies.'

  • 比喻修辞

    P6

    文章用 'fatal flaw' 这个 metaphor 来形容 $85 price tag,将价格问题 characterize 为 deadly defect。这个 dramatic language 强化了 price barrier 的 severity,暗示这个 flaw 足以 kill the entire program。这个 metaphor 让 abstract pricing issue 变得 concrete and urgent,为 calling for reform 提供了 emotional weight。

    信号词 fatal flaw Achilles' heel stumbling block bottleneck roadblock barrier obstacle drag on

    仿写： 当 identifying critical problems 时,用 strong metaphorical language 来 emphasize severity。模版:'[Problem] has been [noun/entity]'s fatal flaw/Achilles' heel/stumbling block.' 例如:'High employee turnover has been the startup's Achilles' heel, preventing it from building institutional knowledge.' 选择 metaphors 时确保它们 convey the right degree of severity。

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

7 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 安检等待时间从两小时增至三小时的荒谬性

    P1
    First two hours, now three hours – this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight

    时间递进对比类 First two hours, now three hours First...now used to...currently once...today previously...at present in the past...nowadays originally...these days

    作者通过 'two hours' 到 'three hours' 的 progression 暗示 security wait times 已达到 unreasonable 的程度,这种 implicit criticism 为全文的 main argument 奠定基础。言外之意是:等待时间不断 escalating 是 problematic 的,需要 solutions。这个 opening implication 直接服务于文章主旨,因为它 establishes the urgency 去改革 TSA procedures,特别是推广 PreCheck program 来 reduce excessive waiting。作者没有直接说 'this is ridiculous',而是让 facts speak for themselves,这种 rhetorical strategy 更具 persuasive power。

  • 安全措施与公众支持之间的微妙平衡

    P2
    But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.

    转折类 But However Yet Nevertheless Nonetheless Still Even so

    作者在承认 Americans willing to tolerate security procedures 之后,用 'But' 引入真正的 concern:过度的 demands 会 undermine public support。言外之意是:当前的 security measures 可能已经 crossed the line,正在 eroding 公众的 tolerance。这个 implication 关键支撑文章主旨,因为它 establishes the stakes - 如果不改善 TSA efficiency (通过 PreCheck 等方式),整个 security system 的 legitimacy 都会受到威胁。作者通过这个 subtle warning 强调改革的 urgency,不仅是为了 convenience,更是为了维护 security system 的 public acceptance。

  • 安检措施有效性存疑

    P3
    It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become – but the lines are obvious.

    模糊限制语 It is not yet clear not yet clear unclear uncertain remains to be seen questionable doubtful

    作者用 'not yet clear' 来描述 security effectiveness,然后用 dash 和 'but' 引出 'the lines are obvious' 这个 certain fact。言外之意是:虽然 TSA claims enhanced security,但实际 effectiveness 是 questionable 的,唯一 clear 的是 negative impact (长队)。这个 implication 强化文章主旨,因为它 undermines the justification for current long waits - 如果 security improvement 都不 clear,那么 inconvenience 就更加 unjustifiable。这为 PreCheck solution 提供更强的 rationale:与其让所有人忍受 unproven effectiveness 的 slow screening,不如通过 risk-based approach (PreCheck) 来 balance security and efficiency。

  • 各方推诿责任而非解决问题

    P4
    Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate... Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room... Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack... though the airlines strongly dispute this.

    列举并列类 Part of...Part of...Another factor may be Part of...Part of... One factor...Another factor... Firstly...Secondly... On one hand...On the other hand... Some argue...Others claim... One reason...A further reason...

    作者列举三个 'parts' of the issue,且最后一个还被 airlines 'strongly dispute',言外之意是:各方都在 pointing fingers,没有人 taking real responsibility 去解决 long wait times。这种 enumeration 不是为了 comprehensive understanding,而是 highlighting the chaos and blame-shifting。这个 implication 直接推进文章主旨,因为它 creates a sense of urgency:既然 traditional approaches (增加人员、扩建机场) 都有 limitations 且充满 disputes,就需要 a different solution - 即 PreCheck program。作者用这段 implicit criticism 来 set up the contrast with the clear, actionable solution 即将在第5段提出。

  • PreCheck本应是双赢却未实现

    P5
    PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA.

    情态词暗含期望与现实的差距 supposed to be should be meant to be intended to expected to designed to ought to

    作者说 PreCheck 'supposed to be a win-win',言外之意是:它 currently is NOT a win-win,存在 fundamental problems 阻碍其 success。这个 implication 为接下来的分析铺路 - 第6段将 reveal PreCheck 的 'fatal flaw' (high cost)。这直接服务文章主旨,因为它建立了 problem-solution framework:PreCheck 本身是 good idea (应该推广),但 implementation 有缺陷 (enrollment fee),所以需要 Congress 介入降低 costs。作者通过这个 'supposed to' 既肯定了 PreCheck concept,又为 calling for reforms 提供 logical foundation。

  • 85美元费用成为致命缺陷

    P6
    one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years... this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw.

    情感强化类习语 sticker shock fatal flaw deal breaker red flag tipping point last straw Achilles' heel

    'Sticker shock' 和 'fatal flaw' 这两个 emotionally charged terms 言外之意是:$85 fee 不只是 minor inconvenience,而是 fundamentally undermining PreCheck's potential。作者通过 vivid language 强调这是 primary obstacle,not just one among many factors。这个 implication 是文章主旨的 crux:如果 price 是 fatal flaw,那么 lowering the fee 就是 obvious solution。作者 deliberately intensifies the criticism of current pricing 来 justify Congressional intervention,making the argument that this is not optional but essential for PreCheck to fulfill its supposed role。这种 rhetorical intensity 为最后一段的 urgent call to action ('long past time') 做铺垫。

  • TSA不能继续维持现状

    P7
    The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.

    否定情态词表达紧迫性 cannot continue cannot afford to must not can no longer is no longer acceptable will not tolerate impossible to

    'Cannot continue' 的言外之意是:当前 situation 已达到 breaking point,maintaining status quo 在道义上是 unacceptable 的。作者不说 'should consider changing' 而说 'cannot continue',将改革从 suggestion 变为 imperative。配合 'suffers' 和 'unnecessary' 等 emotionally charged words,这个 implication 给文章主旨注入 moral urgency:降低 PreCheck fees 不仅是 practical solution,更是 moral obligation。最后一句 'long past time' further reinforces 这个 implication:改革不仅 necessary,而且 overdue。这个 concluding implication 将整篇文章的 analytical tone 转化为 forceful advocacy,compelling readers to support the proposed solution。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：积极支持

结论先行：本文作者态度为积极支持（ critically supportive with urgent reform advocacy）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首尾夹击定基调 P1 P7

    本文 第1段 用 'First two hours, now three hours' 这种递进式事实开篇，暗示问题在 escalating（升级恶化）；第7段 直接用 'It is long past time to make the program work' 收尾，语气 urgent 且带有明确的 call to action，说明作者持有强烈的改革诉求，整体 tone 是 critical yet constructive（批判而建设性的）。

  2. But之后才是真心话 P2

    第2段 是关键：作者先用 'Americans are willing to tolerate...' 做出让步，承认安全措施有其必要性；紧接着用 'But demanding too much... undermines public support' 转折，亮出真实立场——现有安全流程的代价 too high，已经 counterproductive（适得其反）。这个 'But' 之后的内容才是作者的核心 argument。

  3. 解决方案段揭示建设性 P5 P6

    第5段 和 第6段 集中讨论 PreCheck program：第5段 用 'There is one step the TSA could take' 引出方案，并用 'win-win' 正面定性；第6段 指出 '$85 every five years' 是 'fatal flaw'，并直接建议 'Congress should look into doing so directly'。作者不仅支持 PreCheck，还在具体推动其 reform——这是典型的 constructive advocacy（建设性倡导）态度。

  4. 三维一致验最终态度 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

    全文逻辑链：现状 escalating（第1段）→ 安全必要但代价过高（第2段）→ TSA 本身存在 security failure（第3段）→ 问题根源 multi-faceted（第4段）→ PreCheck 是 solution（第5段）→ 但 price tag 是 fatal flaw，需 Congress 介入（第6段）→ 'long past time to act'（第7段）。作者始终站在 public interest 立场，批判 inefficiency，支持 reform，态度 coherent 且 purposeful。

文中的态度信号词

  • But demanding too much... undermines P2

    这个 'But' 引导的 refutation 句是整篇文章 attitude 的 pivot point。作者先用 'willing to tolerate' 表示让步，随即用 'But demanding too much' 转折，配合 'undermines public support' 这一 negative consequence，清晰传递作者认为现行安全措施的代价已经 exceeded（超出了）公众可接受的范围。'undermines' 这个动词本身带有强烈的 negative connotation，是作者对现状 dissatisfaction 的直接体现。

    同类词 But demanding too much undermines however, this comes at a cost yet the burden falls on nevertheless, the price is too high while necessary, it should not

  • fatal flaw P6

    'Fatal flaw' 是极强烈的 negative evaluative phrase，作者用它来定性 PreCheck 的 $85 价格标签，说明作者认为这个 pricing issue 不是小问题，而是 program-killing defect（致命缺陷）。这种 hyperbolic negative label（夸张性负面标签）直接反映作者对这一障碍的高度 frustration，并强化了改革的 urgency。

    同类词 critical weakness major drawback serious shortcoming fundamental problem key obstacle

  • Congress should look into doing so directly P6

    'Should' 这个 modal verb 在议论文中是 author's recommendation 的核心信号词。当作者用 'Congress should...' 这类句式时，不仅表达了对现状的 dissatisfaction，更明确指向具体的 responsible party（责任方）和具体的 action（行动），是作者 constructive advocacy 态度最直接的语言体现。

    同类词 Congress should look into the government must act authorities ought to it is imperative that policymakers need to

  • It is long past time P7

    'Long past time' 是含有强烈 time pressure 的 evaluative expression，作者用它作为全文的 closing statement，意味着改革的 urgency 已经超出了正常 deadline。这个短语将作者的 impatience（不耐烦）和 frustration 推到最高点，是全文 tone 最 intense 的地方，清晰地表明作者认为拖延行动是不可接受的。

    同类词 it is long past time it is high time it is overdue no more delays immediate action is needed

  • win-win P5

    作者用 'win-win' 来定性 PreCheck program，这是全文中少有的 unambiguously positive evaluative term。在一篇整体偏 critical 的文章里，作者专门用 'win-win' 背书某个方案，说明作者对这个 specific solution 持有明确的 endorsement（认可），这与作者对现状的 criticism 形成鲜明对比，共同构成 'critical yet supportive' 的双重态度。

    同类词 mutually beneficial serves everyone benefits all parties a positive outcome for both an effective solution

  • Wasted time is a drag... not to mention infuriating P2

    'A drag on' 和 'infuriating' 是带有强烈 emotional charge 的 evaluative language。'Drag' 暗示拖累和负担，'infuriating' 更是直接用感情色彩词表达愤怒，说明作者对 wasted time 的容忍度为零。这类 emotionally loaded words 是作者 critical dissatisfaction 的情感信号，帮助读者感受到作者不仅在 making a logical argument，更在 expressing genuine frustration。

    同类词 a drag on infuriating unacceptable frustrating a burden on

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇议论文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他考研英语 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇议论文？

  1. 开头提出争议性问题 P1

    第1段 直接提出了 security lines 越来越长的 problematic situation,这个 opening 暗示了后面会有 argument 和 position。说明文会说'Security procedures include...',新闻报道会说'Yesterday, airports reported...',但这里用了 recommending 这种带有 evaluative tone 的词,已经在 set up 一个需要 debate 的 issue。

  2. 寻找价值判断词汇 P2 P3 P6 P7

    第2段 里出现了 willing to tolerate, demanding too much, providing too little, undermines, should, wasted time, infuriating 等 strong evaluative terms。这些都是 author 在 making judgments,不是 objectively describing。说明文会说'The process takes X hours',新闻报道会 quote someone saying it's infuriating,但不会直接用这种 tone。

  3. 论证链中的证据 P3 P4

    第3段 和 第4段 提供了 TSA secret check 的 findings, airline travel 上升的 reasons, airports' space limitations 等 evidence,但这些 facts 不是为了 inform readers(说明文目的),而是为了 support 前面提出的 critique about wasted time。新闻报道也会有 facts,但不会像这样 organize them into a logical argument structure。

  4. 结尾呼吁行动 P5 P6 P7

    第5段, 第6段, 第7段 都在 advocate for PreCheck program expansion,用了 should look into, cannot continue, it is long past time 这种 forceful recommendation language。说明文的 ending 会 summarize information,新闻报道会 quote different viewpoints 保持 neutral,但这里明确在 urging specific actions,这是典型的 argumentative writing。

  5. 问题-立场-论证-行动 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

    这篇文章完整展现了议论文的 four-part structure:第1段-2 establish problem and position(安检耗时过多且效果不明), 第3段-4 provide evidence and analysis, 第5段-7 propose solution and call for action。这种 persuasive structure 是议论文的 defining feature,说明文只会 explain the TSA process,新闻报道只会 report on recent security incidents。

哪些词暴露了议论文体裁？

  • should P2 立场表态词 must ought to need to have to it is necessary that
  • undermines P2 论证逻辑连接词 weakens damages harms threatens jeopardizes
  • But P2 论证逻辑连接词 but however yet nevertheless nonetheless
  • Congress should look into P6 立场表态词 should look into should consider should examine ought to investigate need to address
  • It is long past time to P7 立场表态词 it is long past time to it is high time to it is imperative that it is urgent that the time has come to
  • not to mention P2 论证逻辑连接词 let alone much less to say nothing of besides moreover
  • though P4 论证逻辑连接词 although even though while whereas despite
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

10 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 Hurry up and wait 的常见问题

2017年考研英语一真题 Section II Part A (1) 文章 Hurry up and wait 的原文出自哪里？
The Washington Post《华盛顿邮报》2016年5月22日一篇题为 Hurry up and wait（赶紧候着）的文章。
2017年考研英语一真题文章 Hurry up and wait 的主旨是什么？
TSA应通过降低注册费用来扩大其PreCheck项目,以缓解过长的机场安检等待时间。虽然加强安全是必要的,但目前漫长的排队浪费时间并削弱公众支持。让PreCheck更易于使用将提高所有旅客的效率。（英文表述：The TSA should expand its PreCheck program by reducing enrollment fees to alleviate excessive airport security wait times. While enhanced security is necessary, current long lines waste time and undermine public support. Making PreCheck more accessible would improve efficiency for all travelers.）
Hurry up and wait（2017年考研英语一真题文章）是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为议论文，作者立场是积极支持（critically supportive with urgent reform advocacy）。CEFR 难度 C1，全文 441 词、7 段；在考研英语一全部 102 篇真题文章中，C1 级共 92 篇（占 90%）。
2017年考研英语一真题文章 Hurry up and wait 的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 7 段按议论文骨架分为 5 个意群：引言 · 第1段——机场安检排队时长激增的现状；分论点 · 第2段、第3段——安检时长问题的两难困境；分论点 · 第4段——排队问题的多重具体成因；分论点 · 第5段、第6段——PreCheck项目作为解决方案及其障碍；结论 · 第7段——改革PreCheck的紧迫呼吁。
Hurry up and wait 一文的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是积极支持（critically supportive with urgent reform advocacy）。判断路径：首尾夹击定基调 → But之后才是真心话 → 解决方案段揭示建设性 → 三维一致验最终态度；文中的态度信号词包括 But demanding too much... undermines（第2段）、fatal flaw（第6段）、Congress should look into doing so directly（第6段）、It is long past time（第7段）、win-win（第5段）、Wasted time is a drag... not to mention infuriating（第2段）。
2017年考研英语一真题文章 Hurry up and wait 中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 4 个：undermine（削弱,破坏(尤其指逐渐地、暗中地损害根基)）、expedite（加速,使加快(指简化流程以提高效率)）、divert（转移,使改道(指将资源或注意力从原定用途转移到别处)）、sneak（偷偷带入,潜入(指不被察觉地通过障碍或进入某地)），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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