2016年6月英语六级第3套真题句子解析： Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers.

as a whole (固定短语)

as a whole

"as a whole" 是固定短语,意为"作为一个整体、整个地"。在本句中修饰 "approved or rejected",强调政策变更要么整体通过、要么整体否决,不能拆分处理。这个短语常用于强调事物的完整性、统一性,与 "in part"(部分地)、"piecemeal"(零碎地)形成对比。类似用法如 "We need to consider the project as a whole"(我们需要整体考虑这个项目)。注意 "as a whole" 通常作状语,位置灵活,可置于句首、句中或句末。

• ✓ The policy was rejected as a whole. ✗ The policy was rejected as whole. (遗漏冠词 a) "as a whole" 是固定短语,冠词 a 不可省略。
• ✓ We should view this as a whole. (整体看待) ✗ We should view this as whole. (语义不完整) 不要与 "whole" 单独作形容词的用法混淆,如 "the whole story"。

so that (目的状语连接短语)

so that

"so that" 是表示目的的连接短语,引导目的状语从句,意为"以便、为了、使得"。在本句中,"so that lobbyists would find it hard..." 说明前面政策整体审批制度的目的:使得说客难以影响立法者。这个结构在学术写作和正式文体中极为常见,用于阐述行动与预期结果的因果关系。注意 "so that" 引导的从句中常用 "would/could/might" 等情态动词,强调可能性或目的性。与单独的 "so"(因此,表结果)不同,"so that" 侧重主观目的而非客观结果。

• ✓ He studied hard so that he could pass the exam. (目的) ✗ He studied hard so he could pass the exam. (省略 that 后语义模糊) 虽然口语中 "so" 可单独表目的,但 "so that" 更明确、更正式,尤其在书面语中不宜省略 that。
• ✓ She saved money so that she would be able to travel. (目的,用情态动词) ✗ She saved money so that she will be able to travel. (时态不协调) 主句用过去时时,"so that" 从句通常用 "would/could/might",保持时态呼应。

find it hard to do (固定句型)

find it hard to influence

"find it + adj. + to do" 是英语中的经典句型,其中 it 是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的不定式短语 "to influence lawmakers"。这个结构用于表达"发现做某事是...的",在本句中意为"发现影响立法者是困难的"。该句型极为常用,形容词可替换为 difficult、easy、necessary、impossible 等。注意 it 不可省略,因为英语避免头重脚轻,用 it 占位使句子平衡。类似结构还有 "make it clear that..."、"think it important to..." 等。

• ✓ I find it difficult to understand this concept. ✗ I find difficult to understand this concept. (遗漏形式宾语 it) 形式宾语 it 不可省略,否则句子结构不完整。
• ✓ They found it easy to solve the problem. ✗ They found it easily to solve the problem. (词性错误) it 后应接形容词 easy,而非副词 easily。
• ✓ We find it necessary to change the plan. (it 指代 to change...) ✗ We find necessary to change the plan. (省略 it) 中文思维中"发现有必要改变计划"可能直接翻译,但英语需要形式宾语。

approve / reject (反义词对)

approved or rejected

"approve" 和 "reject" 是一对核心反义动词,在政策、提案、申请等语境中高频出现。"approve" 意为"批准、认可","reject" 意为"拒绝、否决"。本句用 "be approved or rejected" 的被动语态,强调政策变更作为被处理的对象。这两个词在四六级和考研中极为常见,尤其在议论文、说明文中讨论决策、评审过程时。注意 "approve" 可接 of(赞成某事)或直接接宾语(批准某物),而 "reject" 通常直接接宾语。搭配如 "approve a proposal"(批准提案)、"reject an application"(拒绝申请)。

• ✓ The committee approved the new policy. ✗ The committee agreed the new policy. (词汇混淆) "agree" 表示同意观点,需用 "agree to" 或 "agree with";"approve" 才表示正式批准。
• ✓ I approve of your decision. (赞成你的决定) ✗ I approve your decision. (语义变为"批准",权威意味过强) 表达个人赞成用 "approve of",表示正式批准用 "approve" 直接接宾语。

lobbyist (专业术语)

lobbyists

"lobbyist" 是政治、经济领域的专业术语,指"说客、游说者",即代表特定利益集团试图影响政府决策或立法的人。该词源于 "lobby"(大厅),早期指在议会大厅等候并试图影响议员的人。在英美政治语境中,游说是合法但备受争议的活动。本句中 "lobbyists" 作主语从句的主语,指这些试图影响立法者的利益代表。考研和六级阅读中常涉及政治、政策话题,"lobbyist" 是理解此类文章的关键词汇。相关词汇:"lobby"(动词,游说)、"lobbying"(游说活动)、"interest group"(利益集团)。

• ✓ Lobbyists often represent corporate interests. ✗ Lobbyists often represent corporates interests. (词性错误) "corporate" 是形容词,"corporation" 才是名词;此处用形容词修饰 interests。
• ✓ The lobbyist tried to influence the senator's vote. ✗ The lobbyist tried to affect the senator's vote. (词汇选择不够精准) 虽然 "affect" 也可用,但 "influence" 在政治游说语境中更为常用和精准,强调施加影响力的主观意图。

lawmaker (复合词)

lawmakers

"lawmaker" 是 "law" 和 "maker" 的复合词,意为"立法者",通常指议员、国会成员等制定法律的人。这是政治话题中的常用词,与 "legislator" 同义但更口语化。本句中 "lawmakers" 作 "influence" 的宾语,指说客试图影响的对象。注意英语中此类复合词构词法极为常见,如 "policymaker"(政策制定者)、"decision-maker"(决策者)、"peacemaker"(调解人)等。理解这种构词逻辑有助于猜测生词含义。

• ✓ Lawmakers voted on the new bill. ✗ Law makers voted on the new bill. (拼写错误) "lawmaker" 是一个单词,中间无空格。

influence (动词用法)

influence lawmakers

"influence" 在本句中作及物动词,意为"影响",直接接宾语 "lawmakers"。该词既可作名词(影响力)也可作动词(影响),在学术写作和议论文中极为高频。作动词时,"influence" 强调对他人想法、行为、决策的作用和改变,常用于正式语境。注意与 "affect" 的区别:"influence" 侧重施加影响的过程和意图,"affect" 侧重造成的实际结果和变化。常见搭配:"influence a decision"(影响决策)、"be influenced by"(受...影响)、"under the influence of"(在...影响下)。

• ✓ His speech influenced many voters. ✗ His speech influenced to many voters. (多余介词) "influence" 作及物动词,直接接宾语,不需要介词 to。
• ✓ She has great influence over her colleagues. (名词,用 over) ✗ She has great influence to her colleagues. (介词错误) "influence" 作名词时,常与 on、over、upon 搭配,而非 to。
• ✓ The weather can affect our mood. (影响结果) ✗ The weather can influence our mood. (不够精准) 天气对情绪的影响是客观、直接的,用 "affect" 更准确;"influence" 更适合有主观意图的影响。

would find (情态动词表推测)

would find

本句中 "would find" 的 "would" 并非过去将来时的标记,而是表示推测或假设情况下的可能结果,意为"将会发现"。这种用法在 "so that" 目的状语从句中极为常见,表达采取某措施后预期达到的效果。"would" 使语气比直接用 "find" 更委婉、更具推测性,暗示这是政策设计的预期目标,而非已发生的事实。这种情态动词的微妙用法在学术写作和政策讨论中非常典型,体现了英语对确定性程度的精细表达。

• ✓ We changed the rules so that students would have more freedom. (推测/预期) ✗ We changed the rules so that students will have more freedom. (时态不协调) 主句用过去时,"so that" 从句通常用 would 而非 will,保持时态呼应并表达推测。
• ✓ If we implement this policy, companies would benefit. (假设推测) ✗ If we implement this policy, companies will benefit. (确定性过强) 虚拟或推测语境下,would 比 will 更合适,表达不确定性。

被动语态的使用策略

would be approved or rejected

本句主句使用被动语态 "Changes in policy would be approved or rejected",强调的是政策变更本身的处理方式(整体批准或拒绝),而非由谁来批准或拒绝。这种用法在政策讨论、学术写作中极为常见,因为:1)焦点在于行为的接受者(政策)而非执行者;2)执行者不明确或不重要(可能是委员会、议会等);3)使表达更客观、正式。被动语态的恰当使用是学术英语的重要特征,中文学习者需要克服"主动优先"的思维定式,学会根据语境选择合适的语态。

• ✓ The proposal was rejected by the committee. (强调提案) ✗ The committee rejected the proposal. (强调委员会) 根据需要强调的对象选择主动或被动,而非一律主动。
• ✓ Mistakes were made in the process. (回避责任或执行者不明) ✗ We made mistakes in the process. (主动直接承认错误) 被动语态有时用于模糊或弱化行为主体,这在政治、外交语言中很常见。

因果逻辑链条

Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers

本句展现了清晰的因果逻辑链条:前因(政策整体审批制度)→ 目的连接词(so that)→ 后果(说客难以影响立法者)。这种"措施-目的"的论证结构在议论文、政策分析文章中极为典型。理解这种逻辑关系对于把握文章论证脉络至关重要。具体而言:整体审批制度防止政策被分拆处理,从而消除说客逐个击破、针对局部施加影响的空间。这种制度设计的逻辑在英美政治讨论中常见,反映了对利益集团游说活动的防范思路。

"find it hard to" 的形式宾语结构

find it hard to influence

中文表达"发现做某事很难"通常直接说"发现很难做某事",不需要占位词。但英语中必须用形式宾语 it 占位,真正的宾语不定式后置,这是典型的英汉差异。中文学习者常犯的错误是省略 it,或误用副词 hardly。需要理解:1)英语避免头重脚轻,用 it 保持句子平衡;2)it 是形式宾语,不可省;3)hard 是形容词作宾补,修饰 it 所指代的不定式。这种结构在考试中高频出现,也是写作中提升表达地道性的关键点。类似结构还有 "make it possible to"、"consider it necessary to" 等,都是同一语法机制。

• ✓ I find it hard to believe this. ✗ I find hard to believe this. (遗漏 it) 受中文"我发现很难相信"的影响,容易直译而省略形式宾语。
• ✓ They find it difficult to adapt. ✗ They find it difficultly to adapt. (词性错误) it 后接形容词作宾补,而非副词。
• ✓ She made it clear that she disagreed. ✗ She made clear that she disagreed. (省略 it) 同样的形式宾语结构,it 不可省。

"as a whole" 的完整性

as a whole

中文中"作为整体"或"整体地"可能翻译为 "as whole",省略冠词 a,这是典型错误。"as a whole" 是不可拆分的固定短语,a 是其组成部分,不可省略。中文学习者需要注意:英语中许多介词短语已固化为习语,其内部结构不可随意改动。类似的例子还有 "as a result"(因此)、"as a rule"(通常)、"as a matter of fact"(事实上)等,都必须保留冠词 a。记忆时应将整个短语作为一个单元,而非逐词拆解。

• ✓ We should consider the issue as a whole. ✗ We should consider the issue as whole. (遗漏 a) 受中文思维影响,容易省略冠词。
• ✓ The team performed well as a whole. (整体表现) ✗ The team performed well as the whole. (冠词错误) 固定短语中用不定冠词 a,而非定冠词 the。

"influence" 作及物动词的直接宾语

influence lawmakers

中文中"影响某人"可能让学习者联想到 "influence to somebody" 或 "influence on somebody",但 "influence" 作动词时是及物动词,直接接宾语,不需要介词。这与 "affect"(影响)的用法相同,但与 "have an influence on"(对...有影响,名词用法)不同。中文学习者需要区分:1)"influence" 作动词,直接接宾语;2)"influence" 作名词,常与 on/over/upon 搭配;3)不要与 "have an influence on" 的介词用法混淆。这是动词与名词搭配差异的典型案例,需要通过大量阅读和练习内化。

• ✓ His decision influenced the outcome. ✗ His decision influenced to the outcome. (多余介词) 及物动词 influence 直接接宾语,不需要 to。
• ✓ She has a strong influence on her students. (名词,用 on) ✗ She has a strong influence her students. (遗漏介词) 名词 influence 后需要介词,而动词不需要。