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1998年考研英语真题 Section II Part A (3)
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1998年考研英语真题 Section II Part A (3)

议论文 · 阅读理解（四选一） · 真题文章逐层精读

本页是 1998年考研英语真题 Section II Part A (3) 文章的精读视角页——这篇议论文全文 398 词、8 段，CEFR 难度 C1（C1 级在考研英语文章中占 91%），作者立场为「客观中立」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他考研英语真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

8 段英文原文

以下为1998年考研英语真题 Section II Part A (3) 的阅读理解（四选一）原文，共 8 段。左侧 P1–P8 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Galileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.

Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics—but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "anti-science" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.

Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.

Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.

A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.

The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things," notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

8 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解1998年考研英语真题 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Historical Science-Culture Divide

    Science has a long and deepening conflict with other cultural domains.

    本段承担 opening background 的作用，先交代 science 与外部文化冲突的历史土壤。它为后文讨论 anti-science 标签为何会出现、又为何被滥用提供了 broader context，但此时作者尚未直接评价该标签。

    总论点统领事例
  2. P2

    Science Fights Back

    Declining support has prompted scientists to publicly combat anti-science criticism.

    本段把第一段的长期冲突拉到现实层面，说明 anti-science 已成为科学界无法忽视的 public issue。它也开启了下文的关键问题：科学家口中的 anti-science 到底具体指谁。

    抓住转折后行动
  3. P3

    Conferences Defending Science

    Science defenders have also used conferences to voice concerns about anti-science.

    本段进一步证明科学界的防御姿态具有 public and organized 的特点，与上一段的出书行动构成并列。它仍在铺垫阶段，随后第四段将笔锋转向 anti-science 一词本身含义不一的问题。

    会议名称归并为渠道
  4. P4

    Conflicting Definitions of Anti-Science

    Different science defenders define anti-science in fundamentally different ways.

    这是文章论证的关键转折段，它从“科学界在反击”转入“反击所用标签并不清晰”。作者借不同科学捍卫者的标准，首次具体论证 anti-science 被广泛、含混使用的风险。

    对比对象看定义
  5. P5

    The Expanding Anti-Science Label

    News coverage has extended the anti-science label to a wide range of policy groups.

    本段承接第四段的“定义不同”，进一步展示 anti-science 在新闻 discourse 中被贴给更多类型的群体。它为作者最终提出该词可能失去意义作了重要的现实证据铺垫。

    从A到B看范围
  6. P6

    Distinguishing Environmentalism from Anti-Science

    A clear anti-science case does not justify labeling environmentalists anti-science.

    本段将前文的术语混乱落到一个具体争议上：environmentalists 被不恰当地贴标签。作者借此表明，anti-science 的 overuse 会遮蔽对工业增长、环境风险等 legitimate concerns 的正常讨论。

    让步后抓真正立场
  7. P7

    Environmentalists Turn the Label Around

    Environmentalists redefine anti-science as denial of evidence about industrial harm.

    本段与第四段形成呼应：不同阵营都用 anti-science 指责对手，导致该词的指向继续漂移。它强化了文章主旨，即标签之争往往取代了对科学证据和社会问题本身的细致讨论。

    回应者重定标签
  8. P8

    When Anti-Science Loses Its Meaning

    Overuse of anti-science risks making the label meaningless by lumping together different critics.

    本段完成全文 conclusion：从历史冲突、科学界反击、不同定义，到媒体和阵营间相互贴标签，作者最终指出 anti-science 已因 ambiguous and overused 而可能失效。它警示读者应区分 genuine disagreements 与简单的 rhetorical labeling。

    混同导致标签失效
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

4 道逐段细节自检题

针对1998年考研英语真题这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 science and the humanities this century

    The relationship between science and the humanities in this century is described as

    • A relatively harmonious
    • B remained unchanged
    • C more divided
    • D impossible to bridge
    • E less significant
    • F often ignored by scholars
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    该选项准确概括了关系分歧加深的含义，more 表示程度进一步增加，divided 表示双方存在分歧。选项没有额外加入不可弥合等绝对结论，属于对原文关系状态的恰当同义改写。

    关系方向优先 先用题干中的独特对象组合和时间限定锁定对应信息，再只比较选项对关系变化方向的表达。无需平均处理所有选项，优先寻找与核心变化方向完全一致且没有额外绝对化内容的正确项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 scientists have attacked 'anti-science'

    The scientific community began to openly criticize 'anti-science' mainly because

    • A they wanted to improve their public image
    • B the critics of science had become too powerful
    • C the public demanded more accountability
    • D funding for scientific research has decreased
    • E anti-science groups had published critical books
    • F religious authorities opposed science education
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    原文明确把科学经费下降与科学家开始攻击反科学联系起来。正确项保留 funding 的核心对象，并用 decreased 改写 declined，因果内容和变化方向均保持一致。

    结果反查原因 先用题干中的特殊术语和行为组合锁定相关段落，再寻找与行动相邻的因果连接词和原因部分。只需把选项与原因部分进行对象和方向匹配，即可快速判定正确项。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 Science in the Age of (Mis) information

    When was the meeting 'Science in the Age of (Mis) information' held?

    • A In 1995 in New York City
    • B In 1993 at Harvard University
    • C Last May in Washington D.C.
    • D Two years ago in Buffalo
    • E last June
    • F Earlier this century in Europe
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    该选项直接回答 when，并准确对应会议在 last June 举行的信息。原文同时提供地点，但题干并未询问地点，因此正确项不应额外扩展为地点短语。

    疑问词筛选时间 用会议名称定位事件后，只扫描该事件附近的时间状语，并忽略地点成分。由于题干是 when，优先选择纯时间表达，避免被包含额外地点的相似选项干扰。

  4. 第 5 段 定位词 1996 news stories

    Which of the following was labeled as 'anti-science' in the 1996 news stories?

    • A Sociologists who questioned science's objectivity
    • B People who believed in creationism
    • C The Unabomber
    • D Environmentalists worried about industrial growth
    • E Scientists who wrote Higher Superstition
    • F Authorities who wanted to eliminate the remaining smallpox virus
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    该选项准确改写了 authorities advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus，主体、行为和对象均对应。wanted to eliminate 是 advocated the elimination 的自然同义表达。

    范围内找列举 先用年份和 news stories 确定限定范围，再直接检查选项是否复现该范围中的列举对象及其行为。优先核对主体和动作关系，避免被文章其他段落的反科学例子吸引。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

5 个意群的议论文骨架

按议论文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. 引言 P1

    科学与文化的历史对立

    这个 opening paragraph 通过 historical examples 像 Galileo's trial 和 Blake's criticism 来 establish 一个 context：science 和 humanities 之间的 schism 是 long-standing 的，而且在 this century 还 deepened 了

    作为 introduction，这个 paragraph 提供了 historical context，让 readers 理解 science-culture tension 不是 new phenomenon，为后续讨论 anti-science term 的 complexity 做 groundwork

    铺垫科学遭受批评的历史背景
  2. 分论点 P2 P3

    科学界对反科学的反击

    这三个 paragraphs 描述了 scientific community 如何 respond to criticism：through books 像 Higher Superstition 和 The Demon-Haunted World，以及 through meetings 像 'The Flight from Science and Reason'，showing 科学家们开始 actively defend science

    这个 unit 作为 first major point，demonstrates 了 'anti-science' label 开始被 widely used 的 context，为后续 explore 这个 term 的 ambiguity 提供 concrete examples of its deployment

    呈现科学界应对批评的行动
  3. 分论点 P4 P5

    反科学定义的多样性

    这两个 paragraphs 开始 explore 'anti-science' 的 different interpretations：Gross and Levitt target academics questioning objectivity，Sagan concerns pseudoscience believers，还有 news stories 显示这个 tag 被 attached to various groups 从 health authorities 到 Republicans

    这个 segment 是 central argument 的 first part，通过 listing diverse applications of the term 来 demonstrate 其 ambiguity，directly supporting 主旨中 'applied to diverse groups' 的 claim

    揭示标签使用的混乱现状
  4. 分论点 P6 P7

    标签滥用的争议实例

    这两个 paragraphs 通过 specific cases 来 illustrate 标签的 problematic use：Unabomber clearly fits 但 environmentalists 可能 don't，yet both 被 labeled；environmentalists 像 Paul Ehrlich 反过来 argue 真正的 enemies 是 those questioning environmental evidence

    这个 unit 通过 contrasting cases 和 counter-arguments 来 deepen the analysis，showing not just diversity 而且 contestation，强化主旨中 'obscuring genuine disagreements' 的 point

    通过对立案例质疑标签合理性
  5. 结论 P8

    标签意义的消解警告

    这个 final paragraph 通过 Gerald Holton 的 observation 来 conclude：'anti-science' epithet 面临 becoming meaningless 的 danger，因为它 lumps together too many different things，唯一 common feature 只是 annoy those 自认为 enlightened 的人

    作为 conclusion，这个 paragraph 通过 authoritative voice（Harvard philosopher）来 synthesize 前面的 arguments，explicitly stating 主旨的 core claim about meaninglessness，并且 reveals underlying issue（用来 annoy opponents）

    总结标签过度使用的后果
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按1998年考研英语真题 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他考研英语文章。

  1. 首段锁定核心议题 P1

    议论文的 first paragraph 通常会 establish the topic 和 set up the context，这里明确提到了 science 和 culture 之间的 uneasy relationship，以及 the schism 在加深，这就 signals 文章会围绕 science-related controversy 展开讨论。

  2. 中段追踪多元案例 P4 P5 P6 P7

    从 第4段 到 第7段，作者连续展示了 anti-science 这个 term 被 applied to vastly different groups：sociologists questioning objectivity、believers in ghosts、Republicans cutting funding、Unabomber、environmentalists 等等。这种 pattern of listing diverse applications 强烈 suggests 文章主旨是关于这个 term 的 ambiguity 或 overuse。

  3. 末段提取明确判断 P8

    第8段 开头的 Indeed 和 some observers fear 引出了 explicit concern：the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless。随后引用 Harvard philosopher 的观点进一步 confirm 这个 term lumps together too many different things。这种 concluding evaluation 直接 reveals 作者的 thesis about the term's problematic ambiguity。

  4. 全文结构三点定位 P1 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    这个 three-part structure（引入背景 → 展示混乱 → 总结问题）是典型的 problem-exposition argumentation pattern。作者并非在 defending science 或 attacking critics，而是在 critiquing the discourse itself，指出 labeling practice 的 imprecision 造成了 conceptual confusion。综合这三步就能 accurately capture 文章主旨。

主旨信号词 different things to different people P4 in danger of becoming meaningless P8 lump together P8 has been attached to P5 but surely that does not mean P6

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

"反科学"一词变得越来越模糊和被滥用,被应用于从质疑科学客观性的社会学家到环保主义者和政策批评者等不同群体。这种缺乏精确性的现象威胁着使该标签失去意义,模糊了关于科学在社会中作用的真正分歧。
The term 'anti-science' has become increasingly ambiguous and overused, applied to diverse groups ranging from sociologists questioning scientific objectivity to environmentalists and policy critics. This lack of precision threatens to render the label meaningless, obscuring genuine disagreements about science's role in society.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

4 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进考研英语高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • schism 重大分歧;根本性分裂

    我们先看到 science 和 culture 之间存在 uneasy relationship,然后通过 Galileo 和 Blake 的案例明白这是长期存在的 conflicts。当文章说 'The schism between science and the humanities' 时,这个 between 结构告诉我们是两个群体之间的某种状态。接着 deepened 这个动词揭示了它是可以加深的东西,通常是 gap 或 division。如果再结合 schis- 这个表示 split 的词根,所有线索都指向同一个方向:schism 表示的是一种 deep division 或 fundamental split,比普通的 disagreement 更严重、更根本。

    抽象名词三角验证法
  • manifesto 宣言;声明(尤指政治或意识形态方面的)

    首先,manifesto 是被 published 的,这确定了它是某种 written document。其次,它的内容是 scorning science 和 expressing longing for utopia,这说明它包含 strong ideological positions 和 beliefs。第三,Unabomber 是一个 controversial figure,他的文字必然是要 declare his views publicly。结合 manifest 这个词根的 'make clear' 含义,我们可以推断 manifesto 是一种 public declaration of principles and intentions,通常带有 political 或 ideological nature,用来 announce one's beliefs 和 goals。

    文档类词汇三维分析法
  • epithet 称号;绰号;修饰语(尤指表达特征的)

    我们先注意到 'the anti-science epithet' 这个结构,anti-science 在全文中一直作为 descriptive label 使用。然后看到它 'is in danger of becoming meaningless',这个表达只适用于 words 或 terms。再往前追溯到第五段的 'anti-science tag',tag 明显是 label 的意思。最关键的是,Holton 的引文直接用 'The term' 来替换 epithet,这几乎是 explicit definition。所有证据汇聚在一起:epithet 就是一种 descriptive word or phrase,特别是用来 characterize 或 label someone or something 的 expression。

    元语言词汇同义追踪法
  • scorn 轻蔑;鄙视

    首先,从 parallel structure 看,scorns 与 longs for utopia 形成对照,后者表示 idealistic yearning,前者必然表示 rejection。其次,Unabomber 被定位为 extreme anti-science figure,他的态度不会是 moderate disagreement,而是 intense opposition。第三,作为能够 characterize an entire manifesto 的 verb,scorn 必须承载 strong emotional weight。综合这些线索,scorn 应该表示一种 strong contempt 或 disdain,比 simply dislike 或 disagree 更强烈,带有 looking down upon 的意味。

    评价动词强度校准法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

8 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 举例论证

    P1

    作者通过列举 Galileo's trial 和 William Blake's remarks 这两个 historical examples，展示了 science 和 culture 之间 long-standing tension 的真实性。这种 concrete evidence 让抽象的 "uneasy relationship" 变得 tangible，帮助读者理解 science-humanities schism 并非 recent phenomenon，而是有着 deep historical roots 的问题，为后文讨论 contemporary conflicts 奠定了 historical context。

    信号词 Think of For example For instance Consider Take...as an example Such as Including Notably To illustrate

    仿写： 当你需要论证一个 general statement 时，问自己：能否找到 2-3 个 representative examples 来 illustrate 这个观点？选择的 examples 应该具有 historical significance 或 wide recognition，让读者 immediately understand 你的 point。仿写模版："Think of [具体例子A] or [具体例子B]. These examples demonstrate that [你要论证的观点]."

  • 引用论证

    P2

    作者 cite 了三本 books（Higher Superstition, The Demon-Haunted World）以及它们的 authors 和 institutional affiliations，这些 authoritative sources 为 "scientists have attacked anti-science" 这一 claim 提供了 solid evidence。通过引用 renowned scientists 和 academics 的 works，作者不仅增强了 argument 的 credibility，还展示了 scientific community 对 anti-science criticism 的 organized response，supporting 文章关于 science-culture conflict 的 main thesis。

    信号词 notably in by according to as stated in argues claims points out writes in published in

    仿写： 当你需要 support 一个 controversial claim 时，寻找 relevant books、articles 或 expert opinions。引用时要包含 author's credentials（如 institutional affiliation）来增强 authority。仿写模版："As [领域] argues in [著作], [具体观点]. This perspective is echoed by [另一专家], who [进一步阐述]."

  • 举例论证

    P3

    作者列举了两个 specific conferences（"The Flight from Science and Reason" 和 "Science in the Age of (Mis)information"），包括 precise dates 和 locations，这些 concrete examples 证明了 scientific community 正在 actively respond to anti-science concerns。这些 real-world events 让 "Defenders of science have voiced their concerns" 这个 claim 变得 verifiable 和 convincing，展示了 organized efforts 来 address the issue，进一步支撑文章关于 science-culture debate 的 ongoing nature。

    信号词 such as at meetings held in assembled including like for instance namely

    仿写： 当论证某个 trend 或 movement 时，列举 specific events 并包含 precise details（时间、地点、参与者）。这些 specifics 让你的 argument 更 credible。仿写模版："This concern was evident at events such as '[会议名称],' held in [地点] in [时间], and '[另一会议],' which [补充信息]."

  • 对比论证

    P4

    作者 contrast 了不同群体对 "anti-science" 的 different interpretations：Gross and Levitt 关注 academics questioning objectivity，而 Sagan 关注 believers in supernatural phenomena。这种 juxtaposition 清晰展示了 term's ambiguity，支撑文章 main thesis 即 "anti-science" 缺乏 unified definition。通过对比 different targets 和 concerns，作者揭示了这个 label 的 problematic nature，为后文论述 term's meaninglessness 做了铺垫。

    信号词 while whereas in contrast on the other hand however but conversely unlike different from

    仿写： 当你要展示某个 concept 的 complexity 或 ambiguity 时，选择两个 representative viewpoints 进行 contrast。清楚标识每个 perspective 的 holder 和其 focus。仿写模版："[群体A] find fault primarily with [对象X], while [群体B] is more concerned with [对象Y]." 注意使用 "while", "whereas", "in contrast" 等 transitional words。

  • 举例论证

    P5

    作者通过 "A survey of news stories in 1996" 这个 empirical evidence，列举 diverse groups 被贴上 anti-science label（从 smallpox virus elimination advocates 到 Republicans），展示了这个 term 的 widespread misuse。这个 survey-based example 提供了 quantitative backing，让 "anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups" 这个 claim 有了 concrete foundation，强化了文章关于 term's overuse 和 imprecision 的 central argument。

    信号词 A survey reveals that research shows studies indicate data suggests findings demonstrate from...to ranging from as well

    仿写： 当需要证明某个 phenomenon 的 prevalence 时，引用 surveys、studies 或 statistical data。列举 diverse examples 来 demonstrate range 和 scope。仿写模版："A [调查/研究] reveals that [现象] has [影响范围], from [极端例子A] to [极端例子B]." 注意用 "from...to..." 结构展示 spectrum。

  • 对比论证

    P6

    作者对比了 Unabomber 这个 indisputable anti-science case 和 environmentalists 这个 debatable case，通过 "Few would dispute...But surely that does not mean..." 的 rhetorical structure 来 challenge 过度的 categorization。这个 sharp contrast 揭示了 term misapplication 的 absurdity，质疑 US News & World Report 的 oversimplification，直接支撑文章 thesis 即 anti-science label 正变得 meaningless due to indiscriminate use。

    信号词 But surely Few would dispute does not mean however yet nevertheless on the contrary that does not imply

    仿写： 选择一个 clear-cut case 和一个 controversial case 进行对比，使用 "Few would dispute...but surely that does not mean..." 这样的 concessive structure。这种 rhetorical pattern 能 acknowledge 某些 obvious truths 同时 challenge overgeneralization。仿写模版："Few would dispute that [极端明确案例]. But surely that does not mean [被质疑的推广], as [来源] seemed to suggest."

  • 引用论证

    P7

    作者引用 Paul Ehrlich 这位 Stanford professor 和 environmental studies pioneer 的 argument，他 counter-defines "true enemies of science" 为那些 deny environmental evidence 的人。这个 authoritative voice 提供了 alternative perspective，展示了 anti-science debate 的 reflexive nature（被批评者反击批评者），进一步证明文章 thesis 即 term 的 ambiguity。通过引用 credible expert，作者展示了 multiple competing definitions 的存在。

    信号词 argues respond to according to claims contends maintains asserts states points out

    仿写： 引用 credible sources 来 present counter-perspectives，包括 their credentials 来 establish authority。使用 "argues" 等 neutral reporting verbs。仿写模版："The [对方立场], inevitably, respond to such critics. [具体观点], argues [专家名] of [机构], a [身份/成就], are those who [具体行为]."

  • 引用论证

    P8

    作者引用 Harvard philosopher Gerald Holton 在其 1993 academic work 中的 direct quote，来 culminate 整篇文章的 central argument。Holton 的观察 "The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things" 精确总结了 term's meaninglessness，而后续 quote 揭示了这个 label 的 真实功能是 mark disagreement 而非 define positions。这个 authoritative conclusion 为全文提供了 scholarly validation，让作者的 thesis 获得 academic endorsement。

    信号词 notes observes writes remarks comments states in points out in as stated in

    仿写： 在 concluding section 引用能 encapsulate 你 main argument 的 authoritative quote，选择 direct quotation 而非 paraphrase 以保持 original power。仿写模版："Indeed, [程度副词]. '[直接引语],' notes [专家] of [机构] in his/her [年份] work [著作名]. '[补充引语解释核心]."

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

10 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 科学与文化的长期紧张关系

    P1
    Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.

    情态词 uneasy uncomfortable troubled strained tense awkward problematic

    Uneasy 这个词 implies 科学与 culture 的 relationship 不只是 different,而是有 fundamental tensions 和 conflicts。这为 entire article 设定了 tone,说明接下来要讨论的 anti-science debate 其实是 long-standing cultural divide 的 manifestation。对 main thesis 的作用是:establish 这个 controversy 有 deep historical roots,不是 recent phenomenon,为后面分析 anti-science term 的 complexity 做 groundwork。

  • 分歧在当代加剧

    P1
    The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.

    让步类 if anything if at all far from rather than diminish on the contrary quite the opposite instead of improving

    If anything deepened 暗示不仅 schism 没有 improve,反而在 worsen。这个 implication 很 critical 因为它 suggests current anti-science debates 是在 increasingly polarized context 中发生的。对 thesis 的作用是:show 为什么 anti-science label 会变得 so contentious 和 ambiguous — 因为 underlying divisions 在 intensifying,导致 various groups 都在用这个 term 作为 weapon in cultural wars。

  • 科学界优势地位的丧失

    P2
    Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics—but no longer.

    转折类 but no longer but not anymore however, this has changed yet now but those days are over this is no longer the case but times have changed

    But no longer 暗示 scientific community 失去了 dominance 和 ability to dismiss criticism。配合前面 funding declined,implies 科学界现在 vulnerable 且 defensive。这对 thesis crucial 因为它 explains 为什么 scientists 开始 aggressively label critics as anti-science — 这是 defensive reaction to lost power。这个 power shift 是理解 why the term became weaponized 的 key context。

  • 科学家的防御性反击

    P2
    As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked 'anti-science' in several books

    情态词 attacked assaulted denounced lambasted lashed out struck back fired back

    Attacked 暗示 scientists 的 response 是 aggressive 和 defensive,不是 measured。这 implies 他们可能在 overreact,把所有 criticism 都 label as anti-science。对 thesis 的作用是:suggest 科学界自己在 contributing to the term's ambiguity,因为他们在 defensively applying 这个 label too broadly。这支持 main argument 即 term 正变得 meaningless because everyone is using it as a weapon。

  • 反科学定义的分歧

    P4
    Anti-science clearly means different things to different people.

    反讽标记词 clearly obviously evidently undoubtedly certainly surely of course

    Clearly 配合 different things to different people 是 ironic,暗示 anti-science 这个 term 根本 not clear,完全 ambiguous。这是 article 的 turning point,从 describing debates 转向 analyzing the term itself。对 thesis critical 因为它 directly states 文章的 core problem:这个 label 太 subjective,每个人 definition 都不同,所以 becoming meaningless。这是 main argument 的 explicit statement。

  • 标签使用的泛化

    P5
    A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well

    对比类 as well also too in addition moreover furthermore on top of that

    As well 配合 many other groups 暗示 anti-science label 正被 indiscriminately applied to越来越多 disparate groups。Survey evidence 强化这不是 isolated cases 而是 widespread trend。对 thesis 的作用是:provide empirical support for claim that term is losing specificity。通过 show label 被用在 completely unrelated contexts (public health vs political funding),demonstrates 它已经变成 generic pejorative 而非 precise descriptor。

  • 极端案例与普通批评的混淆

    P6
    But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science

    语气强化词 But surely but surely surely not certainly not but that can't mean but this doesn't imply yet that hardly means

    But surely 强烈暗示把 environmentalists 和 Unabomber 放在同一 anti-science category 是 absurd。这个 implication 是文章 key point:term 被 misapplied to legitimate critics。对 thesis crucial 因为它 illustrates 核心问题 — label 被用来 dismiss valid concerns,lumping together violent extremists 和 reasonable environmentalists。这 demonstrates term has become a weapon 而非 useful analytical category,directly supporting main argument about meaninglessness。

  • 反指控的对称性

    P7
    The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics.

    情态词 inevitably naturally predictably unsurprisingly as expected of course not surprisingly

    Inevitably 暗示 environmentalists' counterattack 是 predictable response,implying debate 已经变成 cycle of mutual accusations。配合后面 Ehrlich 说 true enemies 是 climate deniers,shows both sides 都在 labeling opponents as anti-science。对 thesis 的作用是:demonstrate term 被 both sides weaponized,不是 objective descriptor 而是 rhetorical ammunition。这个 symmetry 强化 main point that label has lost analytical value,成为 polarized debate 中的 partisan tool。

  • 术语意义的彻底丧失

    P8
    Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.

    委婉表达 in danger of becoming at risk of threatening to become on the verge of close to becoming approaching the point of headed toward

    In danger of becoming meaningless 委婉地 assert term 已经 lost clear meaning。配合 indeed 和前面所有 examples,这是 article's conclusion disguised as concern。对 thesis 的作用是:provide explicit statement of main argument 用 diplomatic language。整个 article structure 就是在 build up to this point,用 multiple examples 来 demonstrate 这个 danger 是 reality。这是 thesis 的 culmination。

  • 共同点的虚无

    P8
    They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.

    模糊限制语 only one thing merely nothing more than simply just no more than solely

    Only one thing 配合 annoy or threaten 暗示被 labeled as anti-science 的 groups 没有 real common characteristics,唯一 commonality 是某些人 feel threatened by them。Those who regard themselves as more enlightened 暗含 irony,suggesting 所谓 enlightened 是 self-proclaimed。对 thesis 的作用是:这是 final blow to term's validity — 不仅 definition 混乱,而且 underlying criterion 是 subjective annoyance 而非 objective analysis。这 concludes article's argument that term has become meaningless rhetorical weapon。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：客观中立

结论先行：本文作者态度为客观中立（ Concerned about the misuse and ambiguity of 'anti-science'）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 首段用中性描述词 P1

    Opening paragraph 的 tone 往往 reveal 作者的 basic stance。这里作者用 descriptive language 而非 judgmental words，说明他在 establish 一个 objective framework 来 discuss 这个 controversial topic，rather than immediately expressing personal bias。

  2. 多方观点等量呈现 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

    在 argumentative writing 中，biased authors 通常 favor one side heavily，while objective authors 会 give fair representation 给 various viewpoints。这篇文章用 equal space 来 present Gross/Levitt、Sagan、environmentalists、Ehrlich 等 different voices，没有 dismiss 任何一方，说明 balanced approach。

  3. 结尾揭示元层面担忧 P8

    Concluding remarks 通常 contain 作者的 ultimate message。这里作者的 concern 不是 about science vs. anti-science 的 battle，而是 about the linguistic confusion 和 potential misuse of labels。这种 meta-level concern（关注 discourse itself 而非 taking sides in the debate）是 sophisticated objectivity 的 hallmark。

  4. 整体呈现话语困境 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    整体 structure 显示作者的 goal 不是 to win an argument，而是 to illuminate the problem with current discourse。这种 analytical distance combined with genuine concern about misunderstanding 是 objective commentary 的 signature，区别于 advocacy writing。

文中的态度信号词

  • uneasy P1

    "Uneasy" 在 opening sentence 就 establish 了作者 acknowledging tension 但 not taking sides 的 tone。这个词 neither condemns nor celebrates，只是 objectively describe 一个 uncomfortable relationship，setting up 作者作为 neutral observer 的 position。

    同类词 troubled tense strained complicated problematic

  • if anything, deepened P1

    "If anything" 这个 qualifying phrase 表明作者在 carefully assess reality rather than exaggerate。它 show 作者的 cautiousness 和 commitment to accuracy，这是 objective analysis 的 characteristic，而非 passionate advocacy 的 style。

    同类词 if anything actually in fact indeed rather

  • notably P2

    "Notably" 用于 introduce examples 时保持 neutral reporting tone。作者只是 pointing out significant instances without evaluating whether these responses are justified or not，maintaining reportorial objectivity。

    同类词 for example such as including particularly specifically

  • clearly P4

    "Clearly" 在这里 acknowledge 一个 observable fact（different people have different definitions），但不 judge which definition is correct。这种 use of certainty markers 来 describe disagreement itself（而非 endorse one position）是 objective reporting 的 technique。

    同类词 obviously evidently apparently seemingly

  • few would dispute P6

    "Few would dispute" 表明作者在 acknowledge consensus 而非 impose personal view。这种 appeal to common ground 是 objective writing 的 strategy，避免 appear partisan by recognizing uncontroversial points。

    同类词 generally agreed widely accepted commonly recognized hardly controversial

  • but surely P6

    "But surely" introduce 作者的 implicit questioning of oversimplification，但用 rhetorical question 的 form 而非 direct assertion。这种 indirect challenge 保持 analytical tone 而避免 appearing confrontational，是 measured criticism 的 marker。

    同类词 however yet nonetheless still

  • inevitably P7

    "Inevitably" 表明作者 expect 和 understand environmentalists' response，showing empathy for their position without necessarily agreeing。这种 acknowledgment of logical consequences 体现 fair-minded analysis。

    同类词 naturally predictably unsurprisingly expectedly

  • indeed P8

    "Indeed" 在 final paragraph 用于 introduce 作者最关心的 observation（term becoming meaningless）。它 confirm 而非 contradict，showing 作者的 main concern builds on rather than dismisses the previous discussion，maintaining constructive tone。

    同类词 in fact actually as a matter of fact truly

  • some observers fear P8

    "Some observers fear" 将 concern 归于 external sources 而非 direct authorial assertion，保持 reportorial distance。但通过 place this observation in the final paragraph，作者 implicitly endorse 这个 concern 的 importance without explicitly claiming ownership，这是 subtle objectivity 的 technique。

    同类词 critics argue proponents claim analysts suggest experts warn

  • in danger of becoming meaningless P8

    "In danger of becoming meaningless" 是作者最 explicit 的 concern expression。"Danger" 表明 negative assessment，但针对的是 term's misuse 而非 science or anti-science position itself。这种 focus on semantic problem 而非 substantive debate 体现 meta-level objectivity。

    同类词 in danger of at risk of threatened by facing the possibility of vulnerable to

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇议论文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他考研英语 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇议论文？

  1. 开篇呈现争议话题 P1

    第1段 开篇就点明 science 和 culture 之间存在 uneasy relationship,这是一个 controversial topic。说明文会直接解释 what science is,新闻报道会告诉你 what happened recently,但议论文会先抛出一个 debatable position 或 tension。

  2. 多方观点交锋 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

    第2段-第7段 展示了 scientists defending science、anti-science critics、environmentalists 等多方 voices。说明文通常是 single authoritative explanation,新闻报道虽有 multiple sources 但重在 reporting events,而议论文是在 juxtapose different arguments 来 explore the issue。

  3. 主观评价语言 P1 P4 P7 P8

    文中出现 'find fault', 'scorns', 'true enemies', 'threaten' 等带有 judgment 的词汇。说明文用 neutral terms 来 describe,新闻报道用 factual language 来 report,但议论文会用 loaded words 来 convey stance 和 make evaluations。

  4. 开放性反思结尾 P8

    第8段 用 'fear', 'in danger of becoming meaningless' 来 express concern about the debate itself,并 quote a philosopher 来 offer a meta-reflection。这不是在 conclude with facts,而是在 commenting on the nature of the argument。说明文会 recap key points,新闻报道会 end with latest development,但议论文会 leave you thinking about the implications。

  5. 争议探讨模式 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    这篇文章完全符合议论文的 four-part signature:第1段 establish the science-culture conflict,第2段-7 present scientists, anti-science critics, environmentalists 的 different positions,全文充满 'attack', 'defend', 'scorns', 'true enemies' 等 stance markers,第8段 以 concern about the term's meaning 作 meta-commentary。这不是在 explain what anti-science is(说明文),也不是在 report recent events(新闻),而是在 explore the debate itself。

哪些词暴露了议论文体裁？

  • uneasy relationship P1 立场表态词 harsh remarks deepened schism controversial contentious disputed
  • if anything P1 论证逻辑连接词 in fact indeed actually on the contrary rather
  • no longer P2 论证逻辑连接词 but yet however although despite
  • attacked P2 立场表态词 criticized condemned denounced challenged refuted
  • notably P2 观点引导词 particularly especially significantly importantly primarily
  • find fault P4 立场表态词 criticize object to take issue with oppose question
  • clearly P4 观点引导词 obviously evidently surely undoubtedly certainly
  • but surely P6 论证逻辑连接词 yet certainly but clearly however obviously nonetheless undoubtedly still definitely
  • inevitably P7 观点引导词 naturally predictably unsurprisingly expectedly understandably
  • argues P7 观点引导词 contends maintains asserts claims insists
  • Indeed P8 论证逻辑连接词 indeed in fact actually as a matter of fact to be sure
  • fear that P8 立场表态词 worry that concern that suspect that doubt that believe that
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

5 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 1998年考研英语真题 Section II Part A (3) 的常见问题

1998年考研英语真题 Section II Part A (3) 文章的主旨是什么？
"反科学"一词变得越来越模糊和被滥用,被应用于从质疑科学客观性的社会学家到环保主义者和政策批评者等不同群体。这种缺乏精确性的现象威胁着使该标签失去意义,模糊了关于科学在社会中作用的真正分歧。（英文表述：The term 'anti-science' has become increasingly ambiguous and overused, applied to diverse groups ranging from sociologists questioning scientific objectivity to environmentalists and policy critics. This lack of precision threatens to render the label meaningless, obscuring genuine disagreements about science's role in society.）
1998年考研英语真题 Section II Part A (3) 文章是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为议论文，作者立场是客观中立（Concerned about the misuse and ambiguity of 'anti-science'）。CEFR 难度 C1，全文 398 词、8 段；在考研英语全部 70 篇真题文章中，C1 级共 64 篇（占 91%）。
1998年考研英语真题 Section II Part A (3) 文章的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 8 段按议论文骨架分为 5 个意群：引言 · 第1段——科学与文化的历史对立；分论点 · 第2段、第3段——科学界对反科学的反击；分论点 · 第4段、第5段——反科学定义的多样性；分论点 · 第6段、第7段——标签滥用的争议实例；结论 · 第8段——标签意义的消解警告。
1998年考研英语真题 Section II Part A (3) 文章的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是客观中立（Concerned about the misuse and ambiguity of 'anti-science'）。判断路径：首段用中性描述词 → 多方观点等量呈现 → 结尾揭示元层面担忧 → 整体呈现话语困境；文中的态度信号词包括 uneasy（第1段）、if anything, deepened（第1段）、notably（第2段）、clearly（第4段）、few would dispute（第6段）、but surely（第6段）、inevitably（第7段）、indeed（第8段）、some observers fear（第8段）、in danger of becoming meaningless（第8段）。
1998年考研英语真题 Section II Part A (3) 文章中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 4 个：schism（重大分歧;根本性分裂）、manifesto（宣言;声明(尤指政治或意识形态方面的)）、epithet（称号;绰号;修饰语(尤指表达特征的)）、scorn（轻蔑;鄙视），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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