2023年考研英语二真题句子解析： However, supporters of fake grass point out that there is also an environmental impact with natural lawns, which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol.

point out (短语动词)

point out

"point out" 是高频短语动词,意为「指出、提出(观点/事实)」。此处 "supporters of fake grass point out that..." 表示「人造草支持者指出……」,引出一个完整观点。该短语动词可分离(point sth out / point out that...),在议论文和学术写作中极为常见,用于客观陈述某方观点或事实。注意区分:point at/to 指「指向(物理方向)」,而 point out 强调「提醒注意、指明(抽象信息)」。

• ✓ point out that there is a problem(指出存在问题) ✗ point out there is a problem(遗漏 that,虽口语可省略,但书面语建议保留) 引导完整从句时,that 在正式书面语中通常不省略,保持结构清晰
• ✓ point out the error / point the error out(两种语序均可) ✗ point out it(代词作宾语时只能用 point it out,不能说 point out it) 宾语为代词时必须置于短语动词中间

there is/are (存现句式)

there is also an environmental impact

"there is" 构成存现句(existential sentence),用于引入新信息或表达某事物的存在。此处 "there is also an environmental impact" 表示「也存在环境影响」,also 插入强调「同样存在」,呼应前文对人造草环境影响的讨论,形成对比论证。存现句在英语中用于将焦点后置(真正主语是 an environmental impact),符合信息流原则,而中文常直接说「天然草坪也有环境影响」。学习者需注意:there be 后的名词才是逻辑主语,决定动词单复数(is/are)。

• ✓ There is a book and two pens on the desk.(就近原则,用 is) ✗ There are a book and two pens on the desk. there be 遵循就近原则,动词单复数由最近的名词决定
• ✓ There is an impact.(存现句,引入新信息) ✗ It has an impact.(混淆 there be 与 have,there be 表存在,have 表拥有) 中文学习者易误用 have 表示「有」,需区分存在义与所属义

environmental impact (核心搭配)

environmental impact

"environmental impact" 是环保话题的核心搭配,意为「环境影响」。impact 作名词表示「影响、冲击」,常与 environmental、social、economic 等形容词搭配,构成学术和议论文的高频表达。此处指天然草坪对环境产生的影响,与前文人造草的环境影响形成对比。注意:impact 既可作可数名词(an impact、impacts),也可作不可数名词(environmental impact 整体作概念);作动词时常用 impact on sth,表示「对……产生影响」。

• ✓ have/cause/reduce an environmental impact(产生/引起/减少环境影响) ✗ make an environmental impact(虽可理解,但 make 不如 have/cause 地道) impact 的动词搭配有固定习惯,have 和 cause 最常用

natural lawns (术语对比)

natural lawns

"natural lawns" 指「天然草坪」,与前文 fake grass(人造草)构成词汇对比。lawn 意为「草坪、草地」,常用复数 lawns 指多块草坪或泛指这一类事物。natural 在此强调「天然的、非人造的」,与 fake/artificial 对立。此词汇对比是全文论证的基础,学习者需掌握环保话题中 natural vs. artificial/synthetic 的对立表达。注意:lawn 作可数名词,指具体的一块草坪区域;grass 更多指草本身(不可数)或草地(集合概念)。

mowing (动名词作宾语)

need mowing

"mowing" 是动词 mow(修剪草坪)的动名词形式,此处作 need 的宾语。"need mowing" 意为「需要修剪」,相当于 need to be mowed(需要被修剪),这是 need 的特殊用法:need doing = need to be done,主动形式表被动含义。类似用法还有 want/require doing。此处 mowing 承接 natural lawns,说明天然草坪需要定期修剪这一维护需求,进而引出能源消耗问题。学习者需注意这种主动表被动的固定用法,避免误写成 need to mow。

• ✓ The lawn needs mowing. / The lawn needs to be mowed.(两种表达均正确) ✗ The lawn needs to mow.(误用主动不定式,lawn 不能自己 mow) need doing 的主动形式表被动,是固定用法;若用不定式则必须用被动 to be done
• ✓ The car needs washing.(车需要清洗) ✗ The car needs to wash.(同样的错误) want、require 也有类似用法:want/require doing = want/require to be done

consume (动词搭配)

consume electricity or petrol

"consume" 意为「消耗、消费」,此处指修剪草坪的设备消耗电力或汽油。consume 是正式书面语词汇,常用于能源、资源、时间的消耗,比 use 更强调消耗殆尽的语义。固定搭配包括:consume energy/fuel/resources/time 等。此处 "consume electricity or petrol" 点明天然草坪维护的能源成本,支撑「天然草坪也有环境影响」的论点。注意:consumer(消费者)、consumption(消费、消耗量)是同根派生词,在经济和环保话题中高频出现。

However (转折逻辑词)

However

"However" 置于句首,引出转折论证,意为「然而、但是」。此处 However 标志着从前文(可能批评人造草的环境问题)转向反方观点(天然草坪同样有环境问题),是议论文中呈现对立观点的典型信号词。注意标点:However 单独使用时后接逗号,区别于 but(连词,无逗号)。学习者需掌握 However、Nevertheless、Nonetheless 等转折副词的使用,它们比 but 更正式,常用于书面学术写作和考试作文。

• ✓ However, supporters point out...(句首,逗号隔开) ✗ However supporters point out...(遗漏逗号) However 作转折副词置于句首时,必须用逗号与主句隔开
• ✓ He was tired. However, he continued working.(两个独立句子,However 另起句) ✗ He was tired, however, he continued working.(逗号splice错误,应用分号或句号) However 是副词非连词,不能用逗号直接连接两个独立句,需用句号或分号

also (递进副词)

also

"also" 在 "there is also an environmental impact" 中表示递进,意为「也、同样」,强调天然草坪同样(像人造草一样)存在环境影响。also 的位置灵活:可置于 be 动词后(is also)、助动词后、实义动词前,此处插在 is 和名词短语之间。also 在论证中起承上启下作用,将对立双方置于同一评判标准下,增强论证的公平性和说服力。注意与 too、as well 的区别:also 较正式,多用于句中;too/as well 多用于句末,较口语化。

• ✓ He is also a teacher.(also 置于 be 动词后) ✗ He also is a teacher.(also 误置于 be 动词前) also 在 be 动词句中通常置于 be 动词之后,而非之前
• ✓ She also likes music.(also 置于实义动词前) ✗ She likes also music.(also 误置于实义动词后) also 修饰实义动词时置于动词之前,不置于动词与宾语之间

therefore (因果逻辑词)

therefore

"therefore" 意为「因此、所以」,表示因果关系,连接前后逻辑。此处 "need mowing and therefore usually consume..." 中,therefore 表明「因为需要修剪(前提),所以通常消耗能源(结果)」。therefore 是正式书面语连接词,比 so 更学术化,常用于议论文推理。注意用法:therefore 是副词,可灵活置于句中,前后常用逗号隔开(though 此处省略了逗号,因为紧跟 usually);若连接两个独立句,需用分号或句号,不能仅用逗号(避免 comma splice)。

• ✓ He was ill; therefore, he stayed home.(分号连接两独立句,therefore 后用逗号) ✗ He was ill, therefore, he stayed home.(仅用逗号连接,comma splice 错误) therefore 是副词非连词,连接两独立句时需用分号、句号或在 therefore 前加连词 and
• ✓ It rained; therefore, the match was canceled. 或 It rained, and therefore the match was canceled. ✗ It rained, therefore the match was canceled.(逗号直接连接) 必须用更强的标点(分号/句号)或加连词 and 来正确连接句子

usually (频率副词)

usually

"usually" 意为「通常、一般」,表示频率或常态,此处修饰 consume,说明修剪草坪通常(而非总是)消耗电力或汽油。频率副词(always、usually、often、sometimes、rarely、never)在英语中位置相对固定:通常置于 be 动词后、助动词后、实义动词前。此处 "therefore usually consume" 中,usually 紧跟 therefore,置于实义动词 consume 之前,符合规范。usually 使表达更加准确和客观,避免绝对化,是学术写作中常见的模糊限制语(hedging language)。

• ✓ He usually goes to school by bus.(usually 置于实义动词前) ✗ He goes usually to school by bus.(usually 误置于动词后) 频率副词修饰实义动词时应置于动词之前,而非之后
• ✓ She is usually late.(usually 置于 be 动词后) ✗ She usually is late.(usually 误置于 be 动词前,虽语法可接受但不如前者自然) be 动词句中,频率副词通常置于 be 动词之后,这是最自然的语序

or (选择连词)

electricity or petrol

"or" 连接两个并列成分 electricity 和 petrol,表示选择关系,意为「或者」,此处指草坪修剪设备可能使用电力或汽油作为能源,两者择其一或兼有。or 是基础并列连词,连接词、短语、句子皆可,此处连接两个名词。注意语义:or 既可表「二选一」的排他性选择,也可表「列举可能性」(inclusive or),此处属后者,因为不同设备可能用不同能源。在否定句中,or 替代 and(He doesn't like tea or coffee = 他既不喜欢茶也不喜欢咖啡)。

• ✓ He doesn't drink tea or coffee.(否定句中用 or) ✗ He doesn't drink tea and coffee.(否定句中误用 and) 否定句中表示「既不……也不……」时应用 or,而非 and

need doing 主动表被动

need mowing

"need mowing" 是中文学习者的高频易错点。中文思维中「草坪需要被修剪」会直接对应 need to be mowed,但英语中 need/want/require + doing 可用主动形式表被动含义,等同于 need to be done。这种用法源于英语的经济性原则,主动动名词形式更简洁。学习者需强化记忆:当主语是动作的承受者(如 lawn 被 mow),用 need doing 即可,无需明确被动语态。这是语法考点,也是写作中提升地道性的技巧。

• ✓ My hair needs cutting.(我的头发需要剪了) ✗ My hair needs to cut.(误用主动不定式,头发不能自己 cut) 主语是承受者时,need 后接动名词主动式表被动,或用 need to be done
• ✓ The room wants cleaning. / The room wants to be cleaned. ✗ The room wants to clean. want 与 need 用法相同,切勿混淆

supporters of (介词搭配)

supporters of fake grass

"supporters of" 表示「……的支持者」,of 在此引出支持的对象。中文学习者易受母语影响,可能误用 "supporters for"(误以为「为……」用 for)。实际上,supporter 与 of 固定搭配,表示支持的内容或立场,如 supporters of the policy(政策的支持者)、supporters of the team(球队的支持者)。类似搭配还有 opponent of(反对者)、advocate of(倡导者)、critic of(批评者)等,都用 of 而非 for。这是名词+介词的固定搭配,需整体记忆。

• ✓ supporters of the plan(计划的支持者) ✗ supporters for the plan(误用 for) supporter 表示支持的对象时固定用 of,而非 for
• ✓ He is a supporter of environmental protection.(他是环保的支持者) ✗ He is a supporter for environmental protection. of 引出支持的理念或事业,这是名词性搭配习惯

which 引导的非限定性关系分句

which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol

此处 "which need mowing..." 是非限定性关系分句(non-restrictive relative clause),逗号后的 which 指代前面的 natural lawns,补充说明天然草坪的特征(需要修剪且消耗能源)。非限定性关系分句提供附加信息,可删除而不影响主句完整性,与限定性关系分句(无逗号,限定先行词范围)不同。此处 which 不能换成 that(that 不引导非限定性关系分句)。中文学习者需注意:非限定性关系分句前必有逗号,且关系代词(which、who、whose)不可省略,与限定性关系分句的规则不同。

• ✓ He bought a car, which was expensive.(非限定性,which 前有逗号,补充信息) ✗ He bought a car which was expensive.(误写成限定性,逗号缺失改变了句意) 逗号的有无决定分句类型:有逗号为非限定性(补充),无逗号为限定性(限定范围)
• ✓ The book, which I bought yesterday, is interesting.(非限定性,which 不可省略) ✗ The book, I bought yesterday, is interesting.(非限定性分句中关系代词不可省略) 非限定性关系分句的关系代词(which、who)必须保留,不能像限定性分句那样省略
• ✓ She has a dog, which is very cute.(用 which) ✗ She has a dog, that is very cute.(误用 that) that 不能引导非限定性关系分句,只能用 which、who、whose 等