考研英语 · Attributive Clauses

考研英语定语从句真题例句

定语从句跟在名词(先行词)后面对其修饰限定,分限制性与非限制性两类:前者是认定先行词身份的必要信息,后者用逗号隔开、只作补充说明。它是真题里出现频率最高的从句类型之一,也是阅读断句的第一道坎。

考研英语真题里的定语从句共 1693 处实例,本页按 2 个子类型分节,精选 50 句真题例句(出自 24 套真题卷,句长 10–72 词)。 每节先给该子类型的实例计数与常见引导词分布,再逐句给出例句:高亮定语从句在原句中的位置,标注引导词、嵌套父与所在层级,附中文翻译、逐句解析与出处试卷; 点句卡末尾的「本句详情」可看结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态标注、考点讲解与真题高频词。

识别要点 看名词后的 that / which / who / whose / where / when:有逗号是非限制性(可先整段跳过抓主干),无逗号是限制性;再判断引导词在从句内充当的成分,翻译时据此决定前置还是拆句。

本页精选的 50 句真题例句已由懒笔记排版为 A4 打印版 PDF,可免费下载,PDF 内的真题出处链接均可点击。

01 · 定语从句

限制性定语从句(考研英语真题 1416 处,精选 25 句)

常见引导词: that 626 · 零引导 300 · who 256 · which 124 · where 52 · whose 22 · when 19 · why 12

引导词·that 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·宾语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 49 词

"There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does," says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington.

“有实验表明,自然地,访谈的结果比人工智能所做的要偏颇得多。”佩德罗·多明戈斯说,他是《终极算法:寻求终极学习机器将如何重塑我们的世界》的作者,同时也是华盛顿大学的计算机科学教授。

解析

"that" 引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "experiments"。关系代词 "that" 在从句中作主语(指代 experiments),从句谓语是 "show"。无逗号隔开,是限制性定语从句。

引导词·that 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 45 词

So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.

那么,如果各省想要管理医疗保健事务,它们应该证明自己能够管理,从一份省际医疗清单开始,这份清单将结束重复、节省行政成本、防止一个省与另一个省相互竞争,并争取更好的药品价格。

解析

由关系代词 "that" 引导的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "an interprovincial health list"。"that" 在从句中作主语,从句包含四个并列的谓语动词 "would end, save, prevent, and bargain",用逗号和 "and" 连接,共同说明该清单的功能和作用。无逗号与先行词分隔,属限制性定语,删去则句意残缺。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·宾语从句 深度·第 4 层 CEFR C1 27 词

I loved the man from the Thirties research who found that wireless suddenly offered "a lot of variety…things I thought I'd never be interested in…ice hockey perhaps".

我喜欢那个来自三十年代研究的男人,他发现无线电突然提供了“很多种类……我以为我永远不会感兴趣的东西……也许是冰球”。

解析

省略关系代词的限制性定语从句,修饰"things"。完整形式应为"things (that/which) I thought I'd never be interested in",关系代词在从句中作介词"in"的宾语(be interested in 后缺宾语),因作宾语而被省略。从句紧跟先行词无逗号,限定"things"的范围(具体是哪些东西)。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 33 词

It wasn't until the phrase "scientific literacy" came along in the 1940s that science had the formidable slogan it needed to command public attention and make improving science education an important national goal.

直到“科学素养”这个词在20世纪40年代出现,科学才有了它所需要的强有力的口号来引起公众注意,并使改进科学教育成为一个重要的国家目标。

解析

省略了关系代词 that/which 的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "the formidable slogan"。从句主干为 "it needed (the slogan)",关系词在从句中作 needed 的宾语,因此可省略。从句内部 "to command...and make..." 为不定式短语作目的状语,说明 needed the slogan 的目的。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·宾语 嵌套父·宾语从句 深度·第 4 层 CEFR C1 34 词

It's important to note that while AI can enhance our appreciation of beauty, it should not replace the genuine human experience and the emotional connections we derive from seeing the beauty in each other.

重要的是要注意,虽然人工智能可以增强我们对美的欣赏,但它不应该取代真正的人类体验以及我们从看到彼此的美中获得的情感联系。

解析

该从句修饰先行词 "the emotional connections",完整形式可理解为 "the emotional connections that/which we derive from seeing the beauty in each other"。关系词被省略,在从句中作 "derive" 的宾语,因此属于零引导的限制性定语从句。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·宾语 嵌套父·宾语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 32 词

Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane, the publicly controlled group that owns train operator Trenitalia and the national train network RFI, said 23 percent of all high-speed trains it operated were late in 2023.

意大利国家铁路公司,这家拥有火车运营商意大利铁路公司和国家铁路网RFI的公共控股集团,称其在2023年运营的所有高速列车中有23%晚点。

解析

"it operated"是零引导的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"trains";省略的关系代词(that/which)在从句中作"operated"的宾语,"it"指代主句主语"Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane"。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 25 词

U.S. customers historically tipped people they assumed were earning most of their income via tips, such as restaurant servers earning less than the minimum wage.

美国顾客历来给那些他们认为主要依靠小费赚取大部分收入的人小费,例如收入低于最低工资的餐厅服务员。

解析

该从句修饰先行词people,关系代词作主语被省略后产生零引导。从句内包含插入成分"they assumed",实际结构为"(who/that) were earning most of their income via tips",其中"they assumed"作为插入语。定语从句对people进行限定,指明是"顾客认为主要靠小费谋生的那些人"。

引导词·why 引导词功能·状语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR B2 19 词

There are many understandable reasons why you might find it difficult to ask for help when you need it.

当你需要帮助时,你可能会发现寻求帮助很困难,这有许多可以理解的原因。

解析

该从句紧跟先行词 "reasons",说明是哪些原因;关系副词 "why" 在从句中作原因状语,相当于 "for which",从句限定先行词且无逗号隔开,因此是限制性定语从句。

引导词·that 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 35 词

Perhaps most encouraging of all is a paper from 2022 by researchers at Stanford University that involved a mix of contrived help-seeking interactions and asking people to recall times they'd sought help in the past.

或许最令人鼓舞的是一篇2022年由斯坦福大学的研究人员所做的论文,该论文涉及一种人为设计的求助互动和要求人们回忆他们过去寻求帮助的时刻的混合。

解析

关系代词 "that" 引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "a paper",在定语从句中作主语,限定该研究所涉及的具体内容。从句内部有 and 并列的两个宾语成分。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·限制性定语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR B2 19 词

High school students who have an impressive personal project they are working on independently often impress colleges, experts say.

专家称,那些独立进行着令人印象深刻的个人项目的高中生往往能给大学留下深刻印象。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"an impressive personal project",关系代词省略(零引导),在从句中作介词"on"的宾语。从句结构"they are working on (which) independently",介词"on"后置至从句末尾,关系代词因作宾语而省略。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·宾语 嵌套父·其他成分 深度·第 4 层 CEFR B2 31 词

The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.

举办伦敦西部年度展览的皇家园艺学会(RHS)表示,由于塑料草坪对环境和生物多样性造成的损害,它已实施这项禁令。

解析

限制性定语从句修饰先行词 "the damage",关系词(that/which)作 "does" 的宾语被省略。从句还原为 "plastic grass does (the damage) to the environment and biodiversity","plastic grass" 是从句主语,"does" 是谓语,"to the environment and biodiversity" 是状语,"the damage" 是被前置省略的关系词所代表的宾语。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·宾语 嵌套父·状语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR B2 16 词

The RHS's decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problems fake grass causes.

皇家园艺学会的决定出台之际,活动人士正试图提高对人造草坪所引发问题的认识。

解析

该分句修饰先行词 "problems",完整形式可理解为 "the problems that fake grass causes"。关系词被省略,并在从句中充当动词 "causes" 的宾语,因此是零引导的限制性定语从句。

引导词·when 引导词功能·状语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C2 31 词

As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.

随着科学技术的进步,并细分为更多的子学科,该中心同时展望一个时代,那时顶尖研究人员也可以是艺术家、作家和诗人,反之亦然。

解析

"when" 引导的分句修饰先行词 "a time",说明“一个怎样的时代”:在那个时代,顶尖研究者也可以是艺术家、作家和诗人。"when" 在从句中作时间状语,相当于 "in which",从句前无逗号隔开,属于限制性定语从句。

引导词·that 引导词功能·主语 深度·第 1 层 CEFR C1 72 词

In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that "ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights. The regulations aim to ban dark patterns—this means prohibiting companies from using confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out."

在三月,加利福尼亚州总检察长宣布批准了加利福尼亚消费者隐私法(CCPA)下的额外法规,该法规“确保消费者在寻求行使其数据隐私权时不会被混淆或误导。这些法规旨在禁止黑暗模式——这意味着禁止公司使用混淆性语言或不必要的步骤,例如强迫他们点击多个屏幕或听取他们不应该选择退出的原因。”

解析

由关系代词 "that" 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词 "regulations"(条例)。"that" 在从句中充当主语,谓语动词是 "ensure"。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR B2 10 词

Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work.

你的老板提出了一项你认为不会奏效的新计划。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "a new initiative"。关系代词 that/which 作从句宾语被省略(零引导)。从句中插入了 "you think" 作为插入语,完整还原为 "(that/which) you think won't work"。从句主干是 "won't work","you think" 是主谓之间的插入成分。

引导词·that 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 41 词

When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?

当谈到商业中的人工智能时,我们经常听到它与自动化和即将到来的就业岗位流失有关,但人工智能正在以哪些不涉及悲观的大规模失业预测的方式改变公司和更大的经济?

解析

"that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions" 修饰前面的 "ways",限定“那些不涉及末日式大规模失业预测的方式”。关系词 "that" 在从句中作主语,对应谓语 "don't involve",从句没有逗号隔开,因此属于限制性定语从句。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR B2 11 词

Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic.

你的资深同事概述了一个你认为不切实际的项目时间表。

解析

这是修饰 "a project timeline" 的限制性定语从句,关系词 that/which 作从句主语被省略(完整形式为 "which/that you believe is unrealistic")。从句中 "you believe" 是插入语,主干结构是 "(which) is unrealistic",即 "(关系词) + is unrealistic"。该定语从句限定了 "timeline" 的性质——你认为不现实的那个时间表。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 23 词

Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically controversial, and therefore vulnerable.

在其他弱点中,城市在被单独留下解决空气污染时必须采用的措施在政治上是有争议的,因此是脆弱的。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "the measures"。关系代词作 "employ" 的宾语被省略(零引导),从句内部为 "cities must employ [关系词] when left to tackle dirty air on their own",关系词指代 "measures"。从句内部含时间状语从句修饰整个定语从句的动作,需递归拆分。

引导词·that 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·宾语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 34 词

Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.

下次有人将企业配额作为促进性别平等的一种方式来推行时,请记住,此类政策在很大程度上是自私自利的措施,它们让其倡导者感觉良好,但对普通女性几乎没有帮助。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"measures"。关系词"that"在从句中作主语,从句内部是并列结构:"make their sponsors feel good"和"do little to help average women"通过"but"连接。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·宾语 嵌套父·其他成分 深度·第 3 层 CEFR B2 30 词

For example, even in dense forest, you should be able to spot gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve through the woods.

例如,即使在茂密的森林中,你也应该能够发现林线中的缺口,这些缺口是由于道路、火车轨道以及人们在树林中开辟的其他路径造成的。

解析

"people carve through the woods" 修饰先行词 "paths",意思是“人们穿过树林开辟出来的道路”。关系词相当于被省略的 "that/which",在从句中作动词 "carve" 的宾语,即 "people carve paths through the woods",因此是零引导的限制性定语从句。

引导词·that 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 20 词

The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.

我们正在加速的气候变化终有一天可能会留给我们排放碳比吸收碳更多的森林。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "forests"。关系代词 "that" 在从句中作主语,指代 "forests",从句谓语为 "emit",宾语 "more carbon",后接比较从句 "than they absorb"。无逗号隔开,删去后主句 "leave us with forests" 语义残缺(不知是什么样的森林),为限制性定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 32 词

There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

医学期刊中存在大量此类无稽之谈,当这些内容被广播公司和非专业媒体采用时,会引发健康恐慌和短暂的饮食热潮。

解析

这是限制性定语从句,关系词 "which" 指代先行词 "nonsense"(无稽之谈),在从句中作主语。从句结构为 "which...generates...",其中插入了一个时间状语从句 "when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press"。从句谓语是 "generates",宾语是 "both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms"。该从句对先行词 "nonsense" 进行限定性说明,阐述这类无稽之谈的具体后果。

引导词·零引导 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·状语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 23 词

Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to.

大型连锁店一直在全国范围内征收销售税,因为它们通常在购买商品被运往的任何州都有实体店。

解析

该从句修饰先行词"whatever state",关系词被省略(零引导)。完整形式应为"whatever state (that/which) a purchase is being shipped to",关系词在从句中作介词to的宾语。从句采用现在进行时被动语态"is being shipped to",表示"购买的商品被运送到(某州)"。

引导词·that 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 23 词

The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually.

最高法院周四的意见推翻了两项数十年前的裁决,各州称这些裁决每年使它们损失数十亿美元的收入。

解析

这是修饰先行词 "decisions" 的限制性定语从句,关系代词 "that" 在从句中充当主语。从句内部结构为 "states said (that)...",其中省略了宾语从句引导词 that,形成嵌套结构。该定语从句限定了是哪些判决——即各州声称使它们损失数十亿美元的那些判决,与先行词紧密连接、无逗号隔开,删去后主句意义不完整。

引导词·that 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·其他成分 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C2 48 词

I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.

我开始认识到一篇糟糕论文的各种迹象:那种论文声称表明每周食用超过一公斤西兰花的人,比那些食用量少的人晚年患恶性贫血的可能性高1.17倍。

解析

that 引导限制性定语从句修饰"the kind of paper",从句主语是关系代词 that(指代 paper),谓语是"purports to show",从句内部无逗号与先行词隔开,且删去后"the kind of paper"指代不明,符合限制性定语从句特征。

02 · 定语从句

非限制性定语从句(考研英语真题 277 处,精选 25 句)

常见引导词: which 175 · who 43 · where 25 · whose 11 · as 10 · when 8 · whom 4 · 其他 1

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 嵌套父·其他成分 深度·第 4 层 CEFR C1 41 词

Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans' evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a "knock-on" benefit to a child's wellbeing.

Chaudhary说,现在的父母从家庭和社交网络获得的育儿支持比人类进化史的大部分时期都要少,但引入额外的照顾者可以减轻压力和母亲抑郁,这可能对孩子的幸福感产生“连锁”益处。

解析

由"which"引导的非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开。"which"指代前面整个分句"introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression"的内容,在从句中作主语。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·表语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 41 词

The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about trusting personal interactions to machines, which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of interpersonal connections, but also to a decrease in marketing personnel.

使用人工智能回应客户的主要缺点是,存在将个人互动交给机器的担忧,这不仅可能导致随后人际联系的丧失,还可能导致营销人员的减少。

解析

which 引导的非限制性定语从句,前有逗号与先行词"machines"隔开。which 在从句中作主语,指代"machines"或"trusting personal interactions to machines"这一行为。从句内部使用"not only ... but also"并列结构连接两个介词短语"to the subsequent loss ..."和"to a decrease ...",共同作 lead 的宾语。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 32 词

There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.

也有像Acquisio这样的公司,该公司分析跨多个渠道(如Adwords、Bing和社交媒体)的广告表现,并就广告资金将在何处产生最佳效果做出调整或建议。

解析

由逗号与先行词 "Acquisio" 隔开,关系词 "which" 在从句中作主语(指代 Acquisio 这家公司),从句谓语是并列的 "analyzes" 和 "makes",补充说明该公司的功能。删去后主句 "There are also companies like Acquisio" 依然完整,符合非限制性定语从句特征。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 32 词

There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.

也有像Acquisio这样的公司,该公司分析跨多个渠道(如Adwords、Bing和社交媒体)的广告表现,并就广告资金将在何处产生最佳效果做出调整或提出建议。

解析

which 引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号与先行词 "companies like Acquisio" 隔开,which 在从句中作主语。从句用 and 连接两个并列谓语 "analyzes" 和 "makes",描述公司的两项功能。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 深度·第 1 层 CEFR B2 30 词

Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.

对话是连接,这意味着当你与一个新的人进行对话时,一个连接就会形成,并且在那一刻之后你进行的每一次对话都会加强这个连接。

解析

which引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开,指代前面整个主句"Conversations are links"这一事实。which在从句中作means的主语,means后接两个并列的宾语从句,解释"对话是连接"的含义。

引导词·where 引导词功能·状语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 41 词

If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform.

如果该法案在众议院获得通过,这项措施仍必须在参议院获得通过——在那里必然会有人指出,这仅仅相当于维持邮政服务运转所必需的最低最低限度,而非全面改革。

解析

非限制性定语从句,由where引导,修饰先行词the Senate,用破折号与主句隔开。where在从句中作地点状语(在参议院中)。从句内部含有宾语从句"that it amounts to..."作point out的宾语。

引导词·where 引导词功能·状语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·状语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 31 词

Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or less-determined students away.

学生们在他们进入大学之前学习一些关于编程的知识也会受益,在大学里,计算机科学入门课程被塞得满满的,这可能会使那些经验较少或决心不足的学生们离开。

解析

"where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim" 用逗号与先行词 "college" 隔开,"where" 指在大学里,并在从句中作地点状语,补充说明大学里的入门计算机课情况,因此是非限制性定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 41 词

After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally – which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.

经过大约40分钟的购物后,大多数人不再努力进行理性选择,而是开始凭感觉购物 —— 这正是我们购物车里有50%的东西是我们原本根本没打算买的时候。

解析

"which" 位于破折号之后,引导补充说明性的关系分句,指代前面“人们开始情绪化购物”这一整件事;"which" 在从句中作主语,谓语是 "is",从句补充说明这种转折正是某个关键点。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 深度·第 1 层 CEFR C2 30 词

When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political – which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.

当法院处理社会政策决策时,其所塑造的法律不可避免地具有政治性——这就是为什么沿着意识形态路线分裂的决策如此容易被视为不公正而被驳回。

解析

非限制性定语从句,由破折号引出(相当于逗号隔开),"which"指代前面整个主句"the law it shapes is inescapably political"。从句结构为"which is why + 表语从句",其中"which"作主语,"is"为系动词,"why..."引导表语从句说明原因。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·其他成分 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C2 33 词

The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

第二个,由约书亚·格林伯格提出,采用了一种更具经验主义的普遍性研究方法,识别出许多语言共有的特征(尤其是在词序方面),这些特征被认为代表了由认知限制导致的偏见。

解析

"which" 是关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "traits"。前有逗号隔开,符合非限制性定语从句标志。"which" 在从句中作主语,指代 traits,从句谓语是被动语态 "are considered to represent"。从句内部包含宾语从句结构(consider 的宾语补足语 to represent biases)和定语从句(that result from...)的嵌套。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 28 词

This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.

我们认为这一趋势仍处于初期阶段,它实际上始于零售商和旅游供应商,如航空公司和酒店,并且无疑将会进一步发展。

解析

"which we believe is still in its infancy" 修饰先行词 "This trend",并由逗号与主句隔开,补充说明这个趋势仍处在早期阶段。关系词 "which" 指代 "This trend",在从句主干 "which is still in its infancy" 中作主语;"we believe" 是插入的宾语从句(省略了that)。

引导词·who 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C2 33 词

His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

他的功能类似于法官的功能,法官必须接受以尽可能明显的方式揭示导致他做出决定的推理过程的义务。

解析

关系词 who 引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号与先行词 a judge 隔开,补充说明 judge 的职责。who 在从句中作主语,指代 a judge。从句内部包含 of revealing 介词短语和 which 引导的嵌套定语从句修饰 the course of reasoning。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 15 词

They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.

他们都在抱怨不断飙升的医疗预算,其中增长最快的部分是药品成本。

解析

"which" 指代前面的名词短语 "health budgets",出现在介词 "of" 之后,构成 "of which",在从句中作介词宾语。该从句由逗号与先行词所在主句隔开,对 "health budgets" 作补充说明,因此是非限制性定语从句;从句内部主干为 "the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs"。

引导词·其他 引导词功能·状语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 21 词

Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.

斯特雷福德公司的简报听起来不像通常的华盛顿式反复无常,凭借这种方式,机构避免发表戏剧性的声明,因为有可能他们可能是错误的。

解析

"whereby" 相当于 "by which",引导一个补充性关系从句,说明前面的 "back-and-forthing" 是一种怎样的做法或机制。该从句前有逗号,且不是限制确定先行词身份,而是补充解释,因此归为非限制性定语从句;"whereby" 在从句中表示方式/手段,功能接近状语。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 33 词

A return to that version of scientific literacy, which focused more on teaching what science is and how it works and less on memorizing scientific facts, seems like something society today desperately needs.

回归到那种科学素养的版本,即更侧重于教授科学是什么以及它如何运作,而较少侧重于记忆科学事实,这似乎是当今社会迫切需要的东西。

解析

非限制性定语从句,用逗号与先行词"that version of scientific literacy"隔开。"which"在从句中作主语,指代前面的名词短语。从句内部含两个并列的宾语从句("what science is"和"how it works")作"teaching"的宾语,以及介词短语"on memorizing scientific facts"与之对比("more on...and less on...")。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR B2 16 词

There are libraries with business and intellectual property centres, which can help business owners and entrepreneurs.

有带商业和知识产权中心的图书馆,这些图书馆可以帮助企业主和企业家。

解析

"which can help business owners and entrepreneurs" 由关系代词 "which" 引导,前面有逗号,与先行词部分隔开,补充说明这些图书馆或其中心能够帮助企业主和创业者。"which" 在从句中作主语,后接谓语 "can help",因此是非限制性定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 深度·第 1 层 CEFR C1 24 词

Different cultures have their norms and expectations regarding dress, which can influence the types of clothing people wear and the meanings attributed to them.

不同的文化有关于着装的他们的规范和期望,这会影响人们穿的服装类型和赋予它们的意义。

解析

非限制性定语从句,用逗号与主句隔开。关系代词"which"指代先行词"norms and expectations regarding dress",在从句中作主语。从句谓语"can influence",宾语为并列结构"the types of clothing people wear"和"the meanings attributed to them"。

引导词·as 引导词功能·宾语 指代对象·整句 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 25 词

The reality is startlingly different, as I discovered when the culture department commissioned me to conduct an independent review of English public libraries, published yesterday.

现实情况令人震惊地不同,正如我所发现的,当时文化部门委托我进行了一项针对英国公共图书馆的独立审查,该审查已于昨日公布。

解析

"as I discovered..." 由 "as" 引导,并用逗号与前面的主句隔开;这里 "as" 指代前面整个判断 "The reality is startlingly different",在从句中相当于 "what/which fact",作 "discovered" 的宾语,表示“正如我发现的那样”。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 深度·第 1 层 CEFR C2 14 词

The result is an embarrassment of historical riches, which brings its own needle-and-haystack problems.

结果是历史财富的丰富过剩,这带来了其自身大海捞针般的问题。

解析

非限制性定语从句,用逗号与主句隔开。关系代词 "which" 指代前面整个主句内容(历史资源丰富到令人为难这一情况),在从句中作主语,后接谓语 "brings" 和宾语 "its own needle-and-haystack problems"。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 深度·第 1 层 CEFR C1 31 词

The Nagpur project has already created a risk and vulnerability map, which enabled Kotharkar to tell officials which neighborhoods to focus on in the event of a heat wave this summer.

那格浦尔项目已经创建了一张风险和脆弱性地图,这使得科塔卡尔能够告诉官员们在今年夏天热浪发生时应重点关注哪些社区。

解析

which引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开,修饰先行词"a risk and vulnerability map"。which在从句中作主语,指代前面的地图。从句内部嵌套了一个宾语从句"which neighborhoods to focus on"。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·状语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 24 词

These take-off shots are even more challenging because they require a wide-angle lens, which means he must be less than 2cm from the butterfly.

这些起飞镜头更具挑战性,因为它们需要广角镜头,这意味着他必须距离蝴蝶不到2厘米。

解析

"which"引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开,修饰名词先行词"a wide-angle lens"。"which"在从句中作主语,谓语"means"后接宾语从句"he must be less than 2cm from the butterfly"。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR B2 26 词

Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and "baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.

昆族四岁大的儿童会帮忙照顾更小的孩子,并且“婴儿背带”——即婴儿被用背带背着——被认为是常态。

解析

"in which infants are carried in slings" 由逗号与先行词 "baby-wearing" 隔开,补充说明这种做法的具体形式;"which" 指代 "baby-wearing",并作介词 "in" 的宾语,因此是非限制性定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·宾语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 30 词

Recent research from the Organization for the Review of Care and Health Applications found that 350,000 health apps were available on the market, 90,000 of which launched in 2020 alone.

来自护理与健康应用审查组织的近期研究发现,市场上有350,000个健康应用程序,其中仅在2020年就推出了90,000个。

解析

由"which"引导的非限制性定语从句,用逗号与先行词"350,000 health apps"隔开。"of which"中which作介词of的宾语,指代前面的health apps,"90,000 of which"相当于"90,000 of the 350,000 health apps"。从句说明其中9万个应用在2020年推出。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 4 层 CEFR B2 48 词

Ed Home, of the RHS, said: "We launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic. We recommend using real grass because of its environmental benefits, which include supporting wildlife, alleviating flooding and cooling the environment."

英国皇家园艺学会的埃德·霍姆说:“我们去年启动了我们的可持续发展战略,而人造草皮完全不符合我们关于塑料的理念和观点。我们推荐使用真草皮,因为它具有环境效益,包括支持野生动物、缓解洪水和冷却环境。”

解析

非限制性定语从句,用逗号与先行词 "environmental benefits" 隔开,关系代词 "which" 在从句中作主语,指代 benefits。从句内部用三个并列的动名词短语(supporting / alleviating / cooling)作宾语,列举环境益处的具体内容。

引导词·when 引导词功能·状语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR B2 11 词

This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued.

这给他们带来了良好的结果,直到2012年,当时他们的增长趋于平稳。

解析

"when their growth plateaued" 由关系副词 "when" 引导,前有逗号,补充说明先行词 "2012" 这一时间点;"when" 在从句内部作时间状语,从句主谓为 "their growth plateaued"。该从句只补充说明年份,删去后主句 "This brought them good results until 2012" 仍完整,因此是非限制性定语从句。

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  • 3 第 6 层
  • 2 第 7 层

考研英语真题中的定语从句共标注出 1693 处实例,按子类型分为 2 类:限制性定语从句 1416 处、非限制性定语从句 277 处。本页从中精选 50 句真题例句,出自 24 套真题卷,句长 10–72 词(平均 30 词),CEFR 等级构成为 C1 32 句、B2 12 句、C2 6 句。以主句为第 1 层计,这 1693 处实例最集中的位置是第 2 层(1014 处),最深嵌套到第 7 层。每句以高亮标出定语从句在原句中的位置,附中文翻译、逐句解析、出处试卷与卷面位置,并可进入单句详情页查看结构树逐层拆解。

FAQ · 考研英语定语从句

常见问题

关于考研英语真题中定语从句的出现频次、常见引导词与嵌套深度,最常被问到的问题。

考研英语真题中定语从句出现了多少次?
按懒笔记对考研英语历年真题句子的结构拆解统计,定语从句实例共 1693 处,其中数量最多的是限制性定语从句(1416 处)、非限制性定语从句(277 处)。
考研英语真题里定语从句最常见的引导词是什么?
考研英语真题定语从句实例中最常见的引导词依次是 that(626 处)、零引导(300 处)、which(299 处)、who(299 处)。懒笔记按引导词给出各子类型的分布统计与对应真题例句。
定语从句在考研英语真题句子中通常嵌套多深?
以主句为第 1 层计,考研英语真题中的定语从句位于第 1 层的有 54 处,位于第 2 层的有 1014 处,位于第 3 层的有 486 处,最深嵌套到第 7 层。层级越深,越需要先折叠外层结构再逐层展开理解。
懒笔记的考研英语定语从句例句是怎么挑选的?
懒笔记从 1693 处考研英语真题定语从句实例中,优先选取句子完整、解析完备、教学价值高的句子,按子类型分组共精选 50 句;每句都以高亮标出从句在原句中的位置,并附中文翻译、逐句解析与出处试卷。
考研英语定语从句的真题例句有多长、难度是什么水平?
懒笔记精选的这 50 句考研英语定语从句真题例句出自 24 套真题卷,句长 10–72 词,平均 30 词;CEFR 等级构成为 C1 32 句、B2 12 句、C2 6 句。最长的一句 72 词——这个长度的真题句通常主干后接两到三层修饰,先定位谓语动词找出主干、再逐层展开修饰,比从头顺读更快。
考研英语定语从句真题例句可以下载 PDF 打印版吗?
可以,免费且无需注册。考研英语定语从句真题例句精选的 50 个真题句子已排版为 A4 打印版 PDF,内容与网页版同源同数据,PDF 内的真题出处与站内链接均可点击,跳转到懒笔记对应页面。下载入口是考研英语定语从句真题例句页顶部的「句子 PDF 下载」按钮。

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