考研英语 · 引导词

考研英语真题中 which 引导的从句

which 引导定语从句,指代事物;在非限制性定语从句里还能指代前面整个句子(which 前有逗号)。它与 that 的硬性区别是真题高频考点:介词提前时只能用 which(in which / of which),非限制性从句也只能用 which。

考研英语真题里 which 引导的从句共 299 处实例,覆盖 2 类从句;本页按从句类型分节,精选 48 句真题例句(出自 24 套真题卷,句长 12–52 词)。 每节先给该类型的实例计数与所属从句族入口,再逐句给出例句:高亮从句在原句中的位置,标注它在句中的功能与嵌套层级,附中文翻译、逐句解析与出处试卷; 点句卡末尾的「本句详情」可看结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态标注、考点讲解与真题高频词。

判断要点 逗号后指物一律用 which;介词后一律用 which。判断 which 指代什么时,先看它前面最近的名词,讲不通再考虑指代前面整句。

本页精选的 48 句真题例句已由懒笔记排版为 A4 打印版 PDF,可免费下载,PDF 内的真题出处链接均可点击。

01 · which

which 引导的限制性定语从句(考研英语真题 124 处,精选 24 句)

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 32 词

There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

医学期刊中存在大量此类无稽之谈,当这些内容被广播公司和非专业媒体采用时,会引发健康恐慌和短暂的饮食热潮。

解析

这是限制性定语从句,关系词 "which" 指代先行词 "nonsense"(无稽之谈),在从句中作主语。从句结构为 "which...generates...",其中插入了一个时间状语从句 "when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press"。从句谓语是 "generates",宾语是 "both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms"。该从句对先行词 "nonsense" 进行限定性说明,阐述这类无稽之谈的具体后果。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·非限制性定语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 41 词

After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally – which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.

经过大约40分钟的购物后,大多数人不再努力进行理性选择,而是开始凭感觉购物 —— 这正是我们购物车里有50%的东西是我们原本根本没打算买的时候。

解析

"at which" 引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "the point",说明“在这个点上”我们会积累购物车里的那些东西;"which" 作介词 "at" 的宾语,构成介词前置的关系结构。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 21 词

In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it.

换句话说,我们需要审视机器能够增强人类劳动而非取代人类劳动的方式。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "the ways",关系词 which 在从句中作介词 in 的宾语(in which = whereby)。从句内部包含 "rather than" 并列结构连接两个动词短语 "augment human labor" 和 "replace it",无逗号与先行词隔开且限定了 ways 的具体内容,符合限制性定语从句特征。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C2 28 词

And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.

并且死气沉沉的市场在一定程度上反映了银行的瘫痪,这些银行因担心记录损失而不愿出售资产,但又不愿意购买所有那些所谓的便宜货。

解析

限制性定语从句修饰先行词"banks",关系代词"which"在从句中作主语。从句内部由"yet"连接两个并列谓语"will not sell"和"are reluctant to buy",形成对比结构。无逗号隔开,删去后主句"the paralysis of banks"语义不完整。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 34 词

Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.

与另外两位科学家一起,他正在发表一篇论文,该论文不仅表明人类中的某一群组比其他群组更聪明,而且解释了导致这一情况的过程。

解析

关系代词 which 引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词 a paper,which 在从句中作主语。从句使用 "not only...but (also)" 并列结构连接两个谓语 suggests 和 explains,无逗号隔开先行词故为限制性。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 21 词

Stand in the shoes of scientists and witness the degree to which breakthroughs emerge from accidents, conflict and sheer mental stamina.

站在科学家的角度,见证突破在多大程度上源于意外、冲突和纯粹的精神耐力。

解析

关系代词"which"在从句中作介词"to"的宾语(to which = to the degree),修饰先行词"the degree"。从句主干为"breakthroughs emerge from accidents, conflict and sheer mental stamina",结构完整。介词to前置,which充当介词宾语,典型的"介词+which"定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·同位语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C2 28 词

There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.

没有充分的理由说明这些文物应该超出教育目标的普通可及范围,或超出它们所遗留的各代人的灵感可及范围。

解析

关系代词 which 与介词 to 前置,修饰先行词 the generations,表示「文物被留给这些世代」。which 在从句中作介词 to 的宾语 (leave sth. to sb. 的被动形式),从句结构为 they (artifacts) were left to which (= the generations),是典型的介词前置定语从句。无逗号分隔,限定特指「被留下文物的那些世代」。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 45 词

While the FTC is doing what it can to ensure apps are keeping their promises to consumers around the handling of their sensitive health information, the rate at which these health apps are hitting the market demonstrates just how immense of a challenge this is.

虽然联邦贸易委员会正在尽其所能确保应用程序在处理消费者敏感健康信息方面遵守对消费者的承诺,但这些健康应用程序进入市场的速度表明这是一个多么巨大的挑战。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"the rate"。引导词"which"与介词"at"前置(at which = at the rate),在从句中充当介词宾语,从句主语为"these health apps",谓语为"are hitting",宾语为"the market"。该从句限定了所指的具体"rate",不可删除。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 26 词

Builders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates, says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator.

Build Aviator的马库斯·杰福德表示,那些已经对项目进行了成本核算但尚未提交文件的建筑商,可能需要重新提交新的估算。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "Builders"。关系词 "which" 在从句中作主语,从句内含并列结构 "have costed... but have not filed...",限定了建筑商的范围(已估价但未提交文件者)。无逗号隔开,删去则主句指代不明,属限制性。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 19 词

Greg Newberry: Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

格雷格·纽贝里:不遗余力照顾动物的动物园不应受到不公平的批评。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"Zoos",关系词"which"在从句中作主语(which spare…),无逗号隔开,限定"哪些动物园"——即"不遗余力照顾动物的那些动物园"。从句主干为"which spare no effort",后接不定式"to take care of animals"作目的状语。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 20 词

John Fraser: Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.

约翰·弗雷泽:马里斯歪曲了我们的研究结果,这些研究结果实际上证明了动物园是人与自然之间不可或缺的纽带。

解析

限制性定语从句,由 "which" 引导,修饰先行词 "our findings"。which 在从句中作主语,谓语为 prove,后接宾语从句 "that zoos serve as..."。该定语从句限定了 findings 的具体内容,不可省略。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 17 词

Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.

不遗余力照顾动物的动物园不应受到不公平的批评。

解析

限制性定语从句,由关系代词 "which" 引导并在从句中充当主语,修饰先行词 "Zoos",无逗号隔开。从句内部 "spare no effort to do" 结构完整,表示 "不遗余力做某事"。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C2 35 词

High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.

高增长率增加了学术创新的机会;它们也削弱了在稳定或缓慢增长时期教师和学生被接纳进入学者群体的形式和流程。

解析

"by which" 引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "the forms and processes"。"which" 在从句中作介词 "by" 的宾语(介词前置结构),从句主语是 "teachers and students",谓语是 "are admitted"(被动),完整表达"通过这些形式和流程,教师和学生被接纳进学者共同体"。无逗号隔开,属限制性定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 16 词

That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.

话虽如此,成绩宽恕有一种方式也能满足大学自身的需求。

解析

"in which" 引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "a way"。"which" 在从句中作介词 "in" 的宾语(in the way = in which)。从句主语是 "grade forgiveness",谓语是 "satisfies",宾语是 "colleges' own needs","as well" 作状语。从句内部结构完整,无省略,无逗号分隔,符合限制性定语从句特征。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 25 词

What political journalist, what party whip, would not want to know the makeup of the WhatsApp groups in which Theresa May's enemies are currently plotting?

哪个政治记者,哪个党鞭,会不想知道特蕾莎·梅的敌人目前正在其中密谋的WhatsApp群组的构成?

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "the WhatsApp groups"。关系词 "which" 前置了介词 "in",在从句中作 "plotting" 的地点状语(plot in the groups),从句主语是 "Theresa May's enemies",谓语是 "are currently plotting",从句内部结构完整。该从句无逗号分隔、与先行词紧密相连,限定了是「哪些群组」——即 Theresa May 的敌人正在其中密谋的群组。

引导词·which 引导词功能·宾语 嵌套父·其他成分 深度·第 4 层 CEFR B2 34 词

When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point.

当你第一次遇见一个人时,努力找出你和那个人的共同之处,以便你能从那个点开始构建对话。

解析

"which you and that person have in common" 紧跟先行词 "the things",限定要寻找的是双方共有的东西。关系词 "which" 在从句中作 "have" 的宾语,形成 "have which in common" 的语义关系,因此是限制性定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 嵌套父·宾语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 17 词

Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile."

罗伯特·F·肯尼迪曾说过,一个国家的国内生产总值衡量的是“除了使生活有价值的东西之外的一切”。

解析

which引导的限制性定语从句修饰先行词"that"(指示代词,指代前文排除的事物)。关系词which在从句中作主语,从句谓语为"makes",宾语为"life",宾补为"worthwhile",构成make+宾语+宾补结构。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 20 词

Sure enough, firms' investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were headquartered.

果然,公司的投资和研发强度与其总部所在地区的幸福感相关。

解析

限制性定语从句修饰先行词"the area"。"in which"等同于"where",关系词which在从句中作介词in的宾语,从句主语为they(指代firms),谓语为被动结构"were headquartered",整体说明"公司总部所在的那个地区"。介词前置是正式用法。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·限制性定语从句 深度·第 4 层 CEFR C2 39 词

You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity – inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

你会做出进一步的推断,例如,关于文本对你可能有何意义,或者关于其有效性——这些推断构成了个人回应的基础,而作者对此不可避免地要承担少得多的责任。

解析

"for which"引导限制性定语从句修饰"a personal response",介词for提前,which在从句中作介词for的宾语(be responsible for which = for the personal response)。从句主语"the author",谓语"will be",表语"less responsible",副词inevitably和far修饰。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 17 词

Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out.

很少有家庭的劳动分工被如此精确且有条理地规划出来。

解析

"in which" 引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "the household",关系代词 "which" 作介词 "in" 的宾语(= in the household)。从句内部结构完整:主语 "the division of labor",系动词 "is",表语 "laid out"(过去分词作表语),"so clinically and methodically" 修饰 "laid out"。该从句限定了 "household" 的范围,删去则主句 "Rare is the household" 意义不完整。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·限制性定语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 39 词

You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity – inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

你做出进一步的推断,例如,关于文本对你可能有何意义,或关于其有效性——这些推断构成个人回应的基础,对此作者不可避免地要承担少得多的责任。

解析

由关系代词 "which" 引导的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "a personal response"。介词 "for" 前置,which 在从句中作 "be responsible for" 的介词宾语,从句表达作者对这种个人回应的责任会小得多。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·其他成分 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C2 27 词

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.

在许多方面,道德目的的缺乏不仅构成了这种广泛的电话窃听事实,而且构成了审判进行的条件。

解析

限制性定语从句修饰先行词 "the terms"。关系代词 "which" 作介词 "on" 的宾语(介词前置结构 "on which"),从句 "the trial took place" 主谓完整但缺少地点/条件状语,由 "on which" 填补,表示 "审判在这些条件/基础上进行"。无逗号,与先行词紧密相连,删去则 "the terms" 意义不完整。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 12 词

And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually protective.

并且存在一些健康状况,对于这些健康状况而言,超重实际上具有保护作用。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "health conditions"。关系代词 "which" 与介词 "for" 前置,在从句中充当介词宾语(protective for which conditions)。从句内部 "being overweight" 是动名词短语作主语,"is" 为系动词,"actually protective" 为表语。该从句限定了 "health conditions" 的范围——指那些超重反而有保护作用的健康状况。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 16 词

My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" – creations and experiences to which others adhere.

我的定义围绕着“黏性”这一概念展开 —— 即其他人所坚持遵循的创造和体验。

解析

限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"creations and experiences"。关系代词which作介词to的宾语,介词前置(to which),从句主语"others",谓语"adhere",构成"adhere to"(依附于、坚持)的分离结构。无逗号隔开,对先行词起限定作用,指"他人所依附的那些创造和体验"。

02 · which

which 引导的非限制性定语从句(考研英语真题 175 处,精选 24 句)

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 嵌套父·其他成分 深度·第 4 层 CEFR C1 41 词

Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans' evolutionary history, but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression, which could have a "knock-on" benefit to a child's wellbeing.

Chaudhary说,现在的父母从家庭和社交网络获得的育儿支持比人类进化史的大部分时期都要少,但引入额外的照顾者可以减轻压力和母亲抑郁,这可能对孩子的幸福感产生“连锁”益处。

解析

由"which"引导的非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开。"which"指代前面整个分句"introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression"的内容,在从句中作主语。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·表语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 41 词

The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about trusting personal interactions to machines, which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of interpersonal connections, but also to a decrease in marketing personnel.

使用人工智能回应客户的主要缺点是,存在将个人互动交给机器的担忧,这不仅可能导致随后人际联系的丧失,还可能导致营销人员的减少。

解析

which 引导的非限制性定语从句,前有逗号与先行词"machines"隔开。which 在从句中作主语,指代"machines"或"trusting personal interactions to machines"这一行为。从句内部使用"not only ... but also"并列结构连接两个介词短语"to the subsequent loss ..."和"to a decrease ...",共同作 lead 的宾语。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 32 词

There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.

也有像Acquisio这样的公司,该公司分析跨多个渠道(如Adwords、Bing和社交媒体)的广告表现,并就广告资金将在何处产生最佳效果做出调整或建议。

解析

由逗号与先行词 "Acquisio" 隔开,关系词 "which" 在从句中作主语(指代 Acquisio 这家公司),从句谓语是并列的 "analyzes" 和 "makes",补充说明该公司的功能。删去后主句 "There are also companies like Acquisio" 依然完整,符合非限制性定语从句特征。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 32 词

There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.

也有像Acquisio这样的公司,该公司分析跨多个渠道(如Adwords、Bing和社交媒体)的广告表现,并就广告资金将在何处产生最佳效果做出调整或提出建议。

解析

which 引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号与先行词 "companies like Acquisio" 隔开,which 在从句中作主语。从句用 and 连接两个并列谓语 "analyzes" 和 "makes",描述公司的两项功能。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 深度·第 1 层 CEFR B2 30 词

Conversations are links, which means when you have a conversation with a new person a link gets formed and every conversation you have after that moment will strengthen the link.

对话是连接,这意味着当你与一个新的人进行对话时,一个连接就会形成,并且在那一刻之后你进行的每一次对话都会加强这个连接。

解析

which引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开,指代前面整个主句"Conversations are links"这一事实。which在从句中作means的主语,means后接两个并列的宾语从句,解释"对话是连接"的含义。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 嵌套父·非限制性定语从句 深度·第 4 层 CEFR C1 31 词

Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or less-determined students away.

学生们在他们进入大学之前学习一些关于编程的知识也会受益,在大学里,计算机科学入门课程被塞得满满的,这可能会使那些经验较少或决心不足的学生们离开。

解析

"which can drive the less-experienced or less-determined students away" 由逗号加 "which" 引导,"which" 在从句中作主语,指代前面"入门计算机课挤到爆满"这一整体情况,而非单个名词,因此是指代整句或前述事实的非限制性定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 深度·第 1 层 CEFR C2 30 词

When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political – which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.

当法院处理社会政策决策时,其所塑造的法律不可避免地具有政治性——这就是为什么沿着意识形态路线分裂的决策如此容易被视为不公正而被驳回。

解析

非限制性定语从句,由破折号引出(相当于逗号隔开),"which"指代前面整个主句"the law it shapes is inescapably political"。从句结构为"which is why + 表语从句",其中"which"作主语,"is"为系动词,"why..."引导表语从句说明原因。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·其他成分 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C2 33 词

The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

第二个,由约书亚·格林伯格提出,采用了一种更具经验主义的普遍性研究方法,识别出许多语言共有的特征(尤其是在词序方面),这些特征被认为代表了由认知限制导致的偏见。

解析

"which" 是关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "traits"。前有逗号隔开,符合非限制性定语从句标志。"which" 在从句中作主语,指代 traits,从句谓语是被动语态 "are considered to represent"。从句内部包含宾语从句结构(consider 的宾语补足语 to represent biases)和定语从句(that result from...)的嵌套。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 28 词

This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.

我们认为这一趋势仍处于初期阶段,它实际上始于零售商和旅游供应商,如航空公司和酒店,并且无疑将会进一步发展。

解析

"which we believe is still in its infancy" 修饰先行词 "This trend",并由逗号与主句隔开,补充说明这个趋势仍处在早期阶段。关系词 "which" 指代 "This trend",在从句主干 "which is still in its infancy" 中作主语;"we believe" 是插入的宾语从句(省略了that)。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 15 词

They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.

他们都在抱怨不断飙升的医疗预算,其中增长最快的部分是药品成本。

解析

"which" 指代前面的名词短语 "health budgets",出现在介词 "of" 之后,构成 "of which",在从句中作介词宾语。该从句由逗号与先行词所在主句隔开,对 "health budgets" 作补充说明,因此是非限制性定语从句;从句内部主干为 "the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs"。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 33 词

A return to that version of scientific literacy, which focused more on teaching what science is and how it works and less on memorizing scientific facts, seems like something society today desperately needs.

回归到那种科学素养的版本,即更侧重于教授科学是什么以及它如何运作,而较少侧重于记忆科学事实,这似乎是当今社会迫切需要的东西。

解析

非限制性定语从句,用逗号与先行词"that version of scientific literacy"隔开。"which"在从句中作主语,指代前面的名词短语。从句内部含两个并列的宾语从句("what science is"和"how it works")作"teaching"的宾语,以及介词短语"on memorizing scientific facts"与之对比("more on...and less on...")。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR B2 16 词

There are libraries with business and intellectual property centres, which can help business owners and entrepreneurs.

有带商业和知识产权中心的图书馆,这些图书馆可以帮助企业主和企业家。

解析

"which can help business owners and entrepreneurs" 由关系代词 "which" 引导,前面有逗号,与先行词部分隔开,补充说明这些图书馆或其中心能够帮助企业主和创业者。"which" 在从句中作主语,后接谓语 "can help",因此是非限制性定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 深度·第 1 层 CEFR C1 24 词

Different cultures have their norms and expectations regarding dress, which can influence the types of clothing people wear and the meanings attributed to them.

不同的文化有关于着装的他们的规范和期望,这会影响人们穿的服装类型和赋予它们的意义。

解析

非限制性定语从句,用逗号与主句隔开。关系代词"which"指代先行词"norms and expectations regarding dress",在从句中作主语。从句谓语"can influence",宾语为并列结构"the types of clothing people wear"和"the meanings attributed to them"。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 深度·第 1 层 CEFR C2 14 词

The result is an embarrassment of historical riches, which brings its own needle-and-haystack problems.

结果是历史财富的丰富过剩,这带来了其自身大海捞针般的问题。

解析

非限制性定语从句,用逗号与主句隔开。关系代词 "which" 指代前面整个主句内容(历史资源丰富到令人为难这一情况),在从句中作主语,后接谓语 "brings" 和宾语 "its own needle-and-haystack problems"。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 深度·第 1 层 CEFR C1 31 词

The Nagpur project has already created a risk and vulnerability map, which enabled Kotharkar to tell officials which neighborhoods to focus on in the event of a heat wave this summer.

那格浦尔项目已经创建了一张风险和脆弱性地图,这使得科塔卡尔能够告诉官员们在今年夏天热浪发生时应重点关注哪些社区。

解析

which引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开,修饰先行词"a risk and vulnerability map"。which在从句中作主语,指代前面的地图。从句内部嵌套了一个宾语从句"which neighborhoods to focus on"。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·状语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 24 词

These take-off shots are even more challenging because they require a wide-angle lens, which means he must be less than 2cm from the butterfly.

这些起飞镜头更具挑战性,因为它们需要广角镜头,这意味着他必须距离蝴蝶不到2厘米。

解析

"which"引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开,修饰名词先行词"a wide-angle lens"。"which"在从句中作主语,谓语"means"后接宾语从句"he must be less than 2cm from the butterfly"。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR B2 26 词

Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and "baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.

昆族四岁大的儿童会帮忙照顾更小的孩子,并且“婴儿背带”——即婴儿被用背带背着——被认为是常态。

解析

"in which infants are carried in slings" 由逗号与先行词 "baby-wearing" 隔开,补充说明这种做法的具体形式;"which" 指代 "baby-wearing",并作介词 "in" 的宾语,因此是非限制性定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·宾语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 30 词

Recent research from the Organization for the Review of Care and Health Applications found that 350,000 health apps were available on the market, 90,000 of which launched in 2020 alone.

来自护理与健康应用审查组织的近期研究发现,市场上有350,000个健康应用程序,其中仅在2020年就推出了90,000个。

解析

由"which"引导的非限制性定语从句,用逗号与先行词"350,000 health apps"隔开。"of which"中which作介词of的宾语,指代前面的health apps,"90,000 of which"相当于"90,000 of the 350,000 health apps"。从句说明其中9万个应用在2020年推出。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 4 层 CEFR B2 48 词

Ed Home, of the RHS, said: "We launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic. We recommend using real grass because of its environmental benefits, which include supporting wildlife, alleviating flooding and cooling the environment."

英国皇家园艺学会的埃德·霍姆说:“我们去年启动了我们的可持续发展战略,而人造草皮完全不符合我们关于塑料的理念和观点。我们推荐使用真草皮,因为它具有环境效益,包括支持野生动物、缓解洪水和冷却环境。”

解析

非限制性定语从句,用逗号与先行词 "environmental benefits" 隔开,关系代词 "which" 在从句中作主语,指代 benefits。从句内部用三个并列的动名词短语(supporting / alleviating / cooling)作宾语,列举环境益处的具体内容。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 指代对象·名词先行词 深度·第 1 层 CEFR C1 27 词

In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you're more likely to be able to find a solution when a problem arises.

事实上,创造性解决问题的技能在日常生活中非常有用,有了这些技能,当问题出现时,你更有可能找到解决方案。

解析

"with which" 引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开,修饰先行词 "creative problem-solving skills"。关系代词 "which" 作介词 "with" 的宾语(= with the skills),在从句中表示"借助这些技能"。从句主干是 "you're more likely to be able to find a solution",内嵌时间状语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·介词宾语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·宾语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 52 词

Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance.

当然,我需要承认,我的“微笑的维多利亚人”藏品只占1840年至1900年间创作的大量摄影肖像作品目录的极小百分比,其中大多数展示的是被拍摄者在彩绘背景前痛苦而僵硬地摆姿势,或者茫然地凝视着远方。

解析

非限制性定语从句,由逗号隔开,"of which" 中 "which" 指代先行词 "the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture","of which" 整体在从句中作 "the majority" 的介词宾语结构。从句主干为 "the majority show sitters posing... or staring...",主语 "the majority of which",谓语 "show",宾语 "sitters",后接现在分词短语 "posing..." 和 "staring..." 作宾语补足语。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·名词先行词 嵌套父·主句 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 25 词

The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies.

这些法案与加利福尼亚州最近通过的一项措施相似,该州去年成为首个要求私营公司实行性别配额的州。

解析

该从句由关系代词 "which" 引导,前有逗号,与先行词 "California" 隔开,补充说明加州去年成为第一个要求私营公司实行性别配额的州。"which" 在从句中作主语,对应谓语 "became",因此是非限制性定语从句。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 嵌套父·其他成分 深度·第 2 层 CEFR C1 34 词

But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.

但它已经引发了重大争议,美国贸易代表已对该税收是否歧视美国公司展开调查,这反过来可能导致对法国的贸易制裁。

解析

"which" 引导非限制性定语从句,前有逗号隔开。"which" 指代整个独立主格结构所描述的事件(美国贸易代表开展调查这件事),在从句中作主语。"in turn"(进而)为插入语,"could lead to" 为谓语,"trade sanctions against France" 为宾语。从句位置在独立主格结构末尾,修饰的是整个事件而非某个名词,符合 "which" 指代整句的用法。

引导词·which 引导词功能·主语 指代对象·整句 嵌套父·状语从句 深度·第 3 层 CEFR C1 16 词

Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them.

如果争论是打架,卡内基会是对的,这就是我们经常如何看待它们的方式。

解析

该从句由逗号加关系词 "which" 引导,"which" 在从句中作主语,后接系动词 "is"。它不是限定某个名词,而是补充说明前面的整个判断 "arguments were fights",即“这就是我们常常看待它们的方式”。

OVERVIEW · 收录数据

考研英语which 引导从句收录数据

真题实例
299 处
考研英语历年真题全量标注
从句类型
2 类
逐类分布与例句
精选例句
48 句
按从句类型分组精选
出处试卷
24 套
历年真题卷

考研英语真题中 which 引导的从句的从句类型分布

  • which 引导的限制性定语从句 124
  • which 引导的非限制性定语从句 175

考研英语真题中 which 引导的从句共标注出 299 处实例,覆盖 2 类从句:which 引导的限制性定语从句 124 处、which 引导的非限制性定语从句 175 处。本页从中精选 48 句真题例句,出自 24 套真题卷,句长 12–52 词(平均 28 词),CEFR 等级构成为 C1 35 句、C2 8 句、B2 5 句。每句以高亮标出从句在原句中的位置,标注它在句中的功能与嵌套层级,附中文翻译、逐句解析、出处试卷与卷面位置,并可进入单句详情页查看结构树逐层拆解。

FAQ · 考研英语 · which

常见问题

关于 which 引导的从句在考研英语真题中的类型分布与判断方法,最常被问到的问题。

which 在考研英语真题里引导什么从句?出现了多少次?
按懒笔记对考研英语历年真题句子的结构拆解统计,which 引导的从句实例共 299 处:which 引导的非限制性定语从句 175 处、which 引导的限制性定语从句 124 处。
怎么判断 which 引导的是什么从句?
逗号后指物一律用 which;介词后一律用 which。判断 which 指代什么时,先看它前面最近的名词,讲不通再考虑指代前面整句。
懒笔记的考研英语 which 真题例句是怎么挑选的?
懒笔记从 299 处考研英语真题实例中,优先选取句子完整、解析完备、综合推荐度高的句子,按从句类型分组共精选 48 句;每句以高亮标出从句位置,附中文翻译、结构解析与出处试卷内链。
考研英语 which 引导从句的真题例句有多长、难度是什么水平?
懒笔记精选的这 48 句考研英语 which 引导从句真题例句出自 24 套真题卷,句长 12–52 词,平均 28 词;CEFR 等级构成为 C1 35 句、C2 8 句、B2 5 句。最长的一句 52 词——这个长度的真题句通常主干后接两到三层修饰,先定位谓语动词找出主干、再逐层展开修饰,比从头顺读更快。
考研英语真题中 which 引导的从句可以下载 PDF 打印版吗?
可以,免费且无需注册。考研英语真题中 which 引导的从句精选的 48 个真题句子已排版为 A4 打印版 PDF,内容与网页版同源同数据,PDF 内的真题出处与站内链接均可点击,跳转到懒笔记对应页面。下载入口是考研英语真题中 which 引导的从句页顶部的「句子 PDF 下载」按钮。

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