where 作关系副词引导定语从句，先行词是地点类名词（place / country / situation），在从句内充当地点状语，相当于 in/at which。抽象"地点"（case / point / situation）也能用 where，是真题的进阶考法。
考研英语真题里 where 引导的从句共 77 处实例，覆盖 2 类从句；本页按从句类型分节，精选 48 句真题例句（出自 28 套真题卷，句长 8–61 词）。 每节先给该类型的实例计数与所属从句族入口，再逐句给出例句：高亮从句在原句中的位置，标注它在句中的功能与嵌套层级，附中文翻译、逐句解析与出处试卷； 点句卡末尾的「本句详情」可看结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态标注、考点讲解与真题高频词。
判断要点 先行词是地点且从句成分齐全（不缺主宾）用 where；从句缺主语或宾语则必须用 which / that——"成分缺不缺"是 where 与 which 的分水岭。
本页精选的 48 句真题例句已由懒笔记排版为 A4 打印版 PDF，可免费下载，PDF 内的真题出处链接均可点击。
But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.
但是，很少有地方像美国一样，让客户有更多的理由去投诉。
关系副词 "where" 引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词 "places"，在从句中充当地点状语。从句内部 "clients have more grounds for complaint than America" 整体为完整结构，其中包含比较从句 "than America"（省略了与前文相同的谓语成分 "have grounds for complaint"）。无逗号隔开，对先行词起限定作用，符合限制性定语从句特征。
Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: "I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first."
光辉国际高级合伙人丹尼斯·凯里说：“我想不出有哪一次招聘，董事会没有指示我首先考虑在任首席执行官。”
"where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first" 修饰先行词 "search"，这里 "where" 表示“在这种 search/招聘项目中”，在从句中作抽象地点或情境状语。该从句限制说明 Carey 想不起哪一次项目中董事会没有要求先看现任 CEO。
When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operations is established where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.
当工作完成得好时，一种无事故操作的氛围就会建立起来，在这种氛围中，因受伤而损失的时间被保持在最低限度。
"where time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum" 跟在先行词 "a climate" 之后，无逗号隔开，关系副词 "where" 在从句中作状语。此从句对 "climate" 进行限定说明，删去后主句虽语法完整但信息残缺（无法得知 climate 的具体特征），因此是限制性定语从句。where 修饰抽象名词表"在这种情境/氛围中"是限制性定语从句的常见用法。
"The American Medical Association advises physicians that 'in situations where clear evidence of substantial driving impairment implies a strong threat to patient and public safety, and where the physician's advice to discontinue driving privileges is ignored, it is desirable and ethical to notify the Department of Motor Vehicles,'" Menke wrote.
"美国医学协会建议医生，'在存在实质性驾驶障碍的明确证据表明对患者和公共安全构成严重威胁的情况下，以及当医生关于停止驾驶特权的建议被忽视时，通知机动车管理部门是可取且符合伦理的，'"门克写道。
where 引导限制性定语从句，与前一个 where 从句并列，共同修饰 situations。从句为被动语态 advice is ignored。
An infant born to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers—this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.
一个出生在狩猎采集社会的婴儿可能有十多个照顾者——这与英国托儿所的环境形成鲜明对比，在英国托儿所，规定要求2到3岁儿童的照顾者与儿童比例为1比4。
这是限制性定语从句,由关系副词 "where" 引导,修饰先行词 "the UK"。"where" 在从句中作地点状语,相当于 "in which"。从句主语 "regulations",谓语 "call for",宾语 "a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three"。无逗号隔开,是限制性修饰。
"Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them," says Quinn.
"有研究表明，大鼠会进行多种形式的互惠帮助与合作，包括被称为直接互惠的行为，即一只大鼠会帮助另一只之前帮助过它们的大鼠。"奎因说。
"where" 引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "direct reciprocity"(抽象名词表示情境/情况)。"where" 在从句内作地点/情境状语(= in which situation)。从句内部包含 "that has previously helped them" 定语从句修饰 "another rat"。
The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state.
法院推翻的那些案件称，如果一家企业将客户的购买物运往该企业没有实体存在（如仓库或办公室）的州，那么该企业不必为该州征收销售税。
修饰先行词"a state"，由关系副词"where"引导，表示"在该州企业没有实体存在(如仓库或办公室)"，限定了是哪种类型的州。
"We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there."
"我们只是处于一种没有好的理论来解释意识实际上是什么以及你如何能够建造一台机器来实现这一点的情况中。"
"where"引导限制性定语从句修饰先行词"situation","where"在从句中作地点状语(= in which situation)。从句主干是"there are no good theories","explaining"引导的现在分词短语作"theories"的后置定语。
He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school where learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical.
他是新罕布什尔州一所高中的教师，在这所高中，学习不是书本、考试和机械记忆之类的事情，而是实践性的。
限制性定语从句，由关系副词"where"引导，修饰先行词"a New Hampshire high school"，where在从句中作地点状语。从句内部是"not...but..."结构，表示对比："learning is not something of books and tests and mechanical memorization, but practical"，说明该校学习的性质。从句与先行词紧密相连，无逗号隔开，且限定了具体是哪种高中，符合限制性定语从句特征。
Resting in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.
坐落于太平洋中，冒纳凯阿火山的山峰高耸于地球浓密大气层的大部分之上，在那里的条件使望远镜能够获得具有无与伦比清晰度的图像。
由关系副词 "where" 引导的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "atmosphere"(大气层)。原句在 atmosphere 后没有逗号直接引出 where 从句,因此是限制性定语从句而非非限制性。where 在从句中作地点状语,表示 "在那里(大气层之上)"。从句主干是 "conditions allow telescopes to obtain images",conditions 作主语,allow 作谓语,后接复合宾语结构 "telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity"。该从句限定说明了特定的大气层位置——即具备优越观测条件的那部分。
"But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."
"但是，当市场变化、世界变化时，我们正在做的某些事情没有意义，这时我们就会遇到那样的问题。在这种情况下，更积极进取比不那么积极进取更好。"
限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "questions"。关系副词 where 在从句中作地点/情境状语(= in which situations),引导词不可省略。从句主干为 "we have things",内部又嵌套定语从句 "we're doing" 和 "that don't make sense"。
The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn't exist or was not discernible as such.
无家可归者的花园，实际上就是无家可归的花园，将形式引入到一种要么不存在形式要么形式不被如此察觉的城市环境中。
限制性定语从句,由关系副词"where"引导,修饰先行词"an urban environment",无逗号隔开。"where"在从句中充当地点状语,相当于"in which"。从句包含并列结构"it either didn't exist or was not discernible as such",主语"it"指代"form",两个谓语"didn't exist"和"was not discernible"由"either...or"连接。该从句限定了"urban environment"的特征,不可删去。
We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever.
我们需要他们将美国想象成一个他们可以暂时有所作为而不必承诺永远停留的地方。
限制性定语从句,关系副词"where"引导,修饰先行词"a place",在从句中充当地点状语(= in which)。从句结构为"they can be productive... without committing...",无逗号隔开,对先行词起限定作用,说明"美国是一个什么样的地方"。
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive.
席卷新闻编辑室的旋风伤害了所有人，但大部分损害集中在报纸最缺乏特色的领域。
限制性定语从句修饰先行词 "areas",关系副词 "where" 在从句中作地点状语(= in which areas),从句主语 "newspapers"、系动词 "are"、表语 "least distinctive" 构成完整主系表结构。
A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."
卫生部发言人说：“我们需要为公共卫生创造一个新愿景，即全社会共同努力以变得健康并活得更久。这包括与企业达成一项新的‘责任协议’，该协议基于社会责任而非国家监管。今年晚些时候，我们将发布一份白皮书，详细阐述我们将如何实现这一目标。”
该从句由关系副词 "where" 引导，修饰前面的 "public health" 或更宽泛的 "a new vision for public health"，表示在这种公共健康愿景/领域中，整个社会共同协作。"where" 在从句中作抽象地点状语，从句主干是 "all of society works together"。
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted.
学校仍然是一个智力受到怀疑的地方。
关系副词 where 引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 place。where 在从句中作地点状语(= in which place),从句主干为 "intellect is mistrusted"(被动语态)。无逗号隔开,删去则主句 "学校仍是一个地方" 意义残缺,故为限制性。
Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
此外，在像我们这样大的国家，且其经济分布在如此多的州并涉及如此多的国际公司的情况下，这不可能培养出每种专业所需的数量。
限制性定语从句,由where引导,与"as large as ours"通过and并列修饰先行词a country。where在从句中作地点状语,从句主语为the economy,并列谓语is spread和involves。虽然前有and,但无逗号隔开,因此是限制性而非非限制性定语从句。
As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.
随着人身伤害索赔像以前一样继续，一些法院开始支持被告，尤其是在警告标签可能不会改变任何事情的情况下。
这是修饰先行词"cases"的限制性定语从句,关系副词"where"在从句中作地点状语(= in which cases),表示"在这些案件中"。从句内部使用虚拟语气"wouldn't have changed"表示与过去事实相反的假设。从句限定了"cases"的范围——特指那些警示标签也改变不了结果的案件。
I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment.
我参加过一些研究会议，在这些会议上，一位科学家被问及他对继续进行某项实验的可取性的看法。
关系副词"where"引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词"research conferences"。"where"在从句中作地点状语，表示"在这些会议上"。从句主干为"a scientist has been asked"（被动语态），后接宾语从句"what he thinks about..."。无逗号隔开，对先行词起限定作用。
For instance, as convenient and provocative, AI enables virtual try-on experiences where you can virtually test makeup, hairstyles, clothing, and even cosmetic procedures before making any physical changes.
例如，作为方便且有启发性的技术，人工智能实现了虚拟试穿体验，在这种体验中你可以在进行任何实际改变之前，虚拟测试化妆品、发型、服装，甚至美容程序。
where 引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "virtual try-on experiences"。where 在从句中作地点状语,从句主语 you、谓语 can test、宾语为并列名词 makeup, hairstyles, clothing, and cosmetic procedures。无逗号隔开,且限定了 experiences 的具体内容,删去则句意不完整。before making any physical changes 为从句内的时间状语。
Recent decades have seen science move into a convention where engagement in the subject can only be done through institutions such as a university.
近几十年来，科学已经进入一种惯例，即只有通过诸如大学这样的机构才能参与这一学科。
"where" 引导定语从句修饰先行词 "convention",在从句中作地点状语。此处 "where" 表示 "在这种惯例下/在这种情况中",从句说明在这种惯例中会发生什么(参与只能通过机构完成)。从句成分完整但 "where" 在其中充当状语成分,体现了关系副词在定语从句中的典型用法。无逗号隔开,属限制性修饰。
We can offer them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them, but teeming with aquatic life.
我们可以为他们提供一次前往多切斯特县黑水国家野生动物保护区的参观，在那里白头海雕飞越潮汐沼泽，这些沼泽非常浅以至于你无法划船穿过，但却充满了水生生物。
where 引导的限制性定语从句修饰先行词 "Dorchester County"(或整个地点短语 "Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County")。where 在从句中作地点状语(= in which place)。从句主干是 "bald eagles fly over tidal marshes"，marshes 后跟有 "so…that…" 结果状语从句和并列的分词短语 "teeming with aquatic life" 修饰。从句无逗号与先行词隔开，为限制性定语。
These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers.
这些期刊可以充当摇钱树，其中每一期中的每一篇文章都可能引用一篇特定的论文或一系列论文。
此为限制性定语从句，由关系副词 "where" 引导，修饰先行词 "journals"（而非 "milk cows"）。"where" 在从句中作地点状语，表示 "在这些期刊中"。从句主干为 "every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers"，无逗号与主句隔开，属限制性修饰，具体说明这些期刊中的文章引用行为特点。
We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.
我们知道我们正进入一个时期，在这个时期里，需求中的工作岗位将迅速变化，而剩余工作岗位的要求也将随之变化。
关系副词"where"引导,修饰先行词"a period",表示在这个时期里发生的情况。"where"在从句中作地点状语(抽象地点),从句结构完整无缺口,符合限制性定语从句特征,且无逗号隔开。
If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get through the Senate – where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare, bare minimum necessary to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive reform.
如果该法案在众议院获得通过，这项措施仍必须在参议院获得通过——在那里必然会有人指出，这仅仅相当于维持邮政服务运转所必需的最低最低限度，而非全面改革。
非限制性定语从句,由where引导,修饰先行词the Senate,用破折号与主句隔开。where在从句中作地点状语(在参议院中)。从句内部含有宾语从句"that it amounts to..."作point out的宾语。
Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or less-determined students away.
学生们在他们进入大学之前学习一些关于编程的知识也会受益，在大学里，计算机科学入门课程被塞得满满的，这可能会使那些经验较少或决心不足的学生们离开。
"where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim" 用逗号与先行词 "college" 隔开，"where" 指在大学里，并在从句中作地点状语，补充说明大学里的入门计算机课情况，因此是非限制性定语从句。
Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time.
引文卡特尔，即期刊、作者和机构合谋抬高引文数量的行为，已经存在很长时间了。
由关系副词"where"引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"Citation cartels"。前有逗号隔开,是补充说明性质。"where"在从句中作地点状语(抽象地点),从句主语是并列结构"journals, authors, and institutions",谓语是"conspire to inflate",宾语是"citation numbers"。
By the time that Shakespeare was twenty-five, Lyly, Peele, and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetry and genius to triumph on the common stage – where they had played no part since the death of Euripides.
到莎士比亚二十五岁时，李利、皮尔和格林已经创作了既受欢迎又具有文学性的喜剧；基德已经写了一部让剧院正厅挤满观众的悲剧；而马洛则将诗歌和天赋带到了普通舞台上取得胜利——自欧里庇得斯去世后，诗歌和天赋在普通舞台上就没有发挥过作用。
非限制性定语从句,由破折号(相当于逗号)与先行词"the common stage"隔开,关系副词"where"在从句中作地点状语。从句内部主语"they"(指代"poetry and genius"),谓语"had played",宾语"no part",时间状语"since the death of Euripides",结构完整。
Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles.
因此，脸书是自我提升者的天堂，在这里人们只能分享最讨人喜欢的照片，他们的智慧、风格、美貌、才智和生活方式的精华。
非限制性定语从句，用逗号与先行词"paradise"分隔，关系副词"where"在从句中作地点状语(= in which)，修饰并补充说明"paradise"的具体情形。从句主语"people"，情态动词"can share"，宾语为并列结构"only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles"。
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles.
改革一直受到强烈反对，或许最臭名昭著的是在教育领域，其中特许学校、学院和绩效工资都面临着旷日持久的斗争。
关系副词"where"引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"education"。从句主语为并列结构"charter schools, academies and merit pay"(特许学校、学院和绩效工资),谓语"faced"接宾语"drawn-out battles"(持久战)。"where"在从句中充当地点状语(= in education),整个从句对"education"领域的反对情况进行补充说明,用逗号与主句隔开,删去后主句仍完整。此为非限制性定语从句而非限制性的标志:有逗号分隔且"where"不可替换为"that"。
There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.
存在所谓的‘大交易’，即机构订阅者通过站点许可协议支付费用以获取一系列在线期刊标题的访问权限。
这是一个非限制性定语从句,用逗号与先行词 "the so-called big deal" 分隔。关系副词 "where" 在此引导从句并在从句中充当地点状语(抽象地点,指 "在这种大协议模式中"),修饰先行词 "big deal"。从句内部包含完整的主谓宾结构:"institutional subscribers"(主语)+ "pay"(谓语)+ "for access to..."(宾语)+ "through..."(方式状语)。该从句对主句中的 "big deal" 进行详细解释说明。
Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.
存在其他模型，它们是这三种的混合体，例如延迟开放获取，即期刊在前六个月仅允许订阅者阅读一篇论文，然后才向所有希望查看它的人免费提供。
非限制性定语从句，由关系副词 "where" 引导，修饰先行词 "delayed open-access"（指这种模式的运作环境），用逗号与先行词隔开。"where" 在从句中作地点状语，从句主语为 "journals"，谓语为 "allow"，宾语为 "only subscribers"，不定式 "to read a paper" 作宾语补足语，"for the first six months" 为时间状语，"before making..." 为时间状语成分。
"Distinguishing yourself in one focused type of extracurricular activity can be a positive in the admissions process, especially for highly selective institutions, where having top grades and test scores is not enough," Katie Kelley, admissions counselor at IvyWise admissions consultancy, wrote in an email.
"在某一专注类型的课外活动中脱颖而出，在录取过程中可能是一个加分项，尤其是对于竞争激烈的院校来说，仅有顶尖的成绩和考试分数是不够的，" IvyWise升学咨询公司的招生顾问Katie Kelley在一封电子邮件中写道。
该从句由关系副词 "where" 引导，回指名词短语 "highly selective institutions"，在从句中作地点或情境状语，相当于 "at which institutions"。它通过逗号与先行词隔开，只补充说明这些院校中的录取情形，故属于非限制性定语从句。
In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market.
在新罕布什尔州，那里的出租空置率已降至1%以下，住房倡导者担心不受监管的短期租赁将给本已紧张的市场带来进一步压力。
关系副词 "where" 引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "New Hampshire",用逗号隔开。where 在从句中作地点状语(= in which),说明在新罕布什尔州租房空置率已降至 1% 以下。从句为现在完成时,表示已发生的状态。
Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to "roach motel", where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.
布里格努尔识别出12种常见的黑暗模式，范围从误导和隐藏成本到“蟑螂汽车旅馆”，其中用户体验在开始时似乎简单直观，但当用户试图退出时变得困难。
关系副词 where 引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 "roach motel"(前有逗号隔开),where 在从句中作地点状语。从句内部主语为 "a user experience",包含由 but 连接的并列谓语 "seems easy and intuitive" 和 "turns difficult",后者嵌套一个 when 时间状语从句。
Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt" phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
爱丽丝·李在《新共和》杂志撰文指出，在没有增加合格女性担任此类董事会成员的人才储备的情况下，增加董事会成员的机会数量导致了“金裙子”现象，即相同的精英女性在各种董事会中占据多个席位。
由关系副词 "where" 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 "phenomenon"，用逗号隔开。"where" 在从句中作地点状语（抽象地点，指 "在这一现象中"），从句主语 "the same elite women"，谓语 "scoop up"，宾语 "multiple seats"。
But that message did not play well with many in Iowa, where wind turbines dot the fields and provide 36 percent of the state's electricity generation – and where tech giants like Microsoft are being attracted by the availability of clean energy to power their data centers.
但该信息在爱荷华州的许多人中反响不佳，在该州，风力涡轮机遍布田野，并提供该州36%的发电量——而且像微软这样的科技巨头正被清洁能源的可获得性所吸引，以给他们的数据中心供电。
第二个非限制性定语从句，用破折号与前一从句并列（共同修饰Iowa）。关系副词"where"同样作地点状语。从句使用现在进行时被动语态"are being attracted"，"by the availability…"表原因，"to power their data centers"为不定式作目的状语。
The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors decorated the office of the Secretary.
海军部于1879年迁入东翼，在那里，精致的墙壁和天花板彩绘以及镶嵌地板装饰了部长的办公室。
由关系副词"where"引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"the east wing",用逗号与主句隔开。where在从句中作地点状语(= in which),从句主语为并列结构"elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetry floors",谓语为"decorated",宾语为"the office of the Secretary"。
In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
在林业生态更先进的欧洲，非商业树种被视为原生森林群落的成员，在合理范围内应被如此保护。
关系副词"where"引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"Europe",用逗号与先行词隔开。"where"在从句中充当地点状语,说明"forestry is ecologically more advanced"(林业在生态学上更先进)这一状态所处的地点。从句补充说明欧洲林业的生态先进性,为主句观点提供背景信息。
Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories.
最后，存在开放获取档案库，在这些档案库中，诸如大学或国际实验室之类的组织支持机构知识库。
该从句由关系副词 "where" 引导,修饰先行词 "open-access archives",在从句中 "where" 充当地点状语(= in which archives)。逗号隔开表明这是非限制性定语从句,对 "open-access archives" 作补充说明。从句内部为完整主谓宾结构:"organizations" 作主语,"support" 作谓语,"institutional repositories" 作宾语,"such as universities or international laboratories" 为插入的同位语成分举例说明 organizations。
The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults.
这个想法是基于对社区的研究，例如博茨瓦纳的昆族，在那里每个孩子都由许多成年人照顾。
由关系副词 "where" 引导，前有逗号隔开，修饰先行词 "communities"（复数名词），补充说明这些社区（如博茨瓦纳的昆族）的共同特征——每个孩子由多位成人照顾。"where" 在从句中充当地点状语（= in which communities），从句内部为被动语态 "is cared for"。删去此从句后主句仍完整，符合非限制性定语从句特征。
While hunter-gatherer children learnt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups, researchers said that western "instructive teaching", where pupils are asked to sit still, may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
虽然狩猎采集社会的儿童在混合年龄的游戏群体中通过观察和模仿学习，但研究人员表示，西方的“指导性教学”——即要求学生静坐——可能会导致诸如注意缺陷多动障碍等病症。
该从句由关系副词"where"引导,修饰先行词"western 'instructive teaching'",用逗号隔开表示非限制性修饰,补充说明这种教学方式的特点。"where"在从句中作地点状语(抽象地点),从句主干为"pupils are asked to sit still"。
Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities.
库珀和她的同事们认为，赫尔市皇冠项目的成功——该项目带来了2.2亿英镑的投资和大量的艺术活动——不应该局限于城市。
where 引导的非限制性定语从句,用逗号与先行词 "Hull" 隔开。where 在从句中作地点状语,表示 "在赫尔这个地方"。从句补充说明赫尔的具体成就:带来 2.2 亿英镑投资和大量艺术项目。删去后主句仍完整,属补充性质。
But some of it remains in the brain, where it influences mood, behavior and physiology.
但是它的一部分留在大脑中，在那里它影响情绪、行为和生理机能。
由关系副词"where"引导,修饰先行词"the brain",用逗号与主句隔开,属非限制性定语从句。"where"在从句中作地点状语(= in which = in the brain),从句主语"it",谓语"influences",宾语为并列结构"mood, behavior and physiology"。从句补充说明大脑中发生的作用,删去后主句"some of it remains in the brain"仍完整。
Tipping has always been a vital source of income for workers in historically tipped services, like restaurants, where the tipped minimum wage can be as low as US$2.13 an hour.
小费一直是历史上有小费服务行业的工人的重要收入来源，如餐馆，在这些地方，小费最低工资源可以低至每小时2.13美元。
该从句由关系副词where引导，修饰先行词restaurants，用逗号隔开表明为非限制性定语从句。where在从句中作地点状语，从句内部结构为"主语the tipped minimum wage + 情态动词can be + 表语as low as US$2.13 an hour"，补充说明餐厅中的最低工资情况。
Even dairy farms, where robots do a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they're automated.
即使是机器人只承担一小部分挤奶工作的奶牛场，在实现自动化之前还有很长的路要走。
关系副词"where"引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词"dairy farms"。前有逗号隔开是非限制性的明显标志。"where"在从句中作地点状语(= in which = in dairy farms),从句主干为"robots do a small share of milking",结构完整。
The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman."
这个家庭日益加剧的贫困迫使狄更斯在12岁时辍学，到沃伦鞋油厂（一家鞋油工厂）工作，在那里其他童工嘲笑他为“小绅士”。
where引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Warren's Blacking Warehouse(工厂),与先行词由逗号隔开。where在从句中作地点状语(= in which = in the warehouse),从句主干为"the other working boys mocked him as 'the young gentleman'",补充说明狄更斯在工厂被其他工友嘲笑的情景。
The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that have become popular for adults looking for a career change.
熨斗学校，一个人们付费学习编程的地方，最初是众多编程训练营之一，这些训练营已受到寻求职业转变的成年人的欢迎。
非限制性定语从句,用逗号与先行词"The Flatiron School"隔开,关系副词"where"在从句中作地点状语(= at which),指代学校这个地点。从句主干为"people pay to learn programming"(人们付费学习编程),对先行词作补充说明而非限定。删去后主句"The Flatiron School started as..."仍完整。
考研英语真题中 where 引导的从句共标注出 77 处实例，覆盖 2 类从句：where 引导的限制性定语从句 52 处、where 引导的非限制性定语从句 25 处。本页从中精选 48 句真题例句，出自 28 套真题卷，句长 8–61 词（平均 30 词），CEFR 等级构成为 C1 41 句、B2 4 句、C2 3 句。每句以高亮标出从句在原句中的位置，标注它在句中的功能与嵌套层级，附中文翻译、逐句解析、出处试卷与卷面位置，并可进入单句详情页查看结构树逐层拆解。
关于 where 引导的从句在考研英语真题中的类型分布与判断方法，最常被问到的问题。
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