懒笔记
2026年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section C (1) Do children feel moral disgust?
CET-4 · 来自 2026年6月英语四级真题第3套 · Part III Section C (1) · 阅读理解（四选一）

Do children feel moral disgust?

2026年6月英语四级真题第3套文章逐层精读

本文节选自 The British Academy 网站上的一篇题为 "Do children feel moral disgust?" 的文章。

本页是 2026年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section C (1) 文章的精读视角页——这篇说明文全文 351 词、8 段，CEFR 难度 B2（B2 级在英语四级文章中占 46%），作者立场为「客观中立」；英文原文之外，本篇已有的 11 项精读维度逐项展开，其中能迁移到其他英语四级真题文章的判断方法（篇章结构、修辞、言外之意、作者态度、体裁速判）随各维度一并讲透。

精读最佳实践

本页解析里的段号（P1）都可以点——点一下，原文在顶部翻开并定位到该段，解析引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文，你还停在刚才读到的位置。点 P1 试试。

PASSAGE · 文章原文

8 段英文原文

以下为2026年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section C (1) 的阅读理解（四选一）原文，共 8 段。左侧 P1–P8 是段落编号——本页全部解析（结构、逐段、修辞、自检题）都以它为坐标回指原文，点击解析里的段号，原文即在顶部翻开并定位到该段、引用的原文同步标亮；合上原文仍停在当前阅读位置。原文保持卷面形态，不带翻译与标注。

Do children feel moral disgust?

Disgust is a universal human emotion. One type of disgust is called physical disgust, which protects us from eating or touching things that could be dangerous for us, such as raw meat or insects. Children experience physical disgust from a very early age, but do not achieve an understanding of the concept until they are around four years old.

Some researchers maintain that there is another type of disgust, called moral disgust, that protects us from engaging in activities that can be perceived as morally wrong. Examples of moral disgust are stealing, lying or cheating.

However, not all academics think that moral disgust really exists. Some say that when we refer to disgust in relation to moral issues, we are using disgust as a metaphor(隐喻), and what we are feeling is in reality anger.

If moral disgust appears quite late in development, it makes sense to think that there is actually a social component to it. Children learn about emotions in many different ways. Of special relevance are parents-children conversations about emotions. Indeed, children whose parents talk about emotions often have a better emotional understanding than children whose parents do not discuss emotions often.

However, there are no studies that have examined how parents and children talk about disgust. This is what we set up to examine in our study.

We asked 68 English-speaking mothers and their four-, six- or eight-year-old children to discuss some stories about moral and physical disgust. Our preliminary findings show mothers and children do talk about disgust, but mainly about physical disgust and not so much about moral disgust.

When we asked mothers and children to discuss moral issues, such as whether it is OK to play with a child who has stolen someone else's snack, they linked this type of moral wrongdoing with the emotion of anger and not disgust.

Does this mean that moral disgust does not exist? Some researchers suggest moral disgust exists in adults. Our findings suggest that moral disgust is either understood at a later age or is only used metaphorically, if at all, in children as old as eight years.

PARAGRAPHS · 逐段精读

8 段逐段主旨与解读

逐段拆解2026年6月英语四级真题第3套 的这篇原文——每段给出英文段落主旨、段落标题与中文解读，并提炼一条「这段为什么这样读」的具体方法。

  1. P1

    The Nature and Development of Physical Disgust

    Physical disgust is a universal protective emotion that children experience early but understand conceptually around age four.

    本段先介绍 physical disgust 这一已知概念，为后文引出 another type of disgust，即 moral disgust，提供对照基础。文章后面讨论 moral disgust 是否存在，因此本段的价值是建立 comparison standard 和背景知识。

    定义、功能、发展三层合并
  2. P2

    The Proposed Idea of Moral Disgust

    Some researchers argue that moral disgust is a protective emotion against morally wrong behavior.

    本段正式引入 moral disgust，推动文章从已知的 physical disgust 转向争议性概念。它为下一段的 opposing view 做好铺垫，使全文形成 claim and counterclaim 的论证结构。

    研究者提出道德厌恶假说
  3. P3

    The Challenge to Moral Disgust

    Some academics argue that moral disgust is only a metaphor for anger rather than a genuine emotion.

    本段把文章从概念介绍推进到 central debate，即 moral disgust 究竟是否真实存在。它还提前引出后文需要验证的问题：儿童在 moral contexts 中表达的究竟是 disgust 还是 anger。

    把厌恶解释为愤怒隐喻
  4. P4

    Social Influences and Emotional Development

    The possible late development of moral disgust suggests a social component, with parent-child conversations being especially relevant to children's emotional understanding.

    本段把理论争议转化为可研究的问题：如果 moral disgust 含有 social component，那么 parents and children 如何谈论 disgust 就值得考察。它因此承担了从 background theory 过渡到 research question 的桥梁作用，但尚未证明亲子对话会直接造成 moral disgust 的发展。

    由晚发展联想到亲子情绪对话
  5. P5

    The Research Gap and Study Purpose

    The study addresses a research gap concerning how parents and children talk about disgust.

    本段是全文的 research pivot，把前文关于 moral disgust 的争论转化为具体研究任务。没有这一段，后面的 participants、findings 和 conclusion 就缺少清晰的研究动机。

    指出厌恶对话研究空白
  6. P6

    Study Design and Preliminary Findings

    A study of mothers and children found that they discussed physical disgust far more than moral disgust.

    本段提供了文章的 first empirical finding，说明儿童与母亲确实会谈论 disgust，但主要谈 physical disgust。这个 result 初步削弱了 moral disgust 在儿童早期情绪交流中的重要性，并为下一段的 anger finding 做准备。

    比较两类厌恶的讨论频率
  7. P7

    Moral Wrongdoing Is Linked to Anger

    When discussing moral wrongdoing, mothers and children associated it with anger rather than disgust.

    本段给出最直接的 evidence，回应了前文提出的 moral disgust 研究问题。它支持第三段的 alternative explanation，即儿童可能把道德反感理解为 anger，而不是一种独立的 moral disgust。

    道德错误触发愤怒而非厌恶
  8. P8

    A Cautious Conclusion About Moral Disgust

    The findings suggest that moral disgust may develop later or function metaphorically in children up to age eight, while its existence in adults remains possible.

    本段回到全文 central debate，并用 cautious interpretation 收束研究结果。它与文章主旨相呼应：儿童主要谈论 physical disgust，并把 moral wrongdoing 与 anger 联系起来，但 moral disgust 是否存在仍需结合后续发展和 adult research 进一步判断。

    儿童结论保留两种可能
SELF CHECK · 段落自检题

8 道逐段细节自检题

针对2026年6月英语四级真题第3套这篇原文，每段配 1 道细节题（ 1 个正确项 + 5 个干扰项 ，由懒笔记精读引擎基于本段命制，非试卷原题）。 选项默认中性；点「显示答案与解析」展开正确项、解析与最快解法，现代浏览器会同步高亮正确选项。

  1. 第 1 段 定位词 physical disgust children

    What do children experience regarding physical disgust?

    • A They do not experience physical disgust until they are four years old.
    • B They understand the concept of physical disgust from birth.
    • C They experience it from a very early age but do not understand the concept until around four years old.
    • D They mainly show physical disgust toward moral wrongdoing.
    • E They only experience physical disgust when they see insects.
    • F They understand physical disgust before they can eat raw meat safely.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    该选项与段落 exact 对应，说明文细节题正确项常对原文进行 paraphrase。这里保留了 from a very early age 和 around four years old 两个时间点，并将 experience 和 understanding 分开，增加了对比障碍，考生须准确区分两个动作的时间差别。

    双时间点锁定 时间紧张时，先扫题干找最独特名词 physical disgust，快速定位到来源段落 第1段，再寻找题干中 experience 和 understand 的区分；直接看选项哪个同时包含 very early age 和 around four years old，而不是 only 或 until，可快速判定正确项。

  2. 第 2 段 定位词 moral disgust some researchers

    According to some researchers, what is the function of moral disgust?

    • A It protects us from eating or touching raw meat.
    • B It helps children understand physical disgust.
    • C It stops us from feeling anger about cheating.
    • D It protects us from engaging in activities that can be perceived as morally wrong.
    • E It only exists in children over four years old.
    • F It causes people to steal, lie, or cheat.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    原文 protecting us from engaging in activities that can be perceived as morally wrong 几乎原样出现，说明文功能题正确项常直接改写 definition，保留 protects from engaging 和 morally wrong 核心结构，障碍在于 formal expression。

    观点功能直抄 时间紧，抓 moral disgust 首现处，直接找 maintain that 后面的 protecting us from engaging in activities that can be perceived as morally wrong，选项里保留 engaging in activities 和 morally wrong 的即是正确项，优先选含 morally wrong 且不是 eating or touching 的选项。来源段落为 第2段。

  3. 第 3 段 定位词 some academics moral disgust

    What do some academics believe about moral disgust?

    • A They believe moral disgust is the same as physical disgust.
    • B They think moral disgust protects children from danger.
    • C They believe children are born with moral disgust.
    • D They claim anger is caused by physical disgust.
    • E They think it may not really exist and that the feeling is actually anger.
    • F They maintain that stealing is an example of physical disgust.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：E

    原文 Some say that when we refer to disgust in relation to moral issues, we are using disgust as a metaphor, and what we are feeling is in reality anger。正确项将 using disgust as a metaphor 简化为 may not really exist，并保留 actually anger，考查同义转述。

    否存在+in reality 时间紧，扫题干 some academics 定位到 however 后面的 not all academics... 快速找 in reality anger，正确项含 anger 和否定 exist；排除含 physical 或 children 的选项。来源段落为 第3段。

  4. 第 4 段 定位词 parents talk about emotions children whose parents

    What is indicated about children whose parents often talk about emotions?

    • A They never experience physical disgust.
    • B They learn emotions only through formal education.
    • C They have a worse emotional understanding than other children.
    • D They talk about moral disgust much more than physical disgust.
    • E They achieve understanding of disgust at around age four.
    • F They often have a better emotional understanding than children whose parents do not discuss emotions often.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：F

    原文 Indeed, children whose parents talk about emotions often have a better emotional understanding than children whose parents do not discuss emotions often。正确项几乎原样，考查比较结构 better...than...的理解。

    比较结构直选 时间紧，抓 parents talk about emotions 定位，直接找 better emotional understanding 的比较句，正确项保留 better...than... 结构；排除反向 worse 和无关 physical disgust 的选项。来源段落为 第4段。

  5. 第 5 段 定位词 talk about disgust parents and children

    What did the researchers set out to examine in their study?

    • A How parents and children talk about disgust.
    • B Whether moral disgust exists in adults.
    • C How children experience physical disgust.
    • D Why parents talk to children about moral issues.
    • E The difference between anger and disgust.
    • F How many mothers and children discuss physical disgust.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：A

    原文 This is what we set up to examine 中 this 指代前一句 no studies have examined how parents and children talk about disgust。正确项对应 examine 的对象，考查指代关系。

    指代前句找This 时间紧，抓 set out to examine 和 however 后的 no studies have examined，直接看 this 指代的内容：how parents and children talk about disgust，正确项含 how 和 parents and children talk about disgust；排除 whether、why、how many 等疑问词错误项。来源段落为 第5段。

  6. 第 6 段 定位词 preliminary findings mothers and children

    What did the preliminary findings show about mothers and children?

    • A They never talk about moral disgust.
    • B They do talk about disgust, but mainly about physical disgust and not so much about moral disgust.
    • C They talk about moral disgust more than physical disgust.
    • D They refuse to discuss stories about raw meat.
    • E They only talk about disgust with their fathers.
    • F They discuss physical disgust less often as children grow older.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：B

    原文 Our preliminary findings show mothers and children do talk about disgust, but mainly about physical disgust and not so much about moral disgust。正确项保留 do talk、mainly、not so much 等程度词，体现说明文结果题的精确度。

    程度词排除 时间紧，抓 preliminary findings 直接定位到原文 show 后，选项找同时含 do talk、mainly physical、not so much moral 的正确项；排除 never、more than、only 等极端词。来源段落为 第6段。

  7. 第 7 段 定位词 moral wrongdoing mothers and children

    How did mothers and children link the moral wrongdoing in the discussion?

    • A They linked it with the emotion of disgust and not anger.
    • B They linked it with physical disgust.
    • C They linked it with the emotion of anger and not disgust.
    • D They did not express any emotion about it.
    • E They believed it was acceptable to steal someone else's snack.
    • F They linked it with fear of being punished.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：C

    原文 they linked this type of moral wrongdoing with the emotion of anger and not disgust。正确项几乎原样，考查对 linked with... and not... 结构的理解。

    情感对应抓not 时间紧，抓 moral wrongdoing 定位，直接看 linked with the emotion of anger and not disgust；正确项含 anger 和 not disgust，排除调换项和 physical disgust 项。来源段落为 第7段。

  8. 第 8 段 定位词 findings suggest moral disgust

    What do the authors' findings suggest about moral disgust in children?

    • A It does not exist in adults or children.
    • B It is exactly the same as physical disgust in children.
    • C It is fully developed by age eight in most children.
    • D It is either understood at a later age or only used metaphorically, if at all, in children as old as eight years.
    • E It is mainly expressed as anger in eight-year-old children.
    • F It appears earlier than physical disgust in children.
    显示答案与解析 收起答案与解析

    正确答案：D

    原文 Our findings suggest that moral disgust is either understood at a later age or is only used metaphorically, if at all, in children as old as eight years。正确项保留了 either...or、if at all 和 as old as eight 的限定，体现结论的不确定性。

    either...or限定 时间紧，扫 findings suggest 定位到末段结论句，正确项含 either...or 和 if at all；排除过于绝对或比较的选项，如 fully developed、does not exist in adults 等。来源段落为 第8段。

STRUCTURE · 篇章结构

4 个意群的说明文骨架

按说明文 的行文骨架切分意群，每个意群标注它覆盖的段落与对主旨的作用——逐段读完后回到这里俯瞰全篇，能看清作者为什么按这个顺序行文。

  1. P1

    身体性厌恶的定义与发展

    作者先介绍普遍存在的厌恶情绪，并定义physical disgust的含义及其保护功能。随后，文章补充说明儿童很早就会体验这种情绪，但要到四岁左右才理解其概念。

    作为说明文的背景铺垫，本意群先明确disgust的基本类型，为后文讨论moral disgust提供概念参照。通过对physical disgust的说明，文章建立了比较标准，使读者能够理解研究究竟是在比较哪两类情绪。

    界定physical disgust并说明儿童的早期认知发展
  2. P2 P3

    道德性厌恶的提出与争议

    作者提出some researchers所主张的moral disgust，认为它能够阻止人们参与道德上错误的行为。紧接着，作者用however引出反方观点，指出部分学者认为道德厌恶并不存在，所谓厌恶其实是anger的隐喻表达。

    本意群是全文的problem statement，直接建立文章要解释的争论焦点。说明文常通过definition加contrast呈现不同理论，本段先给出支持观点，再给出质疑观点，为后文研究提供理论动因。

    呈现道德厌恶存在与否的学术争论
  3. P4 P5

    社会化解释与研究空白

    作者进一步推理，如果moral disgust出现得较晚，那么它可能包含social component。随后，文章说明父母与孩子讨论情绪有助于儿童形成emotional understanding，并指出目前还没有研究考察亲子如何谈论disgust，因而提出本研究的具体目的。

    本意群把前面的abstract debate转化为可检验的developmental question，即儿童如何在社会互动中理解道德厌恶。作为说明文的research rationale部分，它先提供理论推断，再介绍相关背景，最后用research gap自然引出实证研究。

    说明亲子情绪交流的相关性并提出研究缺口
  4. P6 P7 P8

    研究设计、发现与结论

    作者介绍study design：邀请68位英语母亲与四岁、六岁或八岁的孩子讨论有关moral and physical disgust的故事。研究初步发现，亲子主要谈论physical disgust；在道德问题上，他们更多把wrongdoing与anger联系起来，而不是disgust。最后，作者谨慎指出，moral disgust可能在更晚年龄才被理解，或者在儿童阶段只是metaphorical use。

    本意群完成说明文的evidence-and-conclusion部分，用研究对象、任务和初步结果回应前文提出的争议。结尾没有绝对否定moral disgust，而是使用either...or和suggest等谨慎表达，体现学术说明文的qualified conclusion。

    报告亲子讨论结果及儿童对道德错误的情绪归类
MAIN IDEA · 速判主旨

4 步定位这篇文章的主旨

不读完全篇也能锁定主旨——以下 4 步按2026年6月英语四级真题第3套 这篇原文的实际行文顺序给出，每步说明看哪里、看出什么，可直接迁移到其他英语四级文章。

  1. 抓开篇转折锁定学术争议 P1 P2 P3

    说明文常以 general background 开头，而转折词则标志着观点碰撞与 central focus 的转移。识别这种 academic conflict，能帮助你在第一时间锁定全篇讨论的 core issue。

  2. 查研究空白明确实验目的 P4 P5

    说明文中如果出现研究计划或实验设计，作者明确声明的 research purpose 往往就是支撑文章 main idea 的核心轴线。理解这一动机能够防止在阅读复杂 background 时偏离 main target。

  3. 提炼实验发现与最终结论 P6 P7 P8

    说明文的结论部分 concluding paragraphs 是判定 main idea 最直接的实证依据。研究者给出的 study results 和观点总结，共同回答了前文提出的 research question。

  4. 三段式全篇主旨逻辑合成 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    综述步骤是全篇阅读的 final synthesis，能有效避免因片面关注某一段落而产生局部偏差 local bias。只有把所有 logical components 整合起来，才能得出准确的 overall summary。

主旨信号词 However P3 set up to examine P5 preliminary findings show P6 findings suggest P8

MAIN IDEA · 主旨

这篇文章在说什么

文章介绍了道德厌恶是否存在的争议，并报告了一项研究：母亲和孩子主要讨论身体厌恶，而八岁及以下儿童会将道德过错与愤怒联系起来，而不是与厌恶联系起来。
The article explains the debate over whether moral disgust exists and reports a study showing that mothers and children mainly discuss physical disgust, while children up to age eight associate moral wrongdoing with anger rather than disgust.
WORD INFERENCE · 生词推断

3 个生词的上下文推断

不查词典，只用文中线索推出词义——每个词给出推断出的释义与 完整推理链。已收录进英语四级高频真题词集的单词可点击进入词条页。

  • wrongdoing 坏事，不道德行为，违法行为

    结合 compound word 的字面含义与 第7段 中 stolen snack 的具体 example，我们可以 clear 确认该词指的是违反道德规范的 bad conduct。

    合成词拆解与例证复核法
  • preliminary 初步的，预备的

    通过 prefix pre- 蕴含的 time order，结合 study 刚刚展开的 research background，可以推导出 findings 属于尚未最终定案的 initial conclusions。

    前缀方向定位与时间线校验法
  • maintain 坚持认为，主张

    对比 第2段 中 researchers 的 view 和 第3段 中 academics 的 think 表达，可以判定 maintain 在此 context 中并非表达维持，而是表示 hold the view 或 state。

    学术观点动词与跨段对比法
RHETORIC · 修辞手法

6 处修辞手法与仿写

每处修辞给出它在本文的具体用法、同类信号词清单与一份可直接套用的 写作仿写建议——读完能认，也能写。

  • 下定义

    P1 P2

    作者在 第1段 与 第2段 中针对 physical disgust 和 moral disgust 进行了标准的 definition，明确阐述了它们各自所发挥的 protective function。这种准确的 clarity 帮助 readers 建立起对两个核心 concepts 的基本认知，为后文展开学术 debate 奠定了坚实的 logical foundation。

    信号词 is called is defined as refers to known as means

    仿写： 在你撰写 expository essay 时，如果遇到容易造成理解歧义的 abstract term，不妨思考如何用一句 concise words 归纳其本质。建议使用结构严谨的 sentence pattern 来界定概念。仿写 Template: [Term] is called [Category], which [Key Function or Mechanism].

  • 分类别

    P1 P2

    作者在 第1段 和 第2段 中将看似复杂的 disgust 划分为 physical disgust 与 moral disgust 两个 distinct categories。这种清晰的 classification 帮助 readers 将庞大的研究 topic 拆解为结构化小模块，极大降低了逻辑理解上的 cognitive load。

    信号词 One type of another type of classified into categorized as divided into

    仿写： 当你需要展开复杂话题的 analysis 时，可以先问自己：这个整体现象可以被切分为哪几个互补的 types？不妨利用表达分类的 transition words 建立框架。仿写 Template: There are different types of [Subject], one is [Type A]... while another is [Type B].

  • 举例子

    P1 P2 P7

    作者在 第1段、第2段 以及 第7段 中分别列举了 raw meat, insects, stealing, lying 以及 detailed scenario (playing with a thief child) 作为具体 examples。这些充满画面的 concrete details 让原本抽象的 psychological theories 变得非常生动且接地气，增强了论证的 convincing power。

    信号词 such as examples of for example for instance such as whether

    仿写： 在给出抽象结论后，试着引导自己思考：有没有日常生活中的 real-life case 可以印证这个观点？善用例证连接词能让表达更加流畅。仿写 Template: When we consider [Abstract Concept], typical examples include [Concrete Item A, B, or C].

  • 引资料

    P2 P3 P8

    作者在 第2段、第3段 与 第8段 中多次引用 Some researchers, academics 以及 current study 的观点与 findings。通过引入多方学术 perspectives 的对立与碰撞，客观呈现了关于 moral disgust 的激烈 debate，极大地提升了文章的 objective quality 和科学性。

    信号词 Some researchers maintain academics think Some say findings suggest studies show

    仿写： 在表达学术观点时，不要只使用单薄的自述，尝试问自己：学术界对此有哪些不同的 scholars' views？可以通过客观的 reporting verbs 来引入外部文献。仿写 Template: Some researchers maintain that [View A], while other academics suggest that [View B].

  • 作比较

    P4 P6

    作者在 第4段 与 第6段 中，将有情绪交流家庭与无情绪交流家庭的 children 进行了对比，同时在实验中把讨论 physical disgust 与 moral disgust 的频率进行了 comparison。这种对比突出了 social interaction 对 emotional understanding 的重要影响，直接支撑了研究的 core finding。

    信号词 better... than compared with rather than mainly about... and not so much about in contrast to

    仿写： 当你想要凸显某种特质或实验效果时，可以思考：是否有可以形成鲜明对照的 control group？善用比较级和对比连接词能使逻辑链条更强。仿写 Template: Subject A showed a much higher [Trait/Frequency] than Subject B, which were mainly focused on [Aspect X] rather than [Aspect Y].

  • 列数字

    P1 P6 P8

    作者在 第6段 中列出了 68 English-speaking mothers 以及 four-, six- or eight-year-old children 这组精确的 sample numbers。这些具体的 numeric details 为研究结果提供了真实可信的 empirical data 支撑，让实验结论更具 persuasive power。

    信号词 68 four- six- eight-year-old around four years old

    仿写： 在说明实验过程或调查结果时，问问自己：是否有具体的 sample size 或 age brackets 可以提供支持？引入精确数字能让你的写作更具 academic rigor。仿写 Template: We surveyed [Number] participants aged [Age Range] to investigate their reactions to [Subject].

IMPLIED MEANING · 言外之意

8 处话里有话

作者没有明说、但靠信号词传递出来的态度与暗示——每处给出原文片段、信号词类型与解读。

  • 概念理解的延时性与认知门槛

    P1
    do not achieve an understanding of the concept until they are around four years old.

    时间限定与对比类 do not... until only when not before until

    作者通过 `do not... until` 明确指出了儿童对 physical disgust 的理解存在 four years old 这一 age limit。这隐喻了即便是最 basic 的身体厌恶概念，也需要一定的 cognitive maturity，从而为后文对比更复杂的 moral disgust 的 late development 埋下了伏笔。

  • 学术观点非共识的委婉预警

    P2
    Some researchers maintain that there is another type of disgust, called moral disgust

    观点归属与模糊限制类 Some researchers maintain Some scholars argue It is claimed that Some assert that

    作者选用 `Some researchers maintain` 而非直接断言，暗示了 moral disgust 的存在并非科学界的 solid consensus，而仅是一种待定 hypotheses。这一表达自然地引导 readers 保持批判思考，为 第3段 中 counter-argument 的登场搭建了 logical bridge。

  • 现象背后的本质重构与隐喻属性

    P3
    we are using disgust as a metaphor(隐喻), and what we are feeling is in reality anger.

    转折与本质揭示类 in reality actually in fact used as a metaphor rather than

    作者借助 `in reality` 揭示了学术界的核心争议：所谓道德厌恶在本质上可能只是声称的 verbal metaphor，其真正的 emotional root 是 anger。这一言外之意否定了道德厌恶作为独立情绪的存在，明确了本篇说明文要探讨的核心 academic issue。

  • 社会化因素介入的逻辑推演

    P4
    If moral disgust appears quite late in development, it makes sense to think that there is actually a social component to it.

    逻辑推论与合理性假设类 it makes sense to think it stands to reason that it is logical that presumably

    作者使用 `it makes sense to think` 说明如果道德厌恶出现较晚，那么推测其包含 social component 是完全合乎逻辑的。这一推论顺理成章地将研究焦点引向 parents-children conversations，为后续的 empirical research 提供了充足的理论依据。

  • 学术空白的破局与研究必要性

    P5
    However, there are no studies that have examined how parents and children talk about disgust.

    知识空白与研究动机类 there are no studies that little research has examined remains unexplored has not yet been studied

    句中的 `there are no studies that` 明确表达了前人研究的遗漏，言外之意是目前该领域的 knowledge coverage 并不完善。作者以此突出自己团队研究的 pioneer status，解释了开展实验的直观目的和学术价值。

  • 现象存在与主次分布的让步限定

    P6
    show mothers and children do talk about disgust, but mainly about physical disgust and not so much about moral disgust.

    强调与主次对比类 do talk... but mainly... and not so much do... but mainly... indeed... however... not so much... as... primarily... rather than...

    作者用 `do talk` 承认母子间确实会谈论厌恶，但迅速用 `mainly... not so much...` 进行限制。其言外之意是道德厌恶在日常 parent-child interaction 中占比极低，初步实验结果并不支持道德厌恶是一种常态化传递的情感概念。

  • 情绪归因的排他性澄清

    P7
    they linked this type of moral wrongdoing with the emotion of anger and not disgust.

    替代与排他对比类 linked... with... and not linked with... and not... associated with A rather than B attributed to A instead of B

    实验结果表明受试者将 moral wrongdoing 归因于 anger 而非 disgust，言外之意是用真实测试数据直接证实了 第3段 中的观点：在儿童阶段，面对道德过错时产生的真正情感情绪是愤怒，而非道德厌恶。

  • 严谨结论的范围限定与条件约束

    P8
    Our findings suggest that moral disgust is either understood at a later age or is only used metaphorically, if at all, in children as old as eight years.

    委婉限制与条件限定类 either... or... if at all either... or... if at all suggest that only used metaphorically tentatively

    作者通过 `either... or... if at all` 表达了极度谨慎的结论：对于8岁及以下的儿童而言，道德厌恶要么尚未发育完全，要么充其量仅作为 metaphor 使用。这一言外之意完美总结了全文，呼应了文章探讨道德厌恶存在性与隐喻性的中心主旨。

AUTHOR ATTITUDE · 作者态度

作者态度：客观中立

结论先行：本文作者态度为客观中立（ Objective and cautious）。下面是按步骤还原的判断过程与文中的态度信号词。

  1. 识别开篇定义与客观背景引入 P1 P2

    文章在 introductory paragraphs 中通过 objective definition 引出 concept，没有出现强烈的 emotional words，表明 author 保持客观中立。

  2. 梳理学术争议与第三方观点 P3 P4

    作者在 第3段 引用 some say 和 metaphor 解释分歧，仅客观呈现 scholars' different views，依然没有表达 subjective stance。

  3. 分析实证研究与实验结果呈现 P5 P6 P7

    作者使用 our study 和 preliminary findings 描述实验，说明作者在用 empirical evidence 说话，态度十分 rigorous and neutral。

  4. 归纳尾段避讳表达与客观综述 P8

    作者在 conclusion 部分使用 suggest 和 hedging expressions，展现出 standard scientific caution 与 neutral stance。

文中的态度信号词

  • maintain P2

    该词用于引出 some researchers 的 objective opinion，表明作者在描述 target phenomenon 时保持一定的 psychological distance。

    同类词 argue claim contend assert hold

  • preliminary findings P6

    用 preliminary 来修饰 findings，说明作者十分 cautious，不盲目下绝对结论，凸显了 empirical and objective attitude。

    同类词 tentative results initial evidence pilot data early observations

  • suggest P8

    作者在 final conclusion 中使用 suggest 而非 absolute claims，体现了极其 typical 的 academic hedging and objective stance。

    同类词 indicate imply propose point out hint

  • metaphorically P8

    作者借助 metaphorically 对实验现象进行 objective explanation，合理限定条件，符合 scientific exposition 的严谨性。

    同类词 metaphor figuratively analogously symbolically

GENRE · 速判体裁

30 秒判定这是一篇说明文

体裁决定读法与出题套路。以下判断步骤与标志词全部以本文为例，可直接迁移到其他英语四级 真题文章。

如何快速判断这是一篇说明文？

  1. 首段客观定义切入 P1

    说明文在 opening paragraph 往往直接给出 concept definition（如 physical disgust），语气中立客观，完全不同于 argumentative essay 带有强烈主观立场的 thesis statement，也不同于 news report 包含 5W1H 要素的导语。

  2. 主体学术研究展开 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

    主体段落列举了 researchers 和 academics 的不同观点，并详细描述了 68 English-speaking mothers 的实验过程与 preliminary findings。这种用 scientific research 和数据事实来阐释 underlying mechanism 的方式，属于典型的说明文拓展，而不是议论文的 persuasive argument 或新闻的 time-sensitive event 报道。

  3. 尾段慎重学术总结 P8

    结尾段使用了 suggest 和 either...or... 等客观中立的 cautious expressions 总结研究启示，并没有出现议论文常见的 passionate call to action，也没有新闻报道的 latest updates 追踪。

  4. 全篇说明文特征综述 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

    全文通过 concept definition 引入话题，借由 empirical research 提供例证，最终以 objective logic 达成结论。整篇文章缺乏议论文的 passionate rhetoric 和新闻报道的 inverted pyramid structure，确认为典型的 expository essay。

哪些词暴露了说明文体裁？

  • is called P1 说明对象定义与概念释义词 is defined as refers to is known as is a type of
  • such as P1 举例说明与分类例证词 Examples of for instance for example to illustrate
  • Some researchers maintain that P2 学术研究与观点客观引述词 academics studies have examined researchers suggest scholars argue
  • Our preliminary findings show P6 实验发现与研究结果说明词 our preliminary findings show our study set up to examine our findings suggest the results indicate
SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

16 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

FAQ · 常见问题

关于 Do children feel moral disgust? 的常见问题

2026年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section C (1) 文章 Do children feel moral disgust? 的原文出自哪里？
2026年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section C (1) 文章 Do children feel moral disgust? 节选自 The British Academy 网站上的一篇题为 "Do children feel moral disgust?" 的文章。
2026年6月英语四级真题第3套文章 Do children feel moral disgust? 的主旨是什么？
2026年6月英语四级真题第3套 Part III Section C (1) 文章 Do children feel moral disgust? 介绍了道德厌恶是否存在的争议，并报告了一项研究：母亲和孩子主要讨论身体厌恶，而八岁及以下儿童会将道德过错与愤怒联系起来，而不是与厌恶联系起来。（英文表述：The article explains the debate over whether moral disgust exists and reports a study showing that mothers and children mainly discuss physical disgust, while children up to age eight associate moral wrongdoing with anger rather than disgust.）
Do children feel moral disgust?（2026年6月英语四级真题第3套文章）是什么体裁？难度如何？
体裁为说明文，作者立场是客观中立（Objective and cautious）。CEFR 难度 B2，全文 351 词、8 段；在英语四级全部 511 篇真题文章中，B2 级共 234 篇（占 46%）。
2026年6月英语四级真题第3套文章 Do children feel moral disgust? 的篇章结构是怎样的？
全文 8 段按说明文骨架分为 4 个意群：第1段——身体性厌恶的定义与发展；第2段、第3段——道德性厌恶的提出与争议；第4段、第5段——社会化解释与研究空白；第6段、第7段、第8段——研究设计、发现与结论。
Do children feel moral disgust? 一文的作者态度是什么？
作者态度是客观中立（Objective and cautious）。判断路径：识别开篇定义与客观背景引入 → 梳理学术争议与第三方观点 → 分析实证研究与实验结果呈现 → 归纳尾段避讳表达与客观综述；文中的态度信号词包括 maintain（第2段）、preliminary findings（第6段）、suggest（第8段）、metaphorically（第8段）。
2026年6月英语四级真题第3套文章 Do children feel moral disgust? 中有哪些值得积累的生词？
按文中出现顺序共 3 个：wrongdoing（坏事，不道德行为，违法行为）、preliminary（初步的，预备的）、maintain（坚持认为，主张），每个词的词义都可以由文中上下文线索推断得出。

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