EXAM · 来自 英语四级长篇阅读(信息匹配) · 2020 年 12 月 · 第 1 套 · 第 1 篇(36–45 题)

2020年12月·第1套 英语四级长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 · 36–45 题答案与解析

本页是 2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 的真题与解析页 —— 与试卷排版同一卷面:Directions 与 11 段共 1008 词的字母标号长文(逐段附中文翻译),之后 10 句陈述(36–45,定位锚点强 10 句、弱 0 句,答案共命中 9 个段落)逐句排列,每句英文陈述后紧接本句解析(陈述句中译 / 信息所在段落 / 锚点强弱 / 定位句中英对照 / 陈述句与原文的同义改写 / 易混相邻段辨析),另附逐段主旨图。

STATEMENTS & ANALYSIS · 信息匹配题和解析

信息匹配题和解析 · 36–45 题

本页 36–45 题的段落匹配答案与逐句解析由懒笔记基于2020年12月·第1套 英语四级长篇阅读(信息匹配)原卷逐题核对整理。与试卷排版同一卷面:先是 Directions 与 11 段字母标号长文(逐段附中文翻译);之后 10 句陈述逐句排列,每句英文陈述后紧接本句解析——陈述句中译、信息所在段落、锚点强弱、定位句中英对照、陈述句与原文的同义改写对照与易混相邻段辨析。

真题卷第1套(2020-12) • 四级
Part III Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
The Place Where the Poor Once Thrived
A)
This is the land of opportunity. If that weren't already implied by the landscape—rolling green hills, palm trees, sun-kissed flowers—then it's evident in the many stories of people who grew up poor in these sleepy neighborhoods and rose to enormous success. People like Tri Tran, who fled Vietnam on a boat in 1986, showed up in San Jose with nothing, made it to MIT, and then founded the food-delivery start-up Munchery, which is valued at $300 million.

这里是充满机遇的土地。如果这一点还不能从景观中得到暗示——起伏的绿色山丘、棕榈树、阳光亲吻的花朵——那么从许多人的故事中就能清楚地看出,他们在这些宁静的社区中贫困长大,却取得了巨大的成功。比如Tri Tran,1986年乘船逃离越南,身无分文地来到圣何塞,后来进入MIT,然后创办了食品配送初创公司Munchery,该公司估值达3亿美元。

B)
Indeed, data suggests that this is one of the best places to grow up poor in America. A child born in the early 1980s into a low-income family in San Jose had a 12.9 percent chance of becoming a high earner as an adult, according to a landmark study released in 2014 by the economist Raj Chetty and his colleagues from Harvard and Berkeley. That number—12.9 percent—may not seem remarkable, but it was: Kids in San Jose whose families fell in the bottom quintile(五分位数) of income nationally had the best shot in the country at reaching the top quintile.

事实上,数据表明这里是美国穷人孩子成长的最佳地区之一。根据经济学家Raj Chetty及其来自哈佛和伯克利的同事们在2014年发布的一项里程碑式研究,20世纪80年代初出生在圣何塞低收入家庭的孩子,成年后成为高收入者的概率为12.9%。这个数字——12.9%——也许看起来并不显著,但实际上很显著:在圣何塞,家庭收入处于全国最低五分之一的孩子,拥有全国最高的机会进入最高五分之一收入阶层。

C)
By contrast, just 4.4 percent of poor kids in Charlotte moved up to the top; in Detroit the figure was 5.5 percent. San Jose had social mobility comparable to Denmark's and Canada's and higher than other progressive cities such as Boston and Minneapolis.

相比之下,夏洛特只有4.4%的贫困孩子向上流动到顶层;底特律这一数字为5.5%。圣何塞的社会流动性可与丹麦和加拿大相媲美,高于波士顿和明尼阿波利斯等其他进步城市。

D)
The reasons kids in San Jose performed so well might seem obvious. Some of the world's most innovative companies are located here, providing opportunities such as the one seized by a 12-year-old Mountain View resident named Steve Jobs when he called William Hewlett to ask for spare parts and subsequently received a summer job. This is a city of immigrants—38 percent of the city's population today is foreign-born—and immigrants and their children have historically experienced significant upward mobility in America. The city has long had a large foreign-born population (26.5 percent in 1990), leading to broader diversity, which, the Harvard and Berkeley economists say, is a good predictor of mobility.

圣何塞的孩子们表现如此出色的原因似乎显而易见。世界上一些最具创新性的公司坐落于此,提供了各种机会,例如一位名叫Steve Jobs的12岁Mountain View居民所抓住的机会,他给William Hewlett打电话要零件,随后获得了一份暑期工作。这是一座移民城市——如今该市38%的人口出生在国外——移民及其子女在美国历史上经历了显著的向上流动。该市长期以来拥有大量外国出生人口(1990年为26.5%),带来了更广泛的多样性,哈佛和伯克利的经济学家们表示,这是流动性的良好预测指标。

E)
Indeed, the streets of San Jose seem, in some ways, to embody the best of America. It's possible to drive in a matter of minutes from sleek(光亮的) office towers near the airport where people pitch ideas to investors, to single-family homes with orange trees in their yards, or to a Vietnamese mall. The libraries here offer programs in 17 languages, and there are areas filled with small businesses owned by Vietnamese immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Korean immigrants, and Filipino immigrants, to name a few.

事实上,圣何塞的街道在某些方面似乎体现了美国最好的一面。在几分钟内就可以从机场附近人们向投资者推销创意的光亮办公大楼,开车到院子里种着橙树的独栋住宅,或是到越南购物中心。这里的图书馆提供17种语言的项目,有些区域遍布越南移民、墨西哥移民、韩国移民和菲律宾移民等拥有的小企业。

F)
But researchers aren't sure exactly why poor kids in San Jose did so well. The city has a low prevalence of children growing up in single-parent families, and a low level of concentrated poverty, both factors that usually mean a city allows for good intergenerational mobility. But San Jose also performs poorly on some of the measures correlated with good mobility. It is one of the most unequal places out of the 741 that the researchers measured, and it has high degrees of racial and economic segregation(隔离). Its schools underperform based on how much money there is in the area, said Ben Scuderi, a predoctoral fellow at the Equality of Opportunity Project at Harvard, which uses big data to study how to improve economic opportunities for low-income children. "There's a lot going on here which we don't totally understand," he said. "It's interesting, because it kind of defies our expectations."

但研究人员并不确切知道为什么圣何塞的贫困孩子表现如此出色。该市在单亲家庭中成长的儿童比例较低,集中贫困程度也较低,这两个因素通常意味着一个城市允许良好的代际流动。但圣何塞在一些与良好流动性相关的指标上表现不佳。在研究人员测量的741个地方中,它是最不平等的地方之一,并且存在高度的种族和经济隔离。哈佛大学机会平等项目的博士前研究员Ben Scuderi表示,根据该地区的资金状况,其学校表现不佳,该项目利用大数据研究如何改善低收入儿童的经济机会。他说:"这里发生了很多我们并不完全理解的事情。这很有趣,因为它有点违背我们的预期。"

G)
The Chetty data shows that neighborhoods and places mattered for children born in the San Jose area of the 1980s. Whether the city still allows for upward mobility of poor kids today, though, is up for debate. Some of the indicators such as income inequality, measured by the Equality of Opportunity Project for the year 2000, have only worsened in the past 16 years.

Chetty的数据显示,对于20世纪80年代出生在圣何塞地区的儿童来说,社区和地方很重要。然而,该市今天是否仍然允许贫困儿童向上流动,尚有争议。机会平等项目为2000年测量的一些指标,如收入不平等,在过去16年中只是恶化了。

H)
Some San Jose residents say that as inequality has grown in recent years, upward mobility has become much more difficult to achieve. As Silicon Valley has become home to more successful companies, the flood of people to the area has caused housing prices to skyrocket. By most measures, San Jose is no longer a place where low-income, or even middle-income families, can afford to live. Rents in San Jose grew 42.6 percent between 2006 and 2014, which was the largest increase in the country during that time period. The city has a growing homelessness problem, which it tried to address by shutting down "The Jungle," one of the largest homeless encampments(临时住地) in the nation, in 2014. Inequality is extreme. The Human Development Index—a measure of life expectancy, education and per capita(人均的) income—gives East San Jose a score of 4.85 out of 10, while nearby Cupertino, where Apple's headquarters sits, receives a 9.26. San Jose used to have a happy mix of factors—cheap housing, closeness to a rapidly developing industry, tightly-knit immigrant communities—that together opened up the possibility of prosperity for even its poorest residents. But in recent years, housing prices have skyrocketed, the region's rich and poor have segregated, and middle-class jobs have disappeared. Given this, the future for the region's poor doesn't look nearly as bright as it once did.

一些圣何塞居民表示,随着近年来不平等的加剧,向上流动已变得更加难以实现。随着硅谷成为更多成功公司的所在地,涌入该地区的人潮导致房价飙升。从大多数标准来看,圣何塞不再是低收入甚至中等收入家庭负担得起的地方。2006年至2014年间,圣何塞的租金增长了42.6%,是该时期全国最大的增幅。该市的无家可归问题日益严重,为此在2014年关闭了全国最大的无家可归者临时住地之一"丛林"。不平等现象极为严重。人类发展指数——衡量预期寿命、教育和人均收入的指标——给东圣何塞打分为4.85分(满分10分),而附近的Cupertino(苹果公司总部所在地)得分为9.26分。圣何塞曾经拥有令人愉快的因素组合——廉价住房、靠近快速发展的产业、紧密团结的移民社区——这些因素共同为即使是最贫困的居民打开了繁荣的可能性。但近年来,房价飙升,该地区的富人和穷人出现隔离,中产阶级工作岗位消失。鉴于此,该地区贫困人口的未来看起来远不如从前光明。

I)
Leaders in San Jose are determined to make sure that the city regains its status as a place where even poor kids can access the resources to succeed. With Silicon Valley in its backyard, it certainly has the chance to do so. "I think there is a broad consciousness in the Valley that we can do better than to leave thousands of our neighbors behind through a period of extraordinary success," San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo said.

圣何塞的领导人决心确保该市重新获得其作为一个即使贫困孩子也能获得成功资源之地的地位。有硅谷作为后盾,它当然有机会做到这一点。圣何塞市长Sam Liccardo说:"我认为硅谷普遍意识到,在这段非凡成功的时期,我们可以做得更好,而不是抛下数千名邻居。"

J)
But in today's America—a land of rising inequality, increasing segregation, and stagnating(不增长的) middle-class wages—can the San Jose region really once again become a place of opportunity?

但在今天的美国——一个不平等加剧、隔离加深、中产阶级工资停滞不前的国度——圣何塞地区真的能再次成为一个充满机遇的地方吗?

K)
The idea that those at the bottom can rise to the top is central to America's ideas about itself. That such mobility has become more difficult in San Jose raises questions about the endurance of that foundational belief. After all, if the one-time land of opportunity can't be fixed, what does that say for the rest of America?

底层人士可以升至顶层的理念是美国自我认知的核心。这种流动性在圣何塞变得更加困难,这引发了关于这一基础信念持久性的质疑。毕竟,如果这片曾经充满机遇的土地都无法修复,那对美国其他地方意味着什么?

陈述句与逐句解析

36.
According to some people living in San Jose, it has become much harder for the poor to get ahead due to the increased inequality.

据一些生活在圣何塞的人说,由于不平等加剧,穷人要出人头地变得更加困难了。

【答案】
H段(强锚点)
【锚点】

穷人变难 + 不平等加剧

【定位】
H 段

Some San Jose residents say that as inequality has grown in recent years, upward mobility has become much more difficult to achieve.

一些圣何塞居民表示,随着近些年不平等加剧,向上流动变得困难得多。

【改写】
  • According to some people living in San JoseSome San Jose residents say

    同源引语者改写

  • due to the increased inequalityas inequality has grown in recent years

    状语从句到名词短语的等值改写

  • much harder for the poor to get aheadupward mobility has become much more difficult to achieve

    动词短语 vs 名词化的同义改写

【辨邻】
  • G

    G 段表述为 Whether the city still allows for upward mobility of poor kids today, though, is up for debate,只是把今天能否上升流动作为 "有争议" 来呈现,并没有以居民为发声主体说 "因为不平等加剧所以穷人难上升",因此不是 36 题的源头段。

    Whether the city still allows for upward mobility of poor kids today, though, is up for debate. Some of the indicators such as income inequality, measured by the Equality of Opportunity Project for the year 2000, have only worsened in the past 16 years.

  • F

    F 段提到 one of the most unequal places 与 racial and economic segregation,但语境是研究者承认 "按这些指标本不该流动性高,可它当年偏偏高"——是讲历史反常之谜,不是讲 "今天因不平等加剧所以难上升",故非源头段。

    It is one of the most unequal places out of the 741 that the researchers measured, and it has high degrees of racial and economic segregation

37.
In American history, immigrants used to have a good chance to move upward in society.

在美国历史上,移民过去有很好的机会在社会中向上流动。

【答案】
D段(强锚点)
【锚点】

历史上移民有良好上升机会

【定位】
D 段

This is a city of immigrants—38 percent of the city's population today is foreign-born—and immigrants and their children have historically experienced significant upward mobility in America.

这是一座移民之城——如今 38% 的人口是外国出生的——而移民及其子女在历史上一直在美国经历着显著的向上流动。

【改写】
  • In American historyhistorically experienced significant upward mobility in America

    时间副词与介词短语等值

  • immigrants used to have a good chance to move upward in societyimmigrants and their children have historically experienced significant upward mobility

    主语扩展与动名化等值

【辨邻】
  • A

    A 段以个体故事 Tri Tran 引入主题,重在叙事,未给出 "移民群体在美国历史上向上流动" 这一概括论断。故不是 37 题源头段。

    Tri Tran, who fled Vietnam on a boat in 1986, showed up in San Jose with nothing, made it to MIT, and then founded the food-delivery start-up Munchery, which is valued at $300 million.

  • E

    E 段罗列 Vietnamese immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Korean immigrants, and Filipino immigrants 等族裔小生意的现状,呈现的是 "今天街景",并未做 "移民在美国历史上有上升机会" 的论断,所以不是 37 题源头段。

    there are areas filled with small businesses owned by Vietnamese immigrants, Mexican immigrants, Korean immigrants, and Filipino immigrants, to name a few

38.
If the problems of San Jose can't be solved, one of America's fundamental beliefs about itself can be shaken.

如果圣何塞的问题无法解决,美国关于自身的一个基本信念可能会动摇。

【答案】
K段(强锚点)
【锚点】

问题解不开 + 动摇美国根本信念

【定位】
K 段

That such mobility has become more difficult in San Jose raises questions about the endurance of that foundational belief. After all, if the one-time land of opportunity can't be fixed, what does that say for the rest of America?

向上流动在圣何塞变得更困难,这件事引发了对那一根本信念能否持续的质疑。毕竟,如果这片曾经的机会之地都修复不了,那对美国其他地方又意味着什么?

【改写】
  • If the problems of San Jose can't be solvedif the one-time land of opportunity can't be fixed

    上下位概念的指称等值

  • one of America's fundamental beliefs about itself can be shakenraises questions about the endurance of that foundational belief

    同义形容词与因果方向相同

【辨邻】
  • J

    J 段反问 can the San Jose region really once again become a place of opportunity? 只针对圣何塞这一城市层级的疑问,没说 "美国关于自身的根本信念被动摇",故不是 38 题源头段。

    But in today's America—a land of rising inequality, increasing segregation, and stagnating middle-class wages—can the San Jose region really once again become a place of opportunity?

39.
San Jose was among the best cities in America for poor kids to move up the social ladder.

圣何塞曾是美国最适合穷人孩子攀登社会阶梯的城市之一。

【答案】
B段(强锚点)
【锚点】

圣何塞在全美数一数二利于穷孩子向上

【定位】
B 段

Kids in San Jose whose families fell in the bottom quintile of income nationally had the best shot in the country at reaching the top quintile.

在圣何塞,家庭收入全国处于最底层五分位的孩子,在全国范围内拥有进入最顶层五分位的最佳机会。

【改写】
  • San Jose was among the best cities in Americahad the best shot in the country at reaching the top quintile

    全国最佳=全美最好之一

  • for poor kids to move up the social ladderKids in San Jose whose families fell in the bottom quintile of income nationally had the best shot...at reaching the top quintile

    隐喻与数据指标等值

【辨邻】
  • C

    C 段是 just 4.4 percent of poor kids in Charlotte moved up to the top; in Detroit the figure was 5.5 percent 这种与他城对比的论述(这恰好是 43 题的源头),但 39 题问的是 "在全美最好之一" 的绝对定位,需要 B 段中 the best shot in the country 这种 "全国" 字样,不是 C 段的横比。

    By contrast, just 4.4 percent of poor kids in Charlotte moved up to the top; in Detroit the figure was 5.5 percent. San Jose had social mobility comparable to Denmark's and Canada's and higher than other progressive cities such as Boston and Minneapolis.

40.
Whether poor kids in San Jose today still have the chance to move upward is questionable.

如今圣何塞的穷人孩子是否仍有向上流动的机会是值得怀疑的。

【答案】
G段(强锚点)
【锚点】

今日穷孩子是否还能上升 = 有疑问

【定位】
G 段

Whether the city still allows for upward mobility of poor kids today, though, is up for debate.

不过,这座城市今天是否仍然允许穷孩子向上流动,是有待商榷的。

【改写】
  • Whether poor kids in San Jose today still have the chance to move upwardWhether the city still allows for upward mobility of poor kids today

    主从语态互换、信息完全对齐

  • is questionableis up for debate

    习语与单词的同义

【辨邻】
  • H

    H 段最后明确判断 the future for the region's poor doesn't look nearly as bright as it once did——这已经是确定性结论,不是 "is questionable / up for debate" 的疑问语气;故不是 40 题源头段。

    Given this, the future for the region's poor doesn't look nearly as bright as it once did.

  • J

    J 段 can the San Jose region really once again become a place of opportunity? 反问的主语是 "圣何塞地区" + "再次成为机会之地",与 40 题 "穷孩子今天是否还有上升机会" 的主语和谓语都不完全对齐;G 段才是直接对应的陈述存疑。

    can the San Jose region really once again become a place of opportunity?

41.
San Jose's officials are resolved to give poor kids access to the resources necessary for success in life.

圣何塞的官员们决心让穷人孩子获得人生成功所需的资源。

【答案】
I段(强锚点)
【锚点】

官员决心给穷孩子提供资源

【定位】
I 段

Leaders in San Jose are determined to make sure that the city regains its status as a place where even poor kids can access the resources to succeed.

圣何塞的领导者们决心确保这座城市重新成为连穷孩子都能获取成功所需资源的地方。

【改写】
  • San Jose's officials are resolvedLeaders in San Jose are determined

    同义名词+同义形容词

  • to give poor kids access to the resources necessary for success in lifeplace where even poor kids can access the resources to succeed

    施动方向互换+不定式同义

【辨邻】
  • J

    J 段 can the San Jose region really once again become a place of opportunity? 是质疑性的反问,主语和发声者并非 "官员/领导",态度也不是 "决心",故不是 41 题源头段。

    can the San Jose region really once again become a place of opportunity?

42.
San Jose appears to manifest some of the best features of America.

圣何塞似乎体现了美国的一些最佳特征。

【答案】
E段(强锚点)
【锚点】

体现美国最好的一面

【定位】
E 段

Indeed, the streets of San Jose seem, in some ways, to embody the best of America.

确实,从某种程度上说,圣何塞的街道似乎体现了美国最好的一面。

【改写】
  • San Jose appears to manifest some of the best features of Americathe streets of San Jose seem, in some ways, to embody the best of America

    整句结构与选词逐对等值

【辨邻】
  • A

    A 段开篇 This is the land of opportunity 只是给圣何塞贴 "机会之地" 的标签,并没有像 E 段那样把它概括为 "体现美国最好一面"。故 A 段不是 42 题源头段。

    This is the land of opportunity.

43.
As far as social mobility is concerned, San Jose beat many other progressive cities in America.

就社会流动性而言,圣何塞超过了美国许多其他进步城市。

【答案】
C段(强锚点)
【锚点】

圣何塞胜过其他进步城市

【定位】
C 段

San Jose had social mobility comparable to Denmark's and Canada's and higher than other progressive cities such as Boston and Minneapolis.

圣何塞的社会流动性可与丹麦、加拿大相提并论,并且高于波士顿、明尼阿波利斯等其他进步城市。

【改写】
  • As far as social mobility is concernedSan Jose had social mobility

    话题界定的等值

  • San Jose beat many other progressive cities in Americahigher than other progressive cities such as Boston and Minneapolis

    比较动词与比较结构的同义

【辨邻】
  • B

    B 段 the best shot in the country at reaching the top quintile 只给出 "全美最高" 的定位,没有把波士顿、明尼阿波利斯等其他进步城市拿来比较,故不是 43 题源头段。

    Kids in San Jose whose families fell in the bottom quintile of income nationally had the best shot in the country at reaching the top quintile.

44.
Due to some changes like increases in housing prices in San Jose, the prospects for its poor people have dimmed.

由于圣何塞房价上涨等一些变化,其穷人的前景已经变得黯淡。

【答案】
H段(强锚点)
【锚点】

房价上涨等变化 → 穷人前景黯淡

【定位】
H 段

San Jose used to have a happy mix of factors—cheap housing, closeness to a rapidly developing industry, tightly-knit immigrant communities—that together opened up the possibility of prosperity for even its poorest residents. But in recent years, housing prices have skyrocketed, the region's rich and poor have segregated, and middle-class jobs have disappeared. Given this, the future for the region's poor doesn't look nearly as bright as it once did.

圣何塞曾经有一套很合拍的有利因素——便宜的住房、毗邻高速发展的产业、紧密团结的移民社区——这些因素一起为最贫穷的居民也打开了通向繁荣的可能。但近年来,房价飙升、贫富分化加剧、中产工作消失。鉴于此,这一地区穷人的未来已远不如从前看上去那么光明。

【改写】
  • Due to some changes like increases in housing prices in San JoseBut in recent years, housing prices have skyrocketed

    因果连词与时间副词的等值

  • the prospects for its poor people have dimmedthe future for the region's poor doesn't look nearly as bright as it once did

    光暗隐喻的同义

【辨邻】
  • G

    G 段表述为 Some of the indicators such as income inequality, measured by the Equality of Opportunity Project for the year 2000, have only worsened in the past 16 years,谈的是收入不平等等指标,并未把 "房价上涨" 作为具体因素列出,故不是 44 题源头段。

    Some of the indicators such as income inequality, measured by the Equality of Opportunity Project for the year 2000, have only worsened in the past 16 years.

45.
Researchers do not have a clear idea why poor children in San Jose achieved such great success several decades ago.

研究人员不清楚为什么圣何塞的穷人孩子在几十年前取得了如此巨大的成功。

【答案】
F段(强锚点)
【锚点】

研究者说不清几十年前穷孩子为何成功

【定位】
F 段

But researchers aren't sure exactly why poor kids in San Jose did so well.

但研究者并不能确切说明,圣何塞的穷孩子为什么当年表现这么好。

【改写】
  • Researchers do not have a clear idearesearchers aren't sure exactly why

    同义否定表达

  • poor children in San Jose achieved such great success several decades agopoor kids in San Jose did so well

    结果论断同义+时间隐含等值

【辨邻】
  • B

    B 段 the best shot in the country at reaching the top quintile 是给出 "穷孩子表现好" 的数据结果,并未承认 "研究者不确定为什么" 这一认知缺口,故不是 45 题源头段。

    A child born in the early 1980s into a low-income family in San Jose had a 12.9 percent chance of becoming a high earner as an adult

  • D

    D 段 The reasons kids in San Jose performed so well might seem obvious 之后罗列了创新公司、移民比例、多元化等具体原因解释,是在给原因;而 45 题要的是 "研究者不清楚原因",论旨方向相反,故不是源头段。

    The reasons kids in San Jose performed so well might seem obvious.

PARAGRAPH MAP · 段落主旨图

11 个段落各讲了什么

逐段一句主旨 + 该段最具区分度的「信息指纹」,是逐句回扫定位的工作台。

  1. A

    用一个具体人物的例子引出圣何塞是机会之地:越南难民 Tri Tran 1986 年乘船逃来,一无所有抵达圣何塞,后考入麻省理工,创办估值 3 亿美元的送餐创业公司。

    信息指纹 人物故事 Tri Tran 与 Munchery

  2. B

    用 Chetty 团队 2014 年的研究数据说明:1980 年代初出生于圣何塞低收入家庭的孩子,有 12.9% 的几率成长为高收入者,在全美排第一。

    信息指纹 12.9% 与 Chetty 研究

  3. C

    用对比数据说明圣何塞在社会流动性上优于其他城市:夏洛特仅 4.4%、底特律 5.5%;圣何塞可比丹麦、加拿大,并高于波士顿、明尼阿波利斯等其他进步城市。

    信息指纹 与其他城市的横向对比

  4. D

    解释为什么圣何塞的穷孩子表现这么好:创新公司云集(举乔布斯打电话给惠普求零件并获暑期工的例子)、移民比例高(38%)、多元化程度高,这些都是流动性的良好预测因子。

    信息指纹 移民比例 38% 与乔布斯故事

  5. E

    描写圣何塞街景体现了美国的优秀面:从办公楼到独栋住宅、再到越南购物中心相距不远;图书馆提供 17 种语言项目;街区聚集着越南、墨西哥、韩国、菲律宾等移民开的小生意。

    信息指纹 街景与 17 种语言图书馆

  6. F

    研究者承认还说不清圣何塞穷孩子为何当年表现这么好——城市在某些有利因素上不错(单亲家庭比例低、贫困不集中),但在另一些通常与流动性相关的指标上很差(极度不平等、严重种族与经济隔离、学校表现不佳);研究者直言这违背预期。

    信息指纹 研究者承认说不清原因

  7. G

    Chetty 数据说明社区与地点对 1980 年代生于圣何塞地区的孩子很重要;但今天圣何塞是否仍能让穷孩子向上流动是个有争议的问题——例如收入不平等等指标过去 16 年只在恶化。

    信息指纹 今日是否仍可向上流动尚有争议

  8. H

    讲圣何塞居民眼中近些年不平等加剧、向上流动更难:硅谷成功公司涌入推高房价(2006-2014 年租金涨 42.6%,全美第一),无家可归问题加剧,2014 年关闭了 The Jungle 营地;东圣何塞 HDI 仅 4.85,邻近的库比蒂诺 9.26;过去那种由廉价住房、邻近产业、紧密移民社区构成的有利组合已被打破,穷人的前景不再光明。

    信息指纹 房价飙升与 42.6% 租金涨幅、HDI 对比

  9. I

    圣何塞的领导层决心让这座城市重新成为连穷孩子也能获得成功所需资源的地方;引市长 Sam Liccardo 的话作支撑。

    信息指纹 领导层决心与市长表态

  10. J

    用反问句给出全卷的核心追问:在今天这个不平等加剧、隔离加深、中产工资停滞的美国,圣何塞还能不能再次成为机会之地?

    信息指纹 全段一句反问

  11. K

    把圣何塞的问题升格为对美国根本信念的质问:底层能升至顶层这一信念是美国的核心;如果连昔日机会之地都修复不了,整个美国的这一信念将被动摇。

    信息指纹 上升信念与根本信念的动摇

SENTENCE INSIGHTS · 句子精讲

18 句真题句逐层精讲

下列真题句各有独立的句子解析页——中文翻译、结构树逐层拆解、成分与时态、考点讲解与真题高频词。点击句子进入完整解析。

HIGH-FREQUENCY · 真题高频词

本篇出现的 85 个英语四级真题高频词

下列单词既在本篇真题中出现,又是 英语四级 历年真题的高频词(在该考试真题中出现的句子数均不少于 8)。每个词标注本篇 出现次数与该考试真题句频,点击可查看该词的释义、音标、词形与真题例句。

  • mobilityB2n. 移动能力
    本篇9 次 · 真题 15 句
  • immigrantB2n. 移民(从外国移入的人)
    本篇8 次 · 真题 33 句
  • opportunityB1n. 机会
    本篇6 次 · 真题 89 句
  • measureB1v. 测量
    本篇5 次 · 真题 68 句
  • inequalityB2n. 不平等
    本篇5 次 · 真题 19 句
  • housingB1n. 住房
    本篇4 次 · 真题 30 句
  • researcherB2n. 研究人员
    本篇3 次 · 真题 239 句
  • residentB2n. 居民
    本篇3 次 · 真题 61 句
  • regionB1n. 地区
    本篇3 次 · 真题 45 句
  • incomeB1n. 收入
    本篇3 次 · 真题 39 句
  • valleyA2n. 山谷
    本篇3 次 · 真题 17 句
  • accordC1n. (国家、团体间的)协议
    本篇2 次 · 真题 174 句
  • projectA2n. 项目
    本篇2 次 · 真题 90 句
  • accessB1n. 进入
    本篇2 次 · 真题 83 句
  • factorB1n. 因素
    本篇2 次 · 真题 77 句
  • dataB1n. 数据
    本篇2 次 · 真题 73 句
  • dueB1adj. 预期的
    本篇2 次 · 真题 62 句
  • economicB2adj. 经济的
    本篇2 次 · 真题 62 句
  • resourceB1n. 资源
    本篇2 次 · 真题 54 句
  • performB1v. 执行
    本篇2 次 · 真题 52 句
  • beliefB1n. 相信
    本篇2 次 · 真题 41 句
  • indeedB1adv. 确实,的确(强调肯定)
    本篇2 次 · 真题 25 句
  • economistB2n. 经济学家
    本篇2 次 · 真题 24 句
  • neighborhoodB1n. 街区
    本篇2 次 · 真题 14 句
  • siliconB2n. 硅(化学元素)
    本篇2 次 · 真题 14 句
  • broadB1adj. 宽阔的
    本篇2 次 · 真题 13 句
  • equalityB2n. 平等
    本篇2 次 · 真题 11 句
  • betterA1adj. 更好的(good 的比较级)
    本篇1 次 · 真题 139 句
  • millionA2num. 一百万
    本篇1 次 · 真题 119 句
  • decadeB1n. 十年
    本篇1 次 · 真题 99 句
  • baseA2n. 基础
    本篇1 次 · 真题 95 句
  • viewA2n. 观点,看法
    本篇1 次 · 真题 85 句
  • communityB1n. 社区
    本篇1 次 · 真题 81 句
  • concernB1v. 涉及
    本篇1 次 · 真题 79 句
  • solveA2v. 解决(问题、困难)
    本篇1 次 · 真题 58 句
  • nationB1n. 国家
    本篇1 次 · 真题 51 句
  • perB1prep. 每
    本篇1 次 · 真题 49 句
  • colleagueB1n. 同事
    本篇1 次 · 真题 48 句
  • debateB2n. 辩论
    本篇1 次 · 真题 48 句
  • officialB1adj. 官方的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 47 句
  • figureA2n. 数字
    本篇1 次 · 真题 44 句
  • extremeB2adj. 极度的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 39 句
  • statusB2n. 地位
    本篇1 次 · 真题 39 句
  • featureB1n. 特征
    本篇1 次 · 真题 37 句
  • exactlyB1adv. 精确地
    本篇1 次 · 真题 36 句
  • significantB2adj. 重要的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 36 句
  • expectationB2n. 期待;预期
    本篇1 次 · 真题 34 句
  • aheadA2adv. 在前面
    本篇1 次 · 真题 32 句
  • diversityB2n. 多样性
    本篇1 次 · 真题 32 句
  • releaseB1v. 释放
    本篇1 次 · 真题 31 句
  • growingA2adj. 增长的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 29 句
  • innovativeB2adj. 创新的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 26 句
  • povertyB2n. 贫穷
    本篇1 次 · 真题 25 句
  • centralB1adj. 主要的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 24 句
  • possibilityB1n. 可能性
    本篇1 次 · 真题 24 句
  • rentA2v. 租用
    本篇1 次 · 真题 24 句
  • contrastB2n. 对比
    本篇1 次 · 真题 22 句
  • disappearA2v. 消失;不见
    本篇1 次 · 真题 21 句
  • enormousB1adj. 巨大的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 21 句
  • locateB1v. 找到;找出…的位置
    本篇1 次 · 真题 20 句
  • mayorB1n. 市长
    本篇1 次 · 真题 19 句
  • datumC1n. 数据(单数形式,复数为 data)
    本篇1 次 · 真题 18 句
  • implyB2v. 暗示,暗指
    本篇1 次 · 真题 18 句
  • homelessB1adj. 无家可归的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 16 句
  • obviousB1adj. 明显的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 16 句
  • prospectB2n. 可能性
    本篇1 次 · 真题 16 句
  • wageB1n. 工资
    本篇1 次 · 真题 16 句
  • certainlyA2adv. 当然
    本篇1 次 · 真题 15 句
  • indicatorB2n. 指示物;指示信号
    本篇1 次 · 真题 14 句
  • extraordinaryB2adj. 非凡的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 13 句
  • fellowB2n. 家伙
    本篇1 次 · 真题 13 句
  • mixA2v. 混合
    本篇1 次 · 真题 13 句
  • thriveB2v. 茁壮成长
    本篇1 次 · 真题 13 句
  • totallyB1adv. 完全地
    本篇1 次 · 真题 13 句
  • floodB1n. 洪水
    本篇1 次 · 真题 12 句
  • foundA1v. find 的过去式和过去分词
    本篇1 次 · 真题 12 句
  • investorB2n. 投资者
    本篇1 次 · 真题 12 句
  • worsenB2v. (使)恶化;(使)变得更糟
    本篇1 次 · 真题 12 句
  • poorlyB1adv. 糟糕地
    本篇1 次 · 真题 11 句
  • remarkableB2adj. 非凡的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 11 句
  • fundamentalB2adj. 基本的
    本篇1 次 · 真题 10 句
  • expectancyC1n. 预期寿命
    本篇1 次 · 真题 9 句
  • indexB1n. 索引
    本篇1 次 · 真题 9 句
  • mallB1n. 购物中心
    本篇1 次 · 真题 9 句
  • landscapeB1n. 风景
    本篇1 次 · 真题 8 句
VOCABULARY · 词汇难度分布

全文 348 词按 CEFR 难度累积覆盖

全文去重后共 348 个单词,按欧框 CEFR 等级统计。每根柱表示「该等级及以下」的累积占比(CDF),最右一柱为 100%。B2 以上(C1/C2)为高阶词,本篇共 16 个 · 约 5%。

每柱为「按 CEFR 等级及以下」的累积覆盖率(CDF)· 数据为全文去重词 348 个 · 末柱为 100%
去重总词数
348
B2 以上难词
5%
B1 及以下覆盖
83%
FAQ · 关于本篇的常见问题

常见问题

围绕本篇的答案段、来源、锚点构成、词汇难度与逐句定位,逐条给出可核对的答案。

2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇(36–45 句)的信息分别出自哪一段?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 是长篇阅读信息匹配题,共 10 句陈述(题号 36–45),需为每句找出信息所在的段落。各句答案段依次为 36 → H · 37 → D · 38 → K · 39 → B · 40 → G · 41 → I · 42 → E · 43 → C · 44 → H · 45 → F。答案段分布:B 段 1 句 · C 段 1 句 · D 段 1 句 · E 段 1 句 · F 段 1 句 · G 段 1 句 · H 段 2 句 · I 段 1 句 · K 段 1 句。一段可对应多句、文中另有纯干扰段,单篇样本量小,分布不代表答题规律。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 的 10 句里强锚点、弱锚点各有几句?
按锚点强弱分诊,2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 共 强 10 句 · 弱 0 句。强锚点句含唯一的数字、专有名词或独特术语,可凭指纹近乎直达对应段;弱锚点句只有满篇可见的高频泛词,需先压出主干命题、再靠语义比对与「辨邻」排除话题相邻段才能定位。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 的词汇难度如何?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 全文去重后共 348 个单词,按 CEFR 难度累积覆盖:A1 及以下约 44%、A2 及以下约 67%、B1 及以下约 83%、B2 及以下约 95%,B2 以上(C1/C2)难词共 16 个、约占 5%。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 出现了哪些英语四级高频词?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 全文出现 85 个英语四级真题高频词(这些词在历年英语四级真题中出现的句子数均不少于 8 句)。按本篇出现次数排在前的有:mobility(本篇 9 次,n. 移动能力;行动能力; 流动性;变动性; 机动性;可移动性)、immigrant(本篇 8 次,n. 移民(从外国移入的人))、opportunity(本篇 6 次,n. 机会;时机)、measure(本篇 5 次,v. 测量;衡量; 估量;判断 | n. 措施;方法; 程度;限度; 测量单位;尺度)、inequality(本篇 5 次,n. 不平等;不公平; (数学)不等式; 不均衡;参差不齐)、housing(本篇 4 次,n. 住房;住宅; 外壳;护罩;机壳; (为某物提供的)位置;安置)、researcher(本篇 3 次,n. 研究人员;调查者)、resident(本篇 3 次,n. 居民; 住院医生 | adj. 居住的;常驻的; 定居的;栖息的(指动物))。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 36. According to some people living in San Jose, it has become much harder for the poor to get ahead due to the increased inequality. 这句陈述的信息出自第几段?为什么?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 第 36 句的信息出自 H 段(强锚点句)。H 段定位句为「Some San Jose residents say that as inequality has grown in recent years, upward mobility has become much more difficult to achieve.」(一些圣何塞居民表示,随着近些年不平等加剧,向上流动变得困难得多。)。陈述句是对原文的同义改写(According to some people living in San Jose ↔ Some San Jose residents say;due to the increased inequality ↔ as inequality has grown in recent years;much harder for the poor to get ahead ↔ upward mobility has become much more difficult to achieve)。与之话题相邻的 G 段、F 段虽含相近关键词,但并非该信息的真正出处,需逐一排除。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 37. In American history, immigrants used to have a good chance to move upward in society. 这句陈述的信息出自第几段?为什么?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 第 37 句的信息出自 D 段(强锚点句)。D 段定位句为「This is a city of immigrants—38 percent of the city's population today is foreign-born—and immigrants and their children have historically experienced significant upward mobility in America.」(这是一座移民之城——如今 38% 的人口是外国出生的——而移民及其子女在历史上一直在美国经历着显著的向上流动。)。陈述句是对原文的同义改写(In American history ↔ historically experienced significant upward mobility in America;immigrants used to have a good chance to move upward in society ↔ immigrants and their children have historically experienced significant upward mobility)。与之话题相邻的 A 段、E 段虽含相近关键词,但并非该信息的真正出处,需逐一排除。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 38. If the problems of San Jose can't be solved, one of America's fundamental beliefs about itself can be shaken. 这句陈述的信息出自第几段?为什么?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 第 38 句的信息出自 K 段(强锚点句)。K 段定位句为「That such mobility has become more difficult in San Jose raises questions about the endurance of that foundational belief. After all, if the one-time land of opportunity can't be fixed, what does that say for the rest of America?」(向上流动在圣何塞变得更困难,这件事引发了对那一根本信念能否持续的质疑。毕竟,如果这片曾经的机会之地都修复不了,那对美国其他地方又意味着什么?)。陈述句是对原文的同义改写(If the problems of San Jose can't be solved ↔ if the one-time land of opportunity can't be fixed;one of America's fundamental beliefs about itself can be shaken ↔ raises questions about the endurance of that foundational belief)。与之话题相邻的 J 段虽含相近关键词,但并非该信息的真正出处,需逐一排除。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 39. San Jose was among the best cities in America for poor kids to move up the social ladder. 这句陈述的信息出自第几段?为什么?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 第 39 句的信息出自 B 段(强锚点句)。B 段定位句为「Kids in San Jose whose families fell in the bottom quintile of income nationally had the best shot in the country at reaching the top quintile.」(在圣何塞,家庭收入全国处于最底层五分位的孩子,在全国范围内拥有进入最顶层五分位的最佳机会。)。陈述句是对原文的同义改写(San Jose was among the best cities in America ↔ had the best shot in the country at reaching the top quintile;for poor kids to move up the social ladder ↔ Kids in San Jose whose families fell in the bottom quintile of income nationally had the best shot...at reaching the top quintile)。与之话题相邻的 C 段虽含相近关键词,但并非该信息的真正出处,需逐一排除。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 40. Whether poor kids in San Jose today still have the chance to move upward is questionable. 这句陈述的信息出自第几段?为什么?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 第 40 句的信息出自 G 段(强锚点句)。G 段定位句为「Whether the city still allows for upward mobility of poor kids today, though, is up for debate.」(不过,这座城市今天是否仍然允许穷孩子向上流动,是有待商榷的。)。陈述句是对原文的同义改写(Whether poor kids in San Jose today still have the chance to move upward ↔ Whether the city still allows for upward mobility of poor kids today;is questionable ↔ is up for debate)。与之话题相邻的 H 段、J 段虽含相近关键词,但并非该信息的真正出处,需逐一排除。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 41. San Jose's officials are resolved to give poor kids access to the resources necessary for success in life. 这句陈述的信息出自第几段?为什么?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 第 41 句的信息出自 I 段(强锚点句)。I 段定位句为「Leaders in San Jose are determined to make sure that the city regains its status as a place where even poor kids can access the resources to succeed.」(圣何塞的领导者们决心确保这座城市重新成为连穷孩子都能获取成功所需资源的地方。)。陈述句是对原文的同义改写(San Jose's officials are resolved ↔ Leaders in San Jose are determined;to give poor kids access to the resources necessary for success in life ↔ place where even poor kids can access the resources to succeed)。与之话题相邻的 J 段虽含相近关键词,但并非该信息的真正出处,需逐一排除。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 42. San Jose appears to manifest some of the best features of America. 这句陈述的信息出自第几段?为什么?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 第 42 句的信息出自 E 段(强锚点句)。E 段定位句为「Indeed, the streets of San Jose seem, in some ways, to embody the best of America.」(确实,从某种程度上说,圣何塞的街道似乎体现了美国最好的一面。)。陈述句是对原文的同义改写(San Jose appears to manifest some of the best features of America ↔ the streets of San Jose seem, in some ways, to embody the best of America)。与之话题相邻的 A 段虽含相近关键词,但并非该信息的真正出处,需逐一排除。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 43. As far as social mobility is concerned, San Jose beat many other progressive cities in America. 这句陈述的信息出自第几段?为什么?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 第 43 句的信息出自 C 段(强锚点句)。C 段定位句为「San Jose had social mobility comparable to Denmark's and Canada's and higher than other progressive cities such as Boston and Minneapolis.」(圣何塞的社会流动性可与丹麦、加拿大相提并论,并且高于波士顿、明尼阿波利斯等其他进步城市。)。陈述句是对原文的同义改写(As far as social mobility is concerned ↔ San Jose had social mobility;San Jose beat many other progressive cities in America ↔ higher than other progressive cities such as Boston and Minneapolis)。与之话题相邻的 B 段虽含相近关键词,但并非该信息的真正出处,需逐一排除。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 44. Due to some changes like increases in housing prices in San Jose, the prospects for its poor people have dimmed. 这句陈述的信息出自第几段?为什么?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 第 44 句的信息出自 H 段(强锚点句)。H 段定位句为「San Jose used to have a happy mix of factors—cheap housing, closeness to a rapidly developing industry, tightly-knit immigrant communities—that together opened up the possibility of prosperity for even its poorest residents. But in recent years, housing prices have skyrocketed, the region's rich and poor have segregated, and middle-class jobs have disappeared. Given this, the future for the region's poor doesn't look nearly as bright as it once did.」(圣何塞曾经有一套很合拍的有利因素——便宜的住房、毗邻高速发展的产业、紧密团结的移民社区——这些因素一起为最贫穷的居民也打开了通向繁荣的可能。但近年来,房价飙升、贫富分化加剧、中产工作消失。鉴于此,这一地区穷人的未来已远不如从前看上去那么光明。)。陈述句是对原文的同义改写(Due to some changes like increases in housing prices in San Jose ↔ But in recent years, housing prices have skyrocketed;the prospects for its poor people have dimmed ↔ the future for the region's poor doesn't look nearly as bright as it once did)。与之话题相邻的 G 段虽含相近关键词,但并非该信息的真正出处,需逐一排除。
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 45. Researchers do not have a clear idea why poor children in San Jose achieved such great success several decades ago. 这句陈述的信息出自第几段?为什么?
2020年12月英语四级真题第1套 长篇阅读(信息匹配) 第 1 篇 第 45 句的信息出自 F 段(强锚点句)。F 段定位句为「But researchers aren't sure exactly why poor kids in San Jose did so well.」(但研究者并不能确切说明,圣何塞的穷孩子为什么当年表现这么好。)。陈述句是对原文的同义改写(Researchers do not have a clear idea ↔ researchers aren't sure exactly why;poor children in San Jose achieved such great success several decades ago ↔ poor kids in San Jose did so well)。与之话题相邻的 B 段、D 段虽含相近关键词,但并非该信息的真正出处,需逐一排除。

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