2000年考研英语（旧卷）真题句子解析： But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."

it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers

破折号后的 "and then" 连接了两个对等的不定式结构："to read..." 和 "to find..."，二者共同作形式主语 "it" 的真正主语。这两个不定式短语在句法上地位平等，由并列连词 "and" 连接，表达先读到某内容、然后发现另一事实的顺承递进关系。虽然表层看是不定式短语并列，但它们各自包含完整的动词-宾语结构，构成两套独立的语义单元，符合并列句的对等连接特征。

it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight

句首 "it" 不指代任何具体事物，仅占据主语位置，真正的主语是后置的不定式短语 "to read in the explanatory notes that..."。这是典型的形式主语结构：it + be + 形容词 + to do，其中 it 作形式主语，to do 不定式短语是真正的主语，后置是为了避免头重脚轻。

to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river

此处存在多层嵌套：最外层是不定式短语 "to read..." 作真正主语；其中嵌套了 "that" 引导的宾语从句 "that a certain line describes a fight..."；该宾语从句内又嵌套了 "which" 引导的定语从句 "off which they both fall into the river" 修饰 "bridge"。从主句向内，形成了不定式 → that 宾语从句 → which 定语从句的三层嵌套结构，是典型的从句套从句深层嵌套。

—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."

破折号引出的 "and then to find..." 部分打断了句子主干，在前述 "to read..." 之后插入新的并列内容。破折号在此标示语义的转折和补充说明，将后续发现的内容与前面的阅读行为分隔开来，形成明显的插入效果。这种破折号插入常用于强调或补充解释，使读者注意到后续内容与前文的关联。

the noise of their falling

"falling" 是现在分词作后置定语修饰名词 "their"，表示 "他们坠落的" 这一动作，与 "their" 构成逻辑上的主谓关系（他们在坠落）。现在分词作后置定语表示主动或进行的含义，此处 "falling" 修饰所属关系中的动作主体。

consists of

consist of 表示"由……组成"，后接构成整体的具体部分或成分。本句中 "the line consists of the noise...and the weights..." 说明这行诗由两个部分构成。

consist of 与 consist in 形成语义对立：consist of 关注组成成分（What parts make up the whole?），consist in 关注本质特征（What is the essence?）。例如：Success consists of hard work.（成功由努力组成）vs Success consists in hard work.（成功的本质在于努力）。

consist of 是静态动词，描述状态而非动作，因此不用于进行时态和被动语态。可以用 "be made up of" 或 "be composed of" 替换表达。

掌握方法：看到 consist 时立即判断介词——of 后接组成列表，in 后接本质或关键要素。本句展示了 consist of 连接并列成分（用 and 连接）的标准用法。