考研英语真题中的多重嵌套

Christopher Kettle, Biodiversity International's director for forest genetic resources and restoration in Rome, says that the need for infrastructure — things such as mechanisms for collecting and storing seeds, and nurseries to raise seedlings — might be most desperate here because many trees are 'masting' species, which don't produce seeds every year.

罗马生物多样性国际组织森林遗传资源与恢复主任克里斯托弗·凯特尔表示，基础设施的需求——例如收集和储存种子的机制，以及培育幼苗的苗圃——在这里可能最为迫切，因为许多树木是“ mast 结实”物种，它们不是每年都产种子。

A Reddit webpage devoted to the phenomenon, boasting nearly 50,000 members, showcases images of local desire paths adorned with signs instructing pedestrians to adhere to designated walkways, underscoring the rebellious nature inherent in these human-made tracks.

一个致力于该现象的Reddit网页，拥有近5万名成员，展示了当地“欲望小径”的图片，这些小径上装饰着指示行人遵守指定人行道的标志，突显了这些人造小径中固有的叛逆性质。

With no video production costs, illegal streaming sites have achieved profit margins approaching 90%, according to the Motion Picture Association (MPA), a trade group representing Hollywood studios that's working to crack down on the thousands of illegal platforms that have cropped up in recent years.

由于没有视频制作成本，非法流媒体网站已经实现了接近90%的利润率，根据代表好莱坞制片厂的行业组织——电影协会（MPA）的说法，该组织正致力于打击近年来大量涌现的非法平台。

Researchers analysed the frequency and impact of gaps greater than 2 seconds during conversations, including an overview of previous studies which indicate that the fear of awkward silences can be so extreme that people avoid talking to strangers, even though doing so is likely to be an enjoyable experience.

研究人员分析了对话中超过2秒的间隙的频率和影响，包括先前研究的概述，这些研究表明对尴尬沉默的恐惧可能如此极端，以至于人们避免与陌生人交谈，即使这样做可能是一种愉快的体验。

After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing I've learnt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's the cheap technologies that change the world.

在撰写了两本关于发明史的书籍之后，我学到的一件事是：虽然是那些令人着迷的复杂技术获得了所有的关注，但却是廉价技术改变了世界。

Primary care providers have their hands full and may not be able to follow through with patients who have trouble driving because they can't turn their heads or remember where they are going—or have gotten shorter and haven't changed their seat settings sufficiently to reach car pedals easily.

初级保健提供者手头工作繁忙，可能无法对那些驾驶有困难的患者进行后续跟进，因为他们不能转动头部、记不住要去哪里——或者变得更矮了，并且没有充分调整座椅设置以轻松够到汽车踏板。

We can offer them a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them, but teeming with aquatic life.

我们可以为他们提供一次前往多切斯特县黑水国家野生动物保护区的参观，在那里白头海雕飞越潮汐沼泽，这些沼泽非常浅以至于你无法划船穿过，但却充满了水生生物。

"Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.

"无论你是政治家还是父母，如果你试图说服与你有不同信念的人，那么记住试图保持眼神交流可能会适得其反，这可能会有帮助。"明森说。

"Rats have been shown to engage in multiple forms of reciprocal help and cooperation, including what is referred to as direct reciprocity where a rat will help another rat that has previously helped them," says Quinn.

"有研究表明，大鼠会进行多种形式的互惠帮助与合作，包括被称为直接互惠的行为，即一只大鼠会帮助另一只之前帮助过它们的大鼠。"奎因说。

"We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there."

"我们只是处于一种没有好的理论来解释意识实际上是什么以及你如何能够建造一台机器来实现这一点的情况中。"

While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change.

尽管围绕我们的环境以及我们对其责任的讨论仍集中于购物袋和吸管，但我们却忽略了权力平衡，这种平衡暗示着，作为“消费者”我们必须可持续地购物，而不是作为“公民”让我们的政府和行业承担责任，以推动真正的系统性变革。

I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.

我开始认识到一篇糟糕论文的各种迹象：那种论文声称表明每周食用超过一公斤西兰花的人，比那些食用量少的人晚年患恶性贫血的可能性高1.17倍。

And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students – who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill – feel they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.

并且任何提高平均绩点的事情都可能会让学生——毕竟是他们在支付账单——觉得他们的学费获得了更好的价值，这是大学的另一个大担忧。

When left alone in the room, the students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would happen.

当被独自留在房间里时，那些不知道哪些会电击他们的学生比那些知道会发生什么的学生按了更多的笔并遭受了更多的电击。

It is curious that Stephen Koziatek feels almost as though he has to justify his efforts to give his students a better future.

斯蒂芬·科齐亚特克觉得他几乎必须证明自己为给学生一个更好的未来所做的努力是合理的，这很奇怪。

It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.

正是在这样的背景下，信息专员伊丽莎白·德纳姆对英国国民医疗服务体系（NHS）旗下的皇家自由医院信托基金发布了她的谴责性裁决，该信托基金于2015年根据一项模糊的协议将160万患者的记录移交给了深度思维公司（DeepMind），而该协议几乎没有考虑到患者的权利以及他们对隐私的期望。

Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for dramatic entertainment; and no boy who went to a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a form of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.

宫廷、学校、业余爱好者组织以及巡回演员都是满足广泛的戏剧娱乐需求的竞争对手；并且任何上过文法学校的男孩都不可能不知道戏剧是一种曾给希腊和罗马带来荣耀且可能也会给英国带来荣誉的文学形式。

So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough.

因此，肯尼迪所指的是，虽然GDP一直是衡量国家经济活动的最常见方法，但作为一种衡量标准，它已不再足够。

His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.

因此，他的分析应该结束那些可能认为英语的全球地位如此稳定以至于英国的年轻一代不需要额外语言能力的人的任何自满情绪。

It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.

它告诉时尚产业，它必须对其向女性，尤其是少女，发出的关于她们必须用来衡量自身个人价值的社会标尺的信号负责。

"But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."

"但是，当市场变化、世界变化时，我们正在做的某些事情没有意义，这时我们就会遇到那样的问题。在这种情况下，更积极进取比不那么积极进取更好。"

"When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to predict how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their ride would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," The New York Times summarizes.

《纽约时报》总结道：“当埃普利博士和施罗德女士让同一火车站的其他人预测与陌生人交谈后他们会有怎样的感受时，通勤者们认为，如果他们独自坐着，旅途会更愉快。”

It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.

这也是为什么当我们尝试用语言描述音乐时，我们所能做的一切就是表达我们对它的反应，而不是理解音乐本身。

An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you're more beautiful than you are.

《科学美国人》上的一篇文章指出，实证研究表明，实际上，你认为自己比真实的你更漂亮。

If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying.

如果我们知道当我们看到一张笑脸时（这是优秀的销售代表和房地产经纪人总是微笑的一个原因），我们会对消费品或住房选择反应过度，我们可以在购买前花一点时间。

Davidson's article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is largely because of the big drop in demand because of the Great Recession, but it is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign workers.

戴维森的文章是近期出现的一系列文章之一，这些文章都在阐述一个观点，即我们如今失业率居高不下且中产阶级收入不断下降，在很大程度上是由于大衰退导致的需求大幅下降，但也是由于全球化和信息技术革命的发展，而这两者正以前所未有的速度用机器或外国工人取代劳动力。

Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.

同时，这项政策没有采取任何措施来确保学生所接收的家庭作业对他们的年龄和学科而言是有意义且合适的，或者确保教师不会布置超出他们愿意批改和订正的作业量。

The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

第二个，由约书亚·格林伯格提出，采用了一种更具经验主义的普遍性研究方法，识别出许多语言共有的特征（尤其是在词序方面），这些特征被认为代表了由认知限制导致的偏见。

The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.

哥伦比亚大学经济学家Till Von Wachter的研究表明，并非所有在经济衰退期毕业的人都会看到他们的人生机会变得黯淡：那些拥有精英大学学位的人会相当快地赶上如果他们在好时期毕业本该达到的位置；被落在后面的是他们之下的大众。

But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.

但在她的新书《加入俱乐部》中，蒂娜·罗森伯格主张，同伴压力也可以通过她所谓的社会治疗成为一种积极力量，在这种社会治疗中，组织和官员利用群体动态的力量来帮助个人改善他们的生活，并可能改善整个世界。

One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools.

设计和教授此类课程之所以困难的一个原因是，它们违背了美国顶尖大学坚持的观点，即人文教育和职业教育应分开，在不同学院教授。

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.

但是研究人员认为，外部董事如果在坏消息爆发前离开公司，就更容易避免其声誉受到打击，即使历史回顾显示他们在任何不当行为发生时都在董事会任职。

Dr. Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London.

克鲁博士和他的团队模拟了如果三架从洛杉矶、旧金山和拉斯维加斯起飞的客机在犹他州上空集合、采用倒V字队形、偶尔交换位置以便所有飞机都能轮流处于最有利位置，然后继续飞往伦敦将会发生什么情况。

The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling.

联邦巡回法院发布了一项不同寻常的命令，指出该案件将由该法院的全部12名法官审理，而非典型的三名法官小组，并且它希望评估的一个问题是，是否应该“重新考虑”其对州街银行案的裁决。

Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.

存在其他模型，它们是这三种的混合体，例如延迟开放获取，即期刊在前六个月仅允许订阅者阅读一篇论文，然后才向所有希望查看它的人免费提供。

Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.

与此同时，6月17日披露的美国约4000万信用卡账户信息被盗事件，盖过了一天前美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）做出的一项极其重要的决定，该决定通知美国企业，如果公司未能提供足够的数据安全保障，监管机构将采取行动。

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death".

蒙蒂菲奥里医疗中心主任南希·杜布勒主张，这项原则将保护那些“直到现在都非常非常强烈地坚持认为他们不能给病人足够的药物来控制他们的疼痛，如果那样可能会加速死亡”的医生。

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

尽管法院裁定宪法没有赋予医生协助自杀的权利，但实际上，法院支持了“双重效果”的医学原则，这是一个存在了几个世纪的道德原则，该原则认为，一个具有两种效果——一个是预期的好效果，一个是可预见的坏效果——的行为，如果行为人只意图实现好的效果，那么这个行为是被允许的。

Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.

然而，很难想象如今几家石油公司的合并会重新制造出近一个世纪前在美国人们所担心的那种对竞争的同样威胁，当时标准石油托拉斯被拆分。

But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."

但是，在注释中读到某一行描述一名土耳其军官和一名保加利亚军官在桥上打斗，他们俩都从桥上掉进河里——然后发现这一行是由他们掉落的声音和军官们的体重组成的：“噗！噗！一百八十五公斤。”，这有点令人不安。

Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

宣布他反对使用这种不寻常的畜牧业技术来克隆人类，他下令联邦资金不得用于此类实验——尽管没有人提议这样做——并要求一个由普林斯顿大学校长哈罗德·夏皮罗担任主席的独立专家小组在90天内向白宫提交关于人类克隆国家政策的建议。

What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.

更难确定的是，商人们认为他们正在主导的这场生产力革命是否真实存在。

What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite—Cobe—had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).

研究人员的发现既令人惊讶又在预料之中：美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背景探测器卫星——COBE——已经发现了具有里程碑意义的证据，证明宇宙实际上确实始于原始爆炸，这种爆炸后来被称为“大爆炸”（该理论认为宇宙起源于单一能量团的爆炸）。

Tracing the history of the term, we can see how the definition of scientific literacy has shifted over time, muddying the waters when it comes to determining the goals of science education.

追溯该术语的历史，我们可以看到科学素养的定义是如何随时间变化的，这使得在确定科学教育目标方面情况变得复杂。

Today we fret about the isolating culture of smartphone-staring and selfie-vanity, but already in 1939 there was that lady regretting how, when all her street got wirelesses, it lost the neighbourly habit of "talking on the brush handle".

今天我们担忧盯着智能手机和自拍虚荣的孤立文化，但早在1939年就有那位女士遗憾，当她整条街都有了无线电时，街道就失去了“刷柄上聊天”的邻里习惯。

It wasn't until the phrase "scientific literacy" came along in the 1940s that science had the formidable slogan it needed to command public attention and make improving science education an important national goal.

直到“科学素养”这个词在20世纪40年代出现，科学才有了它所需要的强有力的口号来引起公众注意，并使改进科学教育成为一个重要的国家目标。

This is why the recent severe delays caused by numerous maintenance works have thrown the rail industry into chaos at a time when most people head on holiday, which matters for business in a country where tourism accounts for 10 percent of GDP.

这就是为什么最近因大量维修工程造成的严重延误在大多数人前往度假的时候使铁路行业陷入混乱，这对旅游业占GDP百分之十的国家的商业来说很重要。

It's important to note that while AI can enhance our appreciation of beauty, it should not replace the genuine human experience and the emotional connections we derive from seeing the beauty in each other.

重要的是要注意，虽然人工智能可以增强我们对美的欣赏，但它不应该取代真正的人类体验以及我们从看到彼此的美中获得的情感联系。

The reality is startlingly different, as I discovered when the culture department commissioned me to conduct an independent review of English public libraries, published yesterday.

现实情况令人震惊地不同，正如我所发现的，当时文化部门委托我进行了一项针对英国公共图书馆的独立审查，该审查已于昨日公布。

Librarians' selfless devotion can act against us when users point to universality of access by holding up a cell phone and saying, "it's all in here" as evidence that libraries are less vital for researchers today.

图书馆员的无私奉献可能会对我们不利，当用户通过举起手机说“一切都在这里”来指出普遍的可访问性，以此作为图书馆对于今天的研究人员来说不那么重要的证据时。