2015年6月·第2套 英语四级阅读理解（四选一） 第 2 篇 · 51–55 题答案与解析

What is happening in the workforce in rich countries? 用 What is happening 直接问当下事实，没有 infer/imply 等推断信号，也没有 mainly about 的主旨信号。

What is happening in the workforce in rich countries? 是一个 What 引导的现在进行时疑问句，主语 What，谓语 is happening，介词短语 in the workforce in rich countries 作地点状语；结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)无中生有

  原文只说高学历者工作更久、低技能者就业率下降，从未出现"年轻人取代老人"的替代关系；Younger people are replacing the elderly. 是无中生有的杜撰。

• B)✓ 正确
  • well\-educated people increasingly work longer than the less\-skilled↔Well\-educated people tend to work longer.

  B 选项几乎是定位句的同义简写：主语 Well-educated people 与原文一致，谓语 tend to work longer 是 increasingly work longer 的同义替换，与预判完全吻合。

• C)以偏概全

  原文只在 Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people 处提到"年轻低技能者就业率下降"，并未给出全社会失业率逐年上升的判断；Unemployment rates are rising year after year. 把局部现象扩大为整体趋势。

• D)偷换概念

  原文谈的是"工作时间长短"，而非"是否易找到工作"；People with no college degree do not easily find work. 偷换了讨论维度。

What has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and the poor? 用 What has helped 直接问导致结果的原因，是典型的因果细节题，不涉及推断。

What has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and the poor? 主干 What has helped deepen the divide，has helped 后跟动词原形 deepen 是 help (to) do 结构；between the well-off and the poor 修饰 divide。结构常规，无陷阱。

• A)张冠李戴

  原文 Rising life expectancy（预期寿命） 出现在第 4 段讲政策，与第 1 段"分化"的成因无直接因果链；Longer life expectancies. 是用第 4 段的概念去答第 1 段的题。

• B)✓ 正确
  • Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled.↔A rapid technological advance.

  原因题答案最常等同于因果句的主语；本题主语 Rapid technological advance 即为选项 B 的内容，与预判一致。

• C)与原文相反

  This gap is part of a deepening divide 这一"劳动力构成的深刻变化"本身就是题干的"果"，而不是它的因。Profound changes in the workforce. 把果当作因，是因果颠倒。

• D)无中生有

  原文谈的是"高学历者收入被技术拉高"，并未说"高学历者数量增多导致差距加深"；A growing number of the well\-educated. 把"数量增长"硬塞为原因，是无中生有。

What do many observers predict in view of the experience of the 20th century? 问 observers 预测了什么，是直接问内容的事实题，不需要考生自己推断。

What do many observers predict in view of the experience of the 20th century? 主干是 What do many observers predict，介词短语 in view of the experience of the 20th century 作状语，意为"鉴于 20 世纪的经验"。in view of 是固定搭配=考虑到，需要识别。

• A)✓ 正确
  • this shift will lead to slower economic growth↔Economic growth will slow down.

  宾语从句里两个并列预测——经济放缓、政府预算问题——选项 A 准确转述了第一个，与预判吻合。

• B)与原文相反

  原文说 create government budget problems——政府预算会出问题（被搞糟），并不是预算"增加"；Government budgets will increase. 把"出问题"改写成"增加"，方向颠倒。

• C)无中生有

  P2 通篇讨论的是退休、工作、经济与预算，没有任何句子涉及"更多人追求高等教育"；More people will try to pursue higher education. 是无中生有。

• D)无中生有

  原文未提"求职市场竞争"。第 3 段提到 employment rates falling 是描述失业现象，并未上升到"竞争加剧"的层面；There will be more competition in the job market. 是无中生有。

What is the result of policy changes in European countries? 用 What is the result of 直接问结果，是因果细节题，不需要推断。

What is the result of policy changes in European countries? 主干为 What is the result of X，of 后的 policy changes in European countries 是 of 的宾语。结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)与原文相反

  原文 P4 谈的是"欧洲政府废除了鼓励早退休的政策"，方向恰恰是"少早退休"；Unskilled workers may choose to retire early. 与原文方向相反，且把对象限定为 unskilled workers，原文未作此区分。

• B)无中生有

  原文谈的是"必须工作更久"，并未涉及培训问题；More people have to receive in\-service training. 在原文找不到任何依据。

• C)✓ 正确
  • even the better\-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement↔Even wealthy people must work longer to live comfortably in retirement.

  C 把 even、better-off→wealthy、must work longer、a comfortable retirement→live comfortably in retirement 四个语义成分一一对应保留，且未引入额外信息，是定位句的标准同义改写。

• D)与原文相反

  原文明确说 the replacement of generous defined\-benefit pension plans with less generous defined\-contribution ones——慷慨的固定收益计划正在被取消；People may be able to enjoy generous defined\-benefits from pension plans. 把"被替代"说成"可以享受"，方向完全相反。

What is characteristic of work in the 21st century? 问的不是某段某句的细节，而是"21 世纪工作的特征"，需要串联全文（特别是末段总结句）才能回答。

What is characteristic of work in the 21st century? 主干 What is characteristic of X，characteristic 在此为形容词作表语，意为"是 X 的典型特征"；考生若把 characteristic 当名词读会理解错——这是熟词僻义陷阱。

• A)偷换概念

  原文 the skills that complement computers 谈的是"与电脑互补的人类技能"——是人在变重要，不是电脑在做更复杂的工作；Computers will do more complicated work. 把方向偷换了。

• B)与原文相反

  原文 older skilled folk are working longer、well\-educated baby\-boomers... are putting off retirement 强调的是"高技能老人"在岗时间更长；More will be taken by the educated young. 与之相反，把年轻人当主语，方向颠倒。

• C)以偏概全

  原文 from management know\-how to creativity 中 creativity 只是与电脑互补的技能之一例，并非全文断言"大多数工作都是创造性的"；Most jobs to be done will be the creative ones. 把例子扩大为全部，以偏概全。

• D)✓ 正确
  • the skills that complement computers, from management know\-how to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age↔Skills are highly valued regardless of age.
  • those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation↔Skills are highly valued regardless of age.

  D 同时回应了 P3 的"技能取代年龄成为分化主轴"和 P4 的"技能不因年龄衰减"，并以 regardless of age 准确捕捉了"技能脱钩年龄"这一主旨。