2017年12月·第1套 英语四级阅读理解（四选一） 第 1 篇 · 46–50 题答案与解析

What did researchers find puzzling about the first-night effect? 问的是研究者具体困惑于哪一点，是对原文里某句话的客观转述，不需要推断或概括全文。

主干是 What did researchers find puzzling about the first-night effect?——这是 find + 宾语 + 宾补结构（find sth. puzzling），不是 find sth. that 从句；考生易把 puzzling 当成修饰 effect 的定语，要看清它是 find 的宾补。

• A)无中生有

  To what extent it can trouble people 谈的是这种效应「困扰人到什么程度」，但原文从未量化或讨论困扰的程度，只在 experience trouble sleeping 提了一下事实，没说「多严重」。

• B)偷换概念

  What role it has played in evolution 谈的是它在演化中扮演什么角色；原文确有 has something to do with how humans evolved，但这是研究者的「假设/猜测」，不是她「困惑」之处——困惑是 what benefit would be gained from it。

• C)无中生有

  What circumstances may trigger it 谈的是什么情境会触发这种效应；原文 in unfamiliar surroundings 已经直接给出触发条件，研究者根本不困惑这一点，更没把它列为 puzzle。

• D)✓ 正确
  • what benefit would be gained from it↔In what way it can be beneficial

  预判答案是「困惑于现象能带来什么好处」，In what way it can be beneficial 把 benefit 名词改写为 beneficial 形容词，语义与定位句完全等值，直接锁定。

What do we learn about Dr. Yuka Sasaki doing her research? 问的是研究过程中的客观事实，不带 infer/imply。

doing her research 是现在分词短语作状语，修饰 Dr. Yuka Sasaki，相当于 when she was doing her research；不是名词短语，不要错读成「研究本身」。

• A)以偏概全

  She found birds and dolphins remain alert while asleep 把原文 put half of their brains to sleep at a time so that they can rest while remaining alert 的核心机制「半脑睡」省略掉，只留下结果「保持警觉」；且主语动作错了——这不是 Sasaki 自己 found，而是先前研究的结论。

• B)无中生有

  She found birds and dolphins sleep in much the same way 暗示鸟和海豚被研究者比较过其睡眠方式的异同；原文只把它们并列举例（都是「半脑睡」的代表），既没说她自己发现，也没说「方式相同」是研究结论。

• C)✓ 正确
  • She also knew from previous work conducted on birds and dolphins↔She got some idea from previous studies on birds and dolphins

  预判是「从鸟海豚旧研究获得灵感」，She got some idea from previous studies on birds and dolphins 在主体动作（got idea←knew、led to wonder）、信息来源（previous studies←previous work）、对象（birds and dolphins）三处全部等值，锁定。

• D)与原文相反

  She conducted studies on birds' and dolphins' sleeping patterns 把她说成了鸟海豚研究的执行者；原文 previous work conducted on birds and dolphins 的「conducted」用的是过去分词作后置定语，意为「（由别人）做过的」先前研究，她只是「got idea from」。

What did Dr. Sasaki do when she first did her experiment? 问的是具体行动，不是观点或结论。

when she first did her experiment 是时间状语从句，first 是副词修饰 did，意为「第一次做」；不要把它读成形容词 first experiment（首个实验）。

• A)✓ 正确
  • studied 35 healthy people as they slept in the unfamiliar environment↔participants sleeping in a new environment
  • monitored with techniques that looked at the activity of their brains↔monitored the brain activity

  预判是「监测陌生环境受试者脑活动」，She monitored the brain activity of participants sleeping in a new environment 在动作（monitored）、对象（brain activity）、环境（new environment）三处全部对应原文，锁定。

• B)偷换概念

  She recruited 35 participants from her Department of Psychological Sciences 暗示这 35 人是从心理科学系内部「招募」的；原文 slept in the unfamiliar environment of the university's Department of Psychological Sciences 表明心理科学系只是「实验地点」（且是受试者眼里的陌生环境），不是招募来源。

• C)答非所问

  She studied the differences between the two sides of participants' brains 描述的是研究的发现内容（左右脑差异），原文 On the first night only, the left hemispheres(半球) of their brains did not sleep nearly as deeply as their right hemispheres did 是 found 的结果，不是 first did 的设计动作；题干问的是动作不是发现。

• D)过度推断

  She tested her findings about birds and dolphins on human subjects 把「鸟海豚的结论」说成她「自己的 findings」，并升级为「拿来测人」；原文 previous work conducted on birds and dolphins 表明鸟海豚研究不是她做的，她只是受启发去 wonder if people might be doing the same thing，并非「测试已有发现」。

What did Dr. Sasaki do when re-running her experiment? 问的同样是一个具体动作，对应第 3 段的实验设计。

when re-running her experiment 是 when 引导的省略状语从句，完整形式为 when she was re-running her experiment，主语与主句一致而被省略——四级常见省略，不要因没看到主语就读懵。

• A)过度推断

  She analyzed the negative effect of irregular tones on brains 把蜂鸣的作用定性为「负面 negative」、动作定性为「分析 analyzed」；原文只描述实验设计（播放）和发现（左半脑响应），并未说不规律蜂鸣有「负面效应」，更未说她「分析」其负面效应。

• B)无中生有

  She recorded participants' adaptation to changed environment 谈的是「适应环境变化」；原文第二次实验的环境没有变化（仍是同一陌生环境），变化的是声音刺激；也没有 recorded adaptation 的对应表述。

• C)✓ 正确
  • a mix of regularly timed beeps(蜂鸣声) of the same tone and irregular beeps of a different tone↔two different stimuli
  • presenting the sleeping participants↔exposed her participants to

  预判「播放两种蜂鸣」，She exposed her participants to two different stimuli 用 expose to 替换 presenting with、用 two different stimuli 替换 a mix of regularly timed and irregular beeps，是定位句的标准同义替换。

• D)偷换概念

  She compared the responses of different participants 谈的是比较不同受试者的反应；原文 react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep and would ignore the regularly timed ones 比较的是「同一受试者对不同刺激的反应」（同人不同刺激），而非「不同人对同一刺激的反应」。

What did Dr. Sasaki find about the participants in her experiment? 问的是研究的客观发现，是对原文结论的转述。

find about 是「关于……的发现」，about 在这里管辖 the participants in her experiment；不要把 find 读成「找到（某物）」，这里是「发现/得出（某结论）」。

• A)无中生有

  They tended to enjoy certain tones more than others 谈受试者「更喜欢某种音调」；原文从未涉及喜恶/偏好，只有 react 与 ignore 两种行为反应，更不含享受 enjoy 的语义。

• B)✓ 正确
  • staying alert to keep guard in a strange environment↔perceive irregular beeps as a threat
  • react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep↔perceive irregular beeps as a threat

  预判「把不规律蜂鸣当威胁」，They tended to perceive irregular beeps as a threat 用 perceive as 把原文的行为反应 react+keep guard 翻译为认知判断，是定位句的同义替换，锁定。

• C)与原文相反

  They felt sleepy when exposed to regular beeps 说规律蜂鸣让人困倦/想睡；原文 would ignore the regularly timed ones 表明大脑对规律蜂鸣是「忽略」、不是「催眠」，受试者本来就在睡觉，不存在「变得困倦」的反应。

• D)无中生有

  They differed in their tolerance of irregular tones 谈不同受试者「对不规律音调的耐受度不同」；原文把全体受试者作为整体描述（react to the irregular beeps by stirring people from sleep），没有提及个体差异、也没有 tolerance 这一维度。