2016年12月·第2套 英语四级阅读理解（四选一） 第 1 篇 · 46–50 题答案与解析

What did Adam Smith say about sugar, alcohol and tobacco? 直接问某人说了什么，是对一句具体话的客观回报。

What did Adam Smith say about sugar, alcohol and tobacco? 是规整的特殊疑问句，骨架就是 "Adam Smith said something about A, B and C"，没有从句、没有否定，直白发问，无陷阱。

• A)无中生有

  They were profitable to manufacture. 说"生产起来很赚钱"，但 P1 全句只谈消费普遍性与征税，从未涉及厂家利润。

• B)偷换概念

  They were in ever-increasing demand. 用 ever-increasing（不断增加的）描述需求，但原文 objects of almost universal consumption 只说"几乎人人消费"，是状态，不是趋势。

• C)✓ 正确
  • extremely popular subjects of taxation↔They were subject to taxation almost everywhere.

  预判要的"被广泛征税"语义被 They were subject to taxation almost everywhere. 原样接住，与定位句双重对应（普遍消费+普遍征税），直接锁定。

• D)偷换概念

  They were no longer considered necessities of life. 中 no longer 表示"以前是、现在不再是"，但 are nowhere necessaries of life 说的是"哪儿都不算"，是恒定状态。

Why have many countries started to consider taxing sugar? 用 Why 问原因，原文必有显式的因果交代。

Why have many countries started to consider taxing sugar? 是 Why 引导的现在完成时疑问句，have started to consider 表示"开始考虑"，taxing 是动名词作 consider 的宾语，结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)无中生有

  They are under growing pressure to balance their national budgets. 说政府要平衡国家预算，但 P2 谈的是公共卫生压力，与财政赤字无关。

• B)✓ 正确
  • surging obesity levels putting increasing strain on public health systems↔They find it ever harder to cope with sugar-induced health problems.

  预判要的"卫生压力越来越大"被 They find it ever harder to cope with sugar-induced health problems. 用"越来越难应付"接住，因果方向、程度副词 increasing↔ever harder 完全对得上。

• C)答非所问

  The practice of taxing alcohol and tobacco has proved both popular and profitable. 把第 1 段对烟酒征税的形容（popular）当成各国"现在对糖征税"的理由，但 taxing sugar as well 用 as well 表示"也"，给出的真正原因在 With 状语里。

• D)无中生有

  The sugar industry is overtaking alcohol and tobacco business in generating profits. 说糖业利润正超过烟酒业，原文从未做这种行业比较。

What do we learn about Danish taxation on fat-rich foods? 问关于某事我们了解到什么，要的就是原文对它的客观陈述。

What do we learn about Danish taxation on fat-rich foods? 是 What 引导的疑问句，learn about 是固定搭配"了解、得知"，无从句、无否定、无陷阱。

• A)✓ 正确
  • was abandoned a year after its introduction↔It did not work out as well as was expected.

  一项税被推出仅一年即废止，且原因是被消费者绕开，这就是"未如预期"，It did not work out as well as was expected. 是对该事实的等价评价。

• B)偷换概念

  It gave rise to a lot of problems on the border. 说"在边境引发大量问题"，但 crossing the border to Germany 只是消费者绕开此税的方式，不是政策制造了边境问题。

• C)过度推断

  It could not succeed without German cooperation. 说"没有德国合作就不会成功"，原文只是说消费者跑去德国，从未说必须由德国合作才能成。

• D)张冠李戴

  It met with firm opposition from the food industry. 说"遭到食品业的强烈反对"，但 P3 给出的废止原因是消费者跨境购物；食品业反对的说法在 P4 是对"政府直接行动"的总体态度，不是丹麦税被废的具体原因。

What is the more recent effort by food companies to make foods and drinks both healthy and tasty? 直接问"那项更近的努力是什么"，要的就是原文相应那句话的内容。

What is the more recent effort by food companies to make foods and drinks both healthy and tasty? 是 What is 句式，主干 What is the effort，by food companies 是后置定语限定 effort，to make...tasty 是不定式作目的状语，结构略长但层层修饰指向同一个 effort，无陷阱。

• A)偷换概念

  Replacing sugar or salt with alternative ingredients. 说"用替代原料替换糖盐"——这正是 Many of the reductions over the past 30 years have been achieved either by reducing the amount of sugar, salt or fat in a product, or by finding an alternative ingredient. 描述的"过去 30 年的老办法"，不是"更近期"的努力。

• B)偷换概念

  Setting a limit on the amount of sugar or salt in their products. 说"对糖/盐含量设定上限"，原文 reducing the amount of sugar, salt or fat 说的是"减量"，是企业自主减，而非设定 limit。

• C)偷换概念

  Investing in research to find ways to adapt to consumers' needs. 把投资方向写成"研究如何适应消费者需求"，但 investing money in a more ambitious undertaking: learning how to adjust the fundamental make-up 明示投资方向是调整食品的基本构造，不是迎合消费者需求。

• D)✓ 正确
  • learning how to adjust the fundamental make-up of the food they sell↔Adjusting the physical composition of their products.
  • having salt on the outside, but none on the inside, reduces the salt content without changing the taste↔Adjusting the physical composition of their products.

  预判要的"调整食品基本构造"被 Adjusting the physical composition of their products. 用 physical composition 接住，是"基本构成"的标准学术化表达。

What does the author mean by saying... 是经典句意题题干，问作者说这句话的真实含义。

What does the author mean by saying, at the end of the passage, There is no silver bullet (Line 3-4, Para. 7)? 主干是 What does the author mean，by saying...是方式状语，at the end of the passage 是插入语，引号内是被解释的对象，结构较长但目的明确——只问引号那句的含义。

• A)✓ 正确
  • a mixture of approaches—including reformulation, taxation and adjusting portion sizes—will be needed↔There is no single easy quick solution to the problem.
  • There is no silver bullet↔There is no single easy quick solution to the problem.

  比喻句的字面含义被前句"需要多种方法"直接说穿，恰好对应 There is no single easy quick solution to the problem. 的"没有单一速效解"，没有别的选项能同时接住这两点。

• B)无中生有

  There is no hope of success without public cooperation. 引入"公众合作"概念，但 P7 列举的是 reformulation、taxation、adjusting portion sizes 这些手段层面的措施，从未谈到公众是否配合。

• C)与原文相反

  There is no hurry in finding ways to solve the obesity problem. 说"找解决肥胖的办法不必着急"，与作者强调"需要多方面共同发力"的紧迫态度相反，且 surging obesity levels putting increasing strain 明示问题紧迫。

• D)与原文相反

  There is no effective way to reduce people's sugar consumption. 说"没有任何有效办法"，但作者明确给出了 reformulation、taxation 等 effective 手段的组合，并未否认任何手段的有效性。