2022年6月·第1套 英语六级阅读理解（四选一） 第 2 篇 · 51–55 题答案与解析

What does the author intend to show by citing the findings from the report 同时出现 "intend to show" 与 "citing"，典型的"作者引用例证想说明什么"句式。

Q51 主干是 "What does the author intend to show"，by 引导方式状语 "by citing the findings from the report published last year"，published last year 是过去分词作 report 的后置定语；结构平铺，无陷阱。

• A)✓ 正确
  • about 36% said it was "common sense" ... only 11% saying their belief that climate change was not happening was based on scientific research↔People seldom appeal to rationality in their thinking
  • The appeal to common sense, however, is usually nothing more than an appeal to thinking that just feels right↔appeal to rationality in their thinking

  作者列调查只是"由头"，紧跟的转折句把"common sense"等同于"feels right"而非 rationality；合起来等于说"人们很少真的诉诸理性"，与 People seldom appeal to rationality in their thinking 直接对接。

• B)无中生有

  原文谈"大多数人凭感觉判断"，并未提及 truth lies in the hands of a few 这种"真理掌握在少数人手中"的命题。

• C)与原文相反

  作者把"常识"与"科学"对立，并贬低前者；选项却说二者是 two sides of a coin"一体两面"，与原文的对立关系正相反。

• D)答非所问

  Few people know if climate change is really happening 谈的是"人们是否知道气候变化"，而题干问的是作者引用调查的目的——目的在论证"常识非理性"，不在论证"人们对气候变化的认知"。

What is the appeal to common sense according to the author 直接问一个概念"是什么"，定义在文中可被直接定位回答。

Q52 主干 "What is the appeal to common sense"，according to the author 是介词短语作整句的状语，限定信息来源；句式简单。

• A)与原文相反

  原文是"内化的意识形态"决定"是否感觉对"——意识形态是因、感觉是果；选项却把诉诸常识当成 basis for the internalisation of individuals' ideologies，把因果颠倒过来。

• B)与原文相反

  原文 Presumably it's an appeal to rationality of some sort that forms the basis of more complex reasoning 是作者先假设的"理想状态"，紧随 however, is usually nothing more than 被否定；formulated from complex reasoning 恰是被否定的那一面。

• C)张冠李戴

  原文从未说 common sense 是 collective wisdom"集体智慧"；作者后文反而把集体智慧的代表给了"science"而非 common sense，是典型张冠李戴。

• D)✓ 正确
  • an appeal to thinking that just feels right↔something subjective based on what one perceives to be right
  • what feels right to one person may not feel right to another↔something subjective

  预判"凭感觉对的主观判断"与 something subjective based on what one perceives to be right 在两个语义点上完全对齐：subjective ↔ feels right 因人而异；perceives to be right ↔ feels right。

What does Daniel Kahneman think is the problem 直接问某人对某事的看法，文中可定位到原话或转述。

Q53 主干 "What does Daniel Kahneman think"；think 后接省略 that 的宾语从句 "is the problem of testing new ideas with existing beliefs"，其中 of 短语作 the problem 的后置定语；testing... 为动名词作 of 的宾语。

• A)✓ 正确
  • the outcomes also feel true, regardless of whether they are↔It may lead to incorrect judgment
  • it is more about judging than thinking↔incorrect judgment

  两条语义在 P3 里共同作用：判断而非思考、结果感觉真但不一定真——合起来就是"该过程会带来错误判断"，对应 It may lead to incorrect judgment。

• B)答非所问

  Kahneman 谈的是该过程的"问题"，不是评论它"用没用 common sense"；makes no use of common sense 把话题从"问题是什么"偷换为"是否使用了常识"。

• C)过度推断

  原文只说该过程产生的"感觉真"未必真，并未谈到能不能"通过严肃推理修正错误"——这是基于原文延展出去的额外命题。

• D)偷换概念

  psychologically unacceptable outcomes 把原文 not psychologically well equipped（人在心理上没有能力）偷换成"心理上无法接受的结果"——一个谈"能力"，一个谈"接受度"，貌似都有 psychologically 实则不同。

What can we do to be less susceptible to cognitive biases 问做法，原文有明确对策句可对应。

Q54 主干 "What can we do"；to be less susceptible to cognitive biases 是不定式作目的状语；be susceptible to 为固定搭配，意为"易受……影响"，less 修饰 susceptible，整体表示"少受影响"。

• A)无中生有

  P4 只提到我们对证据有偏向，Give equal weight to evidence of both sides in a conflict 把它包装成"双方等量赋权"作为对策；原文从未给出这一对策。

• B)无中生有

  原文谈"用科学的社会共享认知去检验自己的想法"，并未提及在论证中 Provide convincing examples in developing an argument"举有说服力的例子"这一具体写作技巧。

• C)✓ 正确
  • through the social verification of knowledge↔Establish socially shared cognition
  • we test our ideas in a rigorous and systematic way↔via scientific methods

  预判"通过社会化检验、典型即科学"与 Establish socially shared cognition via scientific methods 在两个核心点上同义对齐——前半部分是手段，后半部分是手段的载体。

• D)偷换概念

  Avoid inconsistencies when addressing controversial issues 把 internal biases and inconsistencies里的 inconsistencies 搬走，却换上一个原文没谈的 controversial issues 场景；并且对策从"通过社会化检验来检查"偷换成"直接避免不一致"。

What message does the author try to convey at the end of the passage 同时含"末段"位置与"传达的信息"，是局部主旨题。

Q55 主干 "What message does the author try to convey"；at the end of the passage 是介词短语作地点状语，限定信息发生位置；try to convey 是"想要传达"，注意 try to 自带"主观意图"色彩，对应主旨题问法。

• A)无中生有

  末段从未谈及"多元视角能激发人们对未知的兴趣"——stimulate people's interest in exploring the unknown 是被自造出的概念，与原文金句无关。

• B)以偏概全

  Individuals can enhance their overall capabilities by interacting with others 把范围窄化为"提升个人综合能力"，遗漏了原文的"科学探究"语境与"克服局限"这一关键含义；末段强调的是"集体优于个人"，不是"通过互动让个人变强"。

• C)与原文相反

  末段批评的正是"以为自由地思考、不被群体束缚"的态度（imagine themselves to be more free in their thinking, unbound by involvement with the group）；Individuals should think freely to break from the restrictions of common sense 反而把"自由思考"当作积极建议——立场正好相反。

• D)✓ 正确
  • We are smarter together than we are individually↔Collaborative efforts can overcome individuals limitations
  • methodological, collaborative investigation↔Collaborative efforts ... in scientific inquiry
  • in reality they are tightly bound by their capabilities and perspectives↔individuals limitations

  末段三层语义（个人受限—协作探究—集体更聪明）全部对应到 Collaborative efforts can overcome individuals limitations in scientific inquiry 中，是覆盖最完整的选项。