2015年12月·第2套 英语四级阅读理解（四选一） 第 2 篇 · 51–55 题答案与解析

What does the well-known columnist's remark about Martha Stewart suggest? 问的是某一具体引语暗示了什么，作答范围被锁在某句原文上。

题干主干 What does the well-known columnist's remark suggest?，about Martha Stewart 是修饰 remark 的介词短语，限定是哪一条评论。句式直白、无陷阱。

• A)✓ 正确
  • deny her right to start anew↔stand in her way to a new life
  • no reason ... to deny↔might stand in her way

  预判是"过去的记录不应阻挡新生活"，Her past record might stand in her way to a new life 恰是这句话的同义另一面——既然作者强调"不该阻挡"，背后承认的恰是"过去记录有可能阻挡"。

• B)无中生有

  Her business went bankrupt while she was in prison 说她在狱中生意破产，文中只字未提其商业状况。

• C)与原文相反

  Her release from prison has drawn little attention 说她出狱关注度低，但 P1 恰恰是知名专栏作家公开撰文评论她，反而是高关注。

• D)与原文相反

  Her prison sentence might have been extended 说她刑期可能被延长，但 As she neared the end of her prison sentence 明确说她快刑满了。

What do we learn from the second paragraph about many criminals in America? 是典型的段内事实题，问从该段我们了解到关于这群人的什么。

主干 What do we learn about many criminals?，from the second paragraph 限定信息来源，about many criminals in America 限定对象。三个 about/from/in 三层介宾叠加，但逻辑平铺直叙、无陷阱。

• A)答非所问

  They backslide after serving their terms in prison 说他们刑满后又走老路；backslide 在 P7 才作为后果出现，且原文是说限制让人 reduce backsliding 更难，与本段无关。

• B)✓ 正确
  • prevented from ever fully paying their debt to society↔deprived of chances to turn over a new leaf
  • American ideal of second chances↔turn over a new leaf

  预判"二次机会被剥夺"与 They are deprived of chances to turn over a new leaf 完全嵌合：deprive 对应 prevent，turn over a new leaf 对应 paying their debt to society 后的新开始。

• C)答非所问

  They receive severe penalties for committing minor offenses 中的"轻罪重罚"对应是 Many of these penalties are imposed regardless of the seriousness of the offense 与 P6 的内容，不属 P2 的信息。

• D)偷换概念

  They are convicted regardless of their individual circumstances 说他们被定罪时不考虑个人情况，但 regardless of ... the person's individual circumstances 修饰的是 penalties imposed（处罚的施加）而非 conviction（定罪），且也不出自 P2。

What are the consequences for many Americans with a criminal record? 问的是有犯罪记录者所承受的后果，答案应为对原文后果描述的同义概括。

主干 What are the consequences?；for many Americans 限定承受者，with a criminal record 是后置定语修饰 Americans。两层介词修饰，但语义平直。

• A)过度推断

  They remain poor for the rest of their lives 说他们终生贫穷，但 P4 只说限制就业与福利，未直接断言"终生贫穷"。

• B)以偏概全

  They are deprived of all social benefits 用了 all（全部），但 They can affect a person's ability to get a job and qualification for benefits 只说"影响福利资格"，并非"剥夺全部福利"。

• C)✓ 正确
  • exclude vast numbers of people from fully participating in American life↔marginalized in society
  • keep a large segment of the population on the margins of society↔marginalized in society

  预判"被排斥在主流生活之外" = They are marginalized in society：尾段 on the margins of society 又把这层意思原词级回响一次，正确项无可争议。

• D)无中生有

  They are deserted by their family 谈家庭抛弃，文中关于家庭的内容一字未提。

What does the author think of the post-conviction laws and rules? 直接问作者对某具体对象的看法，属作者态度题。

主干 What does the author think of X?，X = the post-conviction laws and rules。think of 是固定搭配，意为"如何看待"。结构简单。

• A)与原文相反

  They help to maintain social stability 是正面评价，但作者用 counterproductive 明确否定，态度极性正相反。

• B)无中生有

  Some of them have long been outdated 说部分法律早已过时，但原文从未用 outdated/obsolete 类词评价它们；作者批的是"反效果"，不是"年代久远"。

• C)无中生有

  They are hardly understood by the public 说公众难以理解这些法律，但作者通篇是在评价法律的实际效果，不评价公众的理解程度。

• D)✓ 正确
  • These laws are also counterproductive↔A lot of them have negative effects on society
  • too often collateral consequences bear no relation to public safety↔negative effects on society

  预判"作者对这些法律持负面态度"与 A lot of them have negative effects on society 完全吻合：counterproductive 是 negative effects 的浓缩；a lot of them 对应 these laws 与 more than 45,000 laws and rules 的体量。

What is the author's main purpose in writing the passage? 问全文写作目的，覆盖范围是整篇而非某句。

What is the author's main purpose in writing the passage? 句型直白：be 动词系表结构，main purpose 是表语核心，in writing the passage 是动名词介词短语修饰 purpose。

• A)以偏概全

  To create opportunities for criminals to reform themselves 只覆盖了 second chances 这一局部主张，没有对应 counterproductive 与 abolition 的修法呼吁部分——它说的是"为犯罪者创造改过机会"而非"呼吁立法改变"。

• B)✓ 正确
  • A recent report makes several recommendations, including the abolition of most post-conviction penalties↔appeal for changes in America's criminal justice system
  • in America's vast criminal justice system↔America's criminal justice system
  • counterproductive + abolition of most post-conviction penalties↔changes

  预判"呼吁改革刑事司法体系相关法律"与 To appeal for changes in America's criminal justice system 在动词（appeal for）、范围（America's criminal justice system）、内容（changes ↔ abolition + recommendations）三层都嵌合。

• C)偷换概念

  To ensure that people with a criminal record live a decent life 是把作者的最终愿景当作写作目的，但本文目的不是"确保过上体面生活"这种结果，而是"呼吁修改具体的 post-conviction 法律"这种行动。

• D)偷换概念

  To call people's attention to prisoners' conditions in America 说要让人关注"在押囚犯的处境"，但全文谈的是 people with a criminal record（出狱后有案底的人），不是 prisoners（在押犯人）。