2004年 考研英语（旧卷）阅读理解（四选一） 第 4 篇 · 36–40 题答案与解析

What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school? 是一个 what 实义问句，问的是文中明确陈述的具体内容，没有 infer/imply/suggest 之类的推理标志。

主干是 What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school，宾语从句是 expect + 宾语 their children + to do 不定式 acquire，疑问词 what 是 acquire 的宾语前置；结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)张冠李戴

  The habit of thinking independently 是作者在第三段 Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. 中倡导的能力，并非美国家长当下对孩子的期望。

• B)与原文相反

  Profound knowledge of the world 正对应原文被否定的 pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge，把家长本不期望的内容当作期望，倾向相反。

• C)✓ 正确
  • practical education↔Practical abilities for future career

  预判要的是 "实用层面的所得"，四个选项中只有 Practical abilities for future career 保留了原文 practical 的核心语义，其余三项均不与 practical education 对应。

• D)无中生有

  The confidence in intellectual pursuits 在原文中无对应——文章只说美国不重视 intellect，没有任何句子说家长期望孩子获得对 intellectual pursuits 的信心。

We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of_____. 用 we can learn from the text 而非 infer/imply，问的是文中已点明、可直接读出的判断，仍属细节范畴。

主句 We can learn from the text + that 引导的宾语从句 Americans have a history of_____，空格作介词 of 的宾语，应填名词或动名词性短语；结构简单，无陷阱。

• A)✓ 正确
  • Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege↔undervaluing intellect
  • From the beginning of our history↔have a history of

  undervaluing intellect 同时锁住 "历史悠久" 与 "轻视智识" 两个语义要素，正与定位段的两条线索吻合。

• B)与原文相反

  favoring intellectualism 与原文 Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect 及 Intellect is resented 直接相反。

• C)偷换概念

  原文虽提及 Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms，但这是一本批判校改失败的书，并非美国人 "支持校改" 的证据；以书名诱选。

• D)与原文相反

  suppressing native intelligence 与 native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book 相反——原文恰是说本能型才智被推崇，而非被压制。

The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are_____. 用 are 直接问两人观点的关系，选项是 identical/similar/complementary/opposite 四种关系判断，本质是细节比对。

主语 The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling 是 N+of+N+on+N 的多层后置修饰，of 限定 views 的归属、on 限定 views 的议题；系动词 are 后接空格表两人观点关系；理解关键是看清两个后置修饰各自的范围。

• A)与原文相反

  identical 暗指两人观点完全相同，但 Ravitch 想强化学校作用、Emerson 想削弱乃至摆脱学校束缚，二者完全不一致。

• B)与原文相反

  similar 试图把对立立场弱化为 "相似"，但 bellyful of words and do not know a thing 与 Schools could be a counterbalance. 在态度极性上反向，无相似可言。

• C)偷换概念

  complementary 指两人观点能在不同维度互补成完整论述，但 Ravitch 与 Emerson 是在同一议题 schooling 上正反对垒，不构成互补。

• D)✓ 正确
  • Schools could be a counterbalance.↔opposite
  • We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.↔opposite

  Ravitch 想让学校制衡反智、即希望学校发挥正面作用；Emerson 把学校描述成束缚孩子、十几年学不到东西的地方，立场针锋相对，唯有 opposite 与之相符。

Emerson, according to the text, is probably_____. 的 probably 是典型推断信号——答案不在原文字面，需要从 Emerson 的原话作一步逻辑延伸。

主干 Emerson is probably_____，中间插入 according to the text 作状语限定结论来源；is 后接表语，选项以名词短语形式回填；插入语让句子看似复杂，去掉后结构极简。

• A)无中生有

  a pioneer of education reform 在原文无支撑——Emerson 在文中是反对学校教育的哲学家，不是教育改革的先驱。

• B)✓ 正确
  • schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children↔an opponent of intellectualism
  • Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism↔an opponent of intellectualism

  Emerson 反对学校教育与书本学习，又被作者放进 anti-intellectualism 的论证段落中举证，由此可一步延伸为 "反智主义的反对者"——即 intellectualism 的反对者。

• C)与原文相反

  a scholar in favor of intellect 把 Emerson 反智的立场翻转为支持智识者，与 schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children 直接相反。

• D)与原文相反

  an advocate of regular schooling 把 Emerson 描绘成常规学校教育的拥护者，但 We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing. 显示他是常规学校教育的强烈反对者。

What does the author think of intellect? 用 think of 直接问作者对某对象的看法，是态度题的标准句式。

主干 What does the author think of intellect? 是 think of sth. 的提问结构，what 作 think of 的宾语前置；句式简单，关键是 think of 等于 have what opinion of。

• A)张冠李戴

  It is second to intelligence 来自 Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire.，原文只说两者不同、并指出社会勉强欣赏的是 intelligence，并未说作者认为 intellect 次于 intelligence。

• B)无中生有

  It evolves from common sense 与 Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. 不符——原文把 common sense 与 intellect 并列对照而非演化关系。

• C)✓ 正确
  • Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.↔It is to be pursued
  • intellect is mistrusted↔It is to be pursued

  四个选项中只有 It is to be pursued 给 intellect 一个明确的正面价值定位，与作者全文呼吁智识的态度一致。

• D)张冠李戴

  It underlies power 把 Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege 中 "被反感成权力的象征" 反转为 "它是权力的根基"，把作者引用的反智借口当成作者本人立场。