2012年 考研英语一阅读理解（四选一） 第 4 篇 · 36–40 题答案与解析

It can be learned from the first paragraph that 是中性的「可以得知」句式，没有 infer/imply/suggest 等推断词，问的是段内可被直接读出的事实。

It can be learned from the first paragraph that____ 是「形式主语 it + 被动 can be learned + from 状语 + that 引导宾语从句空位」的标准残句句式，that 之后留空给选项续写；考生只需把每个选项代入 that 之后通读一遍即可，无陷阱。

• A)无中生有

  原文 Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960 明示卡车司机工会的鼎盛是 1960 年的事，且全段未提到该工会今日的规模；A 项 Teamsters still have a large body of members 中的 still 把过去式偷换成现在仍然，原文无据。

• B)与原文相反

  原文 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants 是非真实条件句，意思是「若他今天还活着，他大概会代表公务员」——是一个假设性预测；B 项 Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant 把它转写为「他过去当过公务员」的历史事实，与假设语气完全不符。

• C)✓ 正确
  • only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do↔unions have enlarged their public-sector membership
  • the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector↔their public-sector membership

  C 项 unions have enlarged their public-sector membership 同时覆盖了「36% 入会率」与「公共部门超过私人部门」两条数据所共同指向的「工会在公共部门扩张」这一结论，正中预判。

• D)无中生有

  P1 全段只罗列入会率数据，未涉及政府与工会的关系如何（紧张/缓和/改善/恶化）；D 项 the government has improved its relationship with unionists 整句无原文支撑。

Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2 用 which...is true 句式，要求把四个选项与第二段事实逐一核对，是典型的「四选一真伪」细节题。

Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2? 由疑问代词 which 作主语、of the following 作后置定语、is true of Paragraph 2 作系表结构构成，结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)与原文相反

  原文 they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences 表明工会有恃无恐、敢于关停服务；A 项 Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions 说他们行事审慎，与原文「敢于关停且不担后果」的语气完全相反。

• B)过度推断

  原文 A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree 只是一个 25% 的统计事实，不是入会门槛；B 项 Education is required for public-sector union membership 把统计事实曲解成入会硬性条件。

• C)与原文相反

  原文 Britain's Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism 表明工党与工会主义长期绑定（associated with），是支持关系；C 项 Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions 把「绑定/支持」反转为「对抗」，方向完全颠倒。

• D)✓ 正确
  • without suffering much in the way of consequences↔seldom get in trouble for their actions
  • they can shut things down↔for their actions

  D 项 Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions 把第一条理由整句重写：seldom 对应 without...much、get in trouble for their actions 对应 suffering...consequences (when they shut things down)，正中预判。

the income in the state sector is____ 是结论残句，需要从 P4 中关于「明面工资温和涨、福利与养老金大涨」的事实推出一步结论：收入是被「以另一种方式」做大的。

It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is____ 主干是 it can be learned that... 的形式主语句，that 从句的真实主语是 the income in the state sector，is 之后留待选项补充表语，结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)过度推断

  原文只说政界「重复地把薪资协议后置加码」，Politicians have repeatedly "backloaded" public-sector pay deals 是描述操作手法，未做任何合法性判断；A 项 illegally secured 把「不透明」直接升格为「违法」，远超原文。

• B)✓ 正确
  • keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions↔indirectly augmented
  • Politicians have repeatedly "backloaded" public-sector pay deals↔indirectly augmented

  B 项 indirectly augmented 同时捕捉了「明面温和（不直接加）」与「暗面加码（实质增加）」两层语义，是对 backloaded 机制最精准的一步推断。

• C)范围程度偷改

  原文 keeping the pay increases modest 明示薪资涨幅是「温和的」，仅福利/养老金部分被加码，整体远谈不上「过度」；C 项 excessively increased 用 excessively（过度地）把温和涨幅夸大为过度增长，是程度偷改。

• D)无中生有

  原文未提任何「fair/公正」「adjusted/经过适当调整」的评价信息——backloaded 一词的暗讽倾向恰恰相反；D 项 fairly adjusted 凭空加入褒义评价。

The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions____ 中 shows that 直接点明问例证之目的，是教科书式的例证目的题题干。

The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions____ 主语是 the example...in Wisconsin（the example 后接两层 of/in 介词短语作后置定语），谓语 shows 带 that 宾语从句，从句主语是 unions、谓语留空待选项补出。考生只要把 the example...shows that 看成「举该例是为了说明...」即可。

• A)偷换概念

  原文 the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor 对抗的是某位州长本人推动的改革，而非「现行政治体制」；A 项 often run against the current political system 把具体对抗对象升格为「整个政治体制」，是范围偏移；且 often 暗示常态化，原文只举一例，不足支撑。

• B)过度推断

  原文只说工会「动员了数千名既有支持者」抗议州长（rallied thousands of supporters），并未说工会改变了任何人的政治态度；B 项 can change people's political attitudes 把「动员既有支持者」过度推断为「改变政治态度」。

• C)✓ 正确
  • Reform has been vigorously opposed↔may be a barrier to public-sector reforms
  • the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor↔public-sector reforms

  C 项 may be a barrier to public-sector reforms 用情态 may 与名词 barrier 准确捕捉了「工会构成改革阻力」这一论点；其他选项要么偷换主体、要么偷换议题，唯有 C 命中例证所要证明的论点。

• D)与原文相反

  原文描述的是工会「对抗」州长，即处于反对方位置；并未表明工会主导政府运作。D 项 are dominant in the government 与「与政府方对抗」的语境完全相反。

John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of____ 用 attitude towards 直接锁定为态度题，问 Donahue 对 the public-sector system 的褒贬态度。

John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of____ 主语是 John Donahue's attitude（attitude 由 towards 短语作后置定语），系动词 is，表语 one of ____ 留空给选项补出态度名词；one of 后接抽象名词是态度题最常见的留空形式，无陷阱。

• A)✓ 正确
  • are bad for high achievers↔disapproval
  • a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America↔disapproval

  A 项 disapproval 是四选项中唯一明确的负面态度词，B/C/D 分别为褒义/容忍/漠不关心，与段内 bad、bigger problem 的负面极性精确匹配。

• B)与原文相反

  Donahue 在 P7 全段对公共部门体系无一句肯定，没有 good/admirable/effective 等褒义评价；B 项 appreciation 与段内 bad、bigger problem 的负面定性完全相反。

• C)偷换概念

  tolerance（容忍）暗含「虽不满但能接受」的态度，而 Donahue 用 a much bigger problem 直接定性为更严重的问题，a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America 显示他在主动呼吁警惕，而非「勉强接受」。

• D)与原文相反

  Donahue 在 may be a much bigger problem for America 中用 much bigger problem for America 强调问题的严重性与影响范围，明显投入了立场而非冷淡观望；D 项 indifference 与他段内集中输出评价的姿态相反。