2016年12月·第2套 英语六级阅读理解（四选一） 第 2 篇 · 51–55 题答案与解析

Du Bois was opposed to the use of race as ________ 问的是某人具体反对把 race 当作什么，是对原文一句话的客观转述。

Du Bois was opposed to the use of race as ________：be opposed to 是被动结构的固定搭配，意为「反对」；as ________ 引出反对的对象身份（把 race 当作什么）。空格处填的内容是 as 的宾语补足语，对应「race 被用作什么」。结构平铺直叙，无陷阱。

• A)张冠李戴

  a basis for explaining human genetic diversity 把 race 与 genetic diversity 挂钩——这是文章后半段 Yudell 等人的现代议题，而非 Du Bois 一百多年前反对的内容。

• B)与原文相反

  an aid to understanding different populations 把 race 包装成「理解不同人群的助力」，但 Du Bois 反对的恰是这种「用 race 来理解群体」的做法，而非把它当工具。

• C)✓ 正确
  • race was being used as a biological explanation for what he understood to be social and cultural differences↔an explanation for social and cultural differences

  预判「反对把 race 当社会文化差异的解释」与 an explanation for social and cultural differences 句意完全重合，直接锁 C。

• D)偷换概念

  a term to describe individual human characteristics 强调「描述个体特征」，而原文 Du Bois 反对的是用 race 解释不同 populations（群体）之间的差异，与「个体特征」无关。

served as an example to show 明确问「这个例子是为了说明什么」，考查例子背后的论点。

The study by Svante Pääbo served as an example to show ________：主干是 The study served as an example；by Svante Pääbo 是后置定语修饰 study；to show ________ 是不定式作 example 的目的状语，空格处填的是「这个例子要说明的论点」，而不是例子本身。

• A)无中生有

  modern genetics research is likely to fuel racial conflicts 把现代遗传学说成会「助长种族冲突」，原文从未表达此意——文章主旨恰是用遗传学证据淡化种族界线，而非煽动冲突。

• B)✓ 正确
  • genetic differences were not fixed along racial lines↔race is a poorly defined marker of human genetic diversity
  • race is also understood to be a poorly defined marker of that diversity↔race is a poorly defined marker of human genetic diversity

  预判「race 不能准确反映基因多样性」与 race is a poorly defined marker of human genetic diversity 句意一致；P3 的例子论点与 P4 的概括相互印证，B 是唯一同时贴合两处的表述。

• C)与原文相反

  race as a biological term can explain human genetic diversity 等于承认「race 这个生物学概念能解释基因多样性」，恰是 Pääbo 例子要否定的命题，与论点完全相反。

• D)答非所问

  genetics research should consider social and cultural variables 是 Yudell 在 P6、P7 才提出的另一议题，与 Pääbo 例子本身要证明的「基因差异不沿种族界线」无直接关系。

The example of the disease cystic fibrosis underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry demonstrates that ________ 明问「这个例子说明了什么」，是典型的例证目的题。

The example of the disease cystic fibrosis underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry demonstrates that ________：主干是 The example demonstrates that ____；of the disease cystic fibrosis 是 example 的同位语；underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry 是后置分词定语修饰 disease；demonstrates 是核心动词，提示后面要找的是论点。

• A)过度推断

  it is absolutely necessary to put race aside in making diagnosis 用 absolutely necessary 把原文意思推到「在诊断中必须完全抛开 race」，但 Yudell 只是说基于 race 预判会经常出错，并未主张诊断中完全排除 race。

• B)答非所问

  it is important to include social variables in genetics research 是 Yudell 后文 P6、P7 才提到的另一类建议（race 作为社会政治变量仍有用），但 P5 的囊性纤维化例子不是用来论证「应纳入社会变量」的。

• C)✓ 正确
  • If you make clinical predictions based on somebody's race, you're going to be wrong a good chunk of the time↔racial categories for genetic diversity could lead to wrong clinical predictions
  • cystic fibrosis, which is underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry because it is thought of as a "white" disease↔racial categories for genetic diversity could lead to wrong clinical predictions

  预判「按种族做临床预判会出错」与 racial categories for genetic diversity could lead to wrong clinical predictions 的因果结构完全一致，且例子（漏诊）也落进 wrong clinical predictions，锁 C。

• D)偷换概念

  discrimination against black people may cause negligence in clinical treatment 把漏诊归因为「对黑人的歧视导致疏忽治疗」，但原文给出的原因是「把 cystic fibrosis 当 white disease 的认知偏差」，是分类错误而非歧视性疏忽。

What is Yudell's suggestion to scientists? 问的是一句话能答的具体建议，属于对原文 say 引语的客观转述。

What is Yudell's suggestion to scientists?：主干 What is Yudell's suggestion；to scientists 是介词短语作 suggestion 的对象状语，相当于「Yudell 给 scientists 提的建议是什么」。结构清晰，无陷阱。

• A)✓ 正确
  • scientists need to get more specific with their language↔They should be more precise with the language they use.

  预判「用词更精确」与 They should be more precise with the language they use. 句意一致，且原句的每个成分（主语、情态、核心形容词、宾语）都在选项里同义保留，锁 A。

• B)无中生有

  They refrain from using politically sensitive terms. 让科学家「避免使用政治敏感词」，原文从未提及 sensitive 一词；Yudell 实际是承认 race 作为政治社会变量仍有用（P7），并非要避开政治色彩词。

• C)过度推断

  They throw out irrelevant concepts in their research. 让科学家「抛弃无关概念」，但原文并未让 Yudell 主张丢弃 race，而是建议用更精确的词替代；且 race 在 P7 中仍被认为对某些研究 useful，并非 irrelevant。

• D)答非所问

  They examine all possible variables in their research. 让科学家「考察所有可能的变量」，原文 Yudell 谈的是用词更精确（语言层面），不是要考察更多变量（研究方法层面）。

What can be inferred from Yudell's remark in the last paragraph? 中 inferred 是推断题的硬标志。

What can be inferred from Yudell's remark in the last paragraph?：被动式 can be inferred 表示「能够被推断出什么」；from Yudell's remark in the last paragraph 是推断的来源限定（末段 Yudell 的话）。结构清晰，关键是认出 inferred 这个题型信号。

• A)与原文相反

  Clinging to racism prolongs inequity and discrimination. 把话题反转成「死守种族主义会延长不平等」，但 Yudell 末段是承认研究 racism 仍有必要，并未谈到「死守 racism」会怎样。

• B)偷换概念

  Physiological disparities are quite striking among races. 说「种族间生理差异相当明显」，但原文 health disparities 指的是「健康差异」，而且这些差异是结构性不平等和歧视造成的（社会原因），并非由生理差异主导。

• C)偷换概念

  Doing away with racial discrimination is challenging. 把 challenging 安到「消除种族歧视」上，但原文 filled with lots of challenges 修饰的是「把 race 作为政治社会范畴去研究 racism」这件事，不是「消除歧视」。

• D)✓ 正确
  • using race as a political or social category to study racism, although filled with lots of challenges, remains necessary↔Racial terms are still useful in certain fields of study.
  • there are a few areas where race as a construct might still be useful in scientific research↔Racial terms are still useful in certain fields of study.

  预判「race 在某些领域仍有用」与 Racial terms are still useful in certain fields of study. 完全一致，且 P6 与 P7 双重印证 still useful 与 certain fields 两个核心点，锁 D。